salary after phd germany

PhD, Postdoc, and Professor Salaries in Germany

Germany is one of the leading countries for research and a hub for innovation. The country’s high quality of life combined with lower cost of living make it an attractive destination for international researchers. Are you contemplating a move to Germany? Here is a breakdown of the most common German academic jobs and their salaries. All salary statistics in this article are in Euros per month and are pre-tax.

Doctorate Degree

In Germany applicants must apply for a preset doctoral project that is usually tied to a professor’s own research. Students do not do any coursework; they start working on their project immediately. They are also required to take on some teaching responsibilities. The time it takes to earn a doctorate depends on the field, but three to five years is typical.

The salaries of PhD students are based on the federal wage agreement ( Tarifvertrag der Länder or TV-L). There are several pay scales ( Entgeltgruppe ) within the TV-L but PhD students are usually paid at the TV-L E13 level. Within this level, there are three factors that determine the student’s actual salary. The first is the pay grade ( Stufe ) which is based on the number of years of experience you have. Most PhD students start at Stufe 1 and progress through the grades as they gain years of seniority. The next factor is the working hours (50%, 67%, 75%, or 100%) and the final factor which federal state the university is in. You can find the salary calculators for each state here . For example, the salary range for a 100% PhD student is €4,053-€5,701 per month while the range for a 67% PhD student is €2,729-€3,820 per month.

Postdoctoral Researcher/Fellow

After earning their doctorate, researchers go on to a postdoc. A postdoc is a continuation of the researcher’s training that allows them to further specialize in a particular field and learn new skills and techniques. It may require them to take on teaching responsibilities. German postdocs typically last two to four years.

Like all non-tenured academic positions in Germany, postdoc salaries are fairly rigid. They are based on the same TV-L federal wage agreement as PhD salaries. The salaries are determined the same way too, taking into account pay scale, pay grade, working hours, and state. You can find the salary calculators for each state here . Postdocs are paid at the E13 or (less commonly) E14 level , with the exact starting pay grade depending on how their years of experience (bachelor's, Master’s, and PhD) are counted. The salary range for a 100% E13 postdoc is €4,053-€5,701 per month and the salary range for a 100% E14 postdoc is €4,419-€6,076 per month.

Juniorprofessur/Juniordozent

Junior professors positions offer early career academics the opportunity to research, supervision, administration, and teaching experience on equal terms to other university instructors. Junior professorships are usually for three to four years and can be extended for a total of six years. It is often a temporary position, however, certain universities offer a tenure-track option. Germany has recently signed an agreement to create 1,000 tenure-track junior professorships by 2032.

Junior professors, like all German professors, are paid according to the W- Besoldung salary table . This scale dictates base salaries according to which state the university is in. Unlike the PhD and postdoc pay scale, there are no pay grades within this scale. A W1 professor will make minimum €4,713-€5,301 per month.

Professur (W2)

To become a professor, an academic needs to have completed the Habilitation, have a positive evaluation as a junior professor, or have led their own junior research group. W2 professors are considered independent researchers and generally have permanent positions. Internal promotion to these positions is not encouraged in Germany. With the exceptions of junior professors, academics cannot be appointed a professor at the university they did their Habilitation.

The base salary for a W2 professor is €5,365-€6,676 per month depending on which state the university is in. In Bund, Bayern, Hessen, and Sachsen there are multiple pay grades within the W2 band meaning the professor’s salary will increase in five or seven years in the position. Salaries can also be increased by family allowances, retention payments, and performance bonuses. As professors are civil servants with high job security, they do not typically pay the same social insurance contributions as other employees.

Professur (W3)

A W3 professor is the highest German academic position that usually involves responsibility of a chair or for an institute. The requirements to become a full professor are very demanding and as a consequence, there is often a minimum age requirement for this sort of professorship. Professors in Germany are public servants and as such have permanent positions at their universities.

The base salary for a W3 professor is €5,343-€7,578 per month depending on which state the university is in. In Bund, Bayern, Hessen, and Sachsen there are multiple pay grades within the W3 band meaning the professor’s salary will increase in five or seven years in the position. Salaries can also be increased by family allowances, retention payments, and performance bonuses. As professors are civil servants with high job security, they do not typically pay the same social insurance contributions as other employees.

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Doctorate salaries What does a doctoral candidate earn in Germany?

How important is experience for a doctoral candidate’s salary? © stevanovicigor / istockphoto.com

A doctoral degree will certainly only help you to become rich in an idealistic sense. The first contract for a PhD position should have a term of at least one year – after which, graduates are rewarded with their first salary increase.

Published: 2024-07-08

By: Anke Wilde, Maike Schade

What determines the salary of doctoral candidates in Germany?

Most doctoral candidates are appointed at a university or non-university research institution through a third-party centre or funding centre. These are all civil service institutions, so the salary for employed doctoral candidates is either based on the collective agreement for civil service (TVoeD) or the collective agreement for the civil service in the individual federal states (TV-L) . The federal state Hesse, which is not a member of the collective agreement community of the federal states, has its own TV-H collective agreement.

Other ways to finance your own PhD as a junior scientist include a PhD scholarship, an industrial PhD programme at a research institute in the private sector or an extra-occupational PhD. Even in the case of an industrial PhD programme, postgraduates are usually paid on the basis of a collective agreement. For example, if you are completing your PhD while working for a car manufacturer, the company collective agreement that IG Metall has concluded with the company will apply.

Which pay band applies to doctoral students in Germany?

In the case of the TVoeD, TV-L and TV-H, employees are paid according to their professional qualifications and the demands of their job . There are 15 pay bands in this area. Postgraduates are paid in accordance with pay band E13 . PhD positions with a classification in pay band 14 are the absolute exception . Advanced postdocs are usually only promoted to a higher pay band if the they take on additional research responsibility. PhD status is no guarantee of promotion to the next pay band.

What is the salary of doctorate students in Germany?

The collective bargaining agreements between employers and unions are regularly renegotiated. These negotiations aim to improve working conditions and increasing the monthly gross salary of all civil servants. This means that even postgraduates can look forward to a slightly higher salary. As postgraduates rarely fill a full-time position, their actual gross salary needs to be adjusted on the basis of their working hours.

Salary doctorate students in all federal states except Hesse: TV-L (gross per month, 2024*)

*) valid until 31.10.2024

Salary doctoral students in Hesse: TV-H ( gross per month, 2024 *)

*) no increase in 2024; inflation compensation through three tax-free one-off payments: €1,000 each in May, July and November 2024

Salary of postgraduates at federal institutions: TVoeD (gross per month, 2024)

What are levels of experience and how do i gain relevant professional experience during my phd degree in germany.

There are newcomers and old hands in every profession. For researchers with a PhD in science, this breadth of experience is taken into account in the experience levels, which each come with a significant salary increase, as is the case for all employees of the civil service.

All three collective agreements for civil servants provide for six levels of experience . The time spent at each stage, the stage duration, increases by one year at each stage . According to this scheme, graduates are entry-level applicants. Accordingly, postgraduates start at experience level 1 with the lowest salary.

Levels of experience in collective agreements

*) including periods as a research assistant during the PhD

Special case: The contractual term of the first postdoc position

Important: In their first postgraduate position , it is essential that PhD graduates ensure that the contractual term is at least 12 months and that they will be employed for a full year with no interruptions . Employment contracts of less than one year do not qualify as relevant professional experience according to civil service regulations.

When starting in a new position, you are therefore allocated back at Experience level 1 – without taking the progress you have already made into account. This applies even if the change of contract is seamless and remains within the same facility. Experience level 1 must be fully completed in a single employment contract to qualify for Experience level 2.

However, once these twelve months have been served, shorter contractual terms then apply as relevant professional experience. Students who are awarded their doctorate within the allocated six years and are employed as a research associate at the same time can therefore also achieve Experience level 4 with a considerable salary when they graduate. It is not important whether you have a full-time position while completing your doctorate or, as is the case for most PhD positions, have a part-time job (50%–75% position).

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Does changing to another research project or institute in Germany have an impact on postgraduates' experience level?

Many doctoral candidates are employed in third-party funded projects are required to move from job to job to secure their income. Graduates who have been employed for at least a year with one single employment contract and has therefore gained the required professional experience is in fact in a secure position in terms of their experience level. After this point, shorter contractual terms then apply as relevant professional experience.

Even switching between different employers, states and collective agreements is no longer a problem , and the duration of each stage remains the same for doctoral candidates and other researchers from now on. However, they must submit an application to their new employer. In the case of a difficult candidate situation, institutions can even accommodate their future employees to some extent, for example by classifying them into the next experience level earlier than usual.

However, in such cases, postgraduate must also have completed their first twelve months without interruption. Employees who change from one collective agreement to another as a postgraduate should inquire in advance whether this will have any detrimental effects on their salary. The collective agreements also stipulate a range of very different salaries within pay band 13.

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If doctoral candidates go abroad, become temporarily unemployed or receive a scholarship, what effect does this have on their experience level?

Many doctoral students want to spend a period of time abroad, as this is required in many scientific professions. Others are awarded a scholarship and finance themselves or take a break from their doctorate if they are offered a good job in the private sector. Some things should be kept in mind with regard to the experience level:

• Employment contracts at foreign universities and research institutions are generally recognised automatically.
• More caution should be taken with scholarships , even if the scholarship is affiliated with an institute and the same work is performed as employed researchers. This time may be included in the duration spent at each stage, but this is not necessarily always the case. After all, this time is considered "beneficial" rather than a "detrimental interruption".
• The latter is the case, for example, when a doctorate student enters the private sector for several years to continue their doctorate studies there. Only professional experience gained with a public employer is considered relevant. If such an interruption lasts more than three years, the employee may even be punished when returning to public service by downgrading them to a lower experience level.
• On the other hand, this does not apply to postgraduates on maternity leave or paid leave .
• This is also true of incapacity for work up to a maximum of 39 weeks . Time spent at the particular stage is still counted in such cases.
• Parental leave , however, is considered to be an interruption and is not counted for transition to the next experience level.

What additional salary benefits are there for postgraduates in Germany?

Postgraduates who hold a PhD position at a research institution receive an annual special payment , like all other employees in the civil service. This varies depending on the collective agreement and tariff area, but ranges between 33 and 60% of the average gross salary.

Postgraduates who already have children and are paid on the basis of the TV-H, which is only valid in Hesse, will also benefit from a child supplement. The collective agreements also allow for additional compensation for services rendered , such as special services associated with the acquisition of third-party funds. However, there is no standard practice among the federal states and the various institutions.

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How to Apply for a PhD in Germany: Programs, Funding, & FAQs

Germany is an excellent destination for both young and experienced researchers. 

The European country is third behind the U.S. and China for research & development expenditure . Plus, it is home to some of the most prestigious (and affordable!) research universities in the world.

If you’re considering doing a PhD in Germany, you will need to follow these steps:

The main steps to doing a PhD in Germany:

• Find a PhD Program and a Supervisor
• Decide Between Individual and Structured PhD Programs
• Meet All Requirements & Prepare Your Application
• Apply for Doctoral Studies
• Secure Funding
• Get a Student Visa or Resident Permit
• Arrive in Germany and Begin Your PhD Program

Why Pursue a PhD in Germany?

If you’re not yet sure if you should choose Germany for your PhD studies, here are some compelling reasons why you should consider it:

• Top-tier universities. Four German universities are ranked in the top 100 global universities, and many more are in the top 200.
• Large international student community. Germany welcomes a diverse and thriving international student community. Over 458,210 international students are currently studying in the country.
• Quality research institutions. There are over a thousand publicly funded research institutions (universities, universities of applied sciences, research institutes, businesses, and government bodies) that you can choose from in Germany.
• High investment in research and development. Germany’s public expenditure in the research and development sector reached a record high of 112.6 billion euros in 2021.
• Strong economy. Germany is known for its strong and stable economy. After completing your PhD, there are plenty of employment opportunities in the academic, business, and research sectors.

How to Apply for a PhD in Germany

From finding the perfect program for you to submitting your application and starting your PhD, here are all the steps you need to take:

Important Tip: To Maximize Your Chances of Getting Your German Student Visa You Should Use a Blocked Account as Proof of Financial Resources.

A blocked account is a special type of bank account , to prove you have enough funds to live in Germany for one year.

As of 2024, as a foreigner in Germany you need a minimum of €934 euros per month for living expenses. So, you are required to have a total of €11,208 in your bank account before you apply for a German internship visa.

Click here to learn more about the German Blocked Account

1. Find a PhD Program and a Supervisor

After all the years of studying leading up to this step, you most likely have a few areas of interest you want to do your research in.

This is the first important step: define your research focus by considering your interests and academic background. If you need more help, you can consult online resources from research universities. Or, even better, you can discuss your decision to pursue a PhD with academic communities online or offline and seek advice from current PhD students in Germany who can tell you more about their individual experiences.

If you already know what your research direction is, you can begin searching for suitable programs right ahead. 

• The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) has an extensive list of current opportunities, which you can look up at the  DAAD PhD Database . 
• Another option is to research universities in Germany individually to find the newest opportunities and offerings at each institution.

You will also have to find a supervisor. The best way to do this is to go to university websites and find faculty directories with profiles of professors and their research fields/current projects. Contact professors whose work aligns with your interests via email to inquire about supervision opportunities.

> Search PhD programs from 31,000 research institutions listed on the GERiT database .

Types of PhD Programs in Germany

There are two different paths you can take when pursuing a PhD: individual PhD programs and structured PhD programs. Each comes with its own set of advantages and requirements.

2. Verify That You Meet All Requirements & Prepare the Application

Requirements and application documents to apply for a PhD in Germany are specific to the institution and research area you’re applying to. But, as a general guideline, you should prepare the following:

• Academic degree recognized in Germany. You need a master’s degree or a German state examination (Staatsexamen) in a field relevant to the PhD program to qualify.
• Copy of master’s thesis. Submit a copy of your master’s thesis. The work should demonstrate your research skills and the depth of your academic work.
• Research proposal. Craft a clear and detailed research proposal that includes your intended research topic, objectives, methodology, and significance. 
• Statement of purpose. Write a statement of purpose why you want to do a PhD in your chosen field, your academic and career goals, and how this program aligns with them.
• Curriculum Vitae (CV). Prepare a detailed CV highlighting your academic achievements, research experience, relevant coursework, publications, and any other qualifications.
• Proof of language proficiency. Depending on the language of instruction, you may have to provide proof of language proficiency in English and/or German. You can do this with certificates like TestDaF and DSH for German or TOEFL and IELTS for English. Proof of previous studies in the language is also sufficient.
• Academic references. Provide contact information or recommendation letters from professors/ academic advisors who can attest to your academic abilities and potential.
• Predoctoral examination. Some programs ask that you pass a predoctoral examination as part of the application process.

3. Apply for Doctoral Studies

After finding a suitable PhD program and mentor, and making sure your academic qualifications are recognized, you can send in your application.

You can send in your application online or by post, depending on the hosting institution’s preferences. To make sure, check their guidelines and specifications. Admission committees are selective, so you may also have to attend an interview soon in the application process.

4. Secure Funding

You must demonstrate access to a minimum of €934 per month (€11,208 per year) to meet visa requirements and live comfortably while you’re in Germany. You can prove this through an admission agreement or relevant PhD contract, or you can open a blocked account with individual funds.

There are many ways to support yourself financially while pursuing a PhD in Germany:

• PhD scholarships. DAAD offers the highest number of doctoral scholarships. PhD students get an average monthly stipend of €1,139. 
• Paid PhD positions. Many universities and research institutions offer paid PhD positions in Germany. You will work on specific research projects on a contract and receive a salary.
• Research associate positions. You can also work as a research associate in a university, research institution, or company and receive a salary as compensation.
• Part-time jobs. Some PhD students/researchers work part-time jobs that are not related to their studies for extra income.

> Read more about the costs of studying in Germany.

> Discover PhD scholarships in Germany.

5. Get a Student Visa or Resident Permit

If the institution confirms your place in the PhD program, next in line is applying for a student visa or residence permit. The requirements for a German PhD visa or permit can vary depending on your nationality and circumstances: 

Visa Requirements

If you’re a citizen of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area (EEA), or Switzerland, you don’t need a special permit or visa for a PhD in Germany. You can enter the country for research and work purposes with a valid passport or ID card.

Otherwise, you will need a visa and/or a residence permit to do your PhD in Germany. Nationals of some countries, including the United States, Australia, Israel, Japan, and Korea, don’t need a visa but must apply for a residence permit.

Depending on the circumstances, you need one of the following visas:

• Study visa. If you’re pursuing a full-time doctoral program.
• Research visa. If your focus is on research and you have a formal affiliation with a research institution in Germany.
• EU Blue Card. If your PhD contract pays a gross annual salary of at least €45,300 (or €41,041.80 in certain professions), you can apply for an EU Blue Card . This is a special residence title for international academics and other professionals.

Residence Permit Requirements

If you come to Germany on a visa, you will need to apply for a residence permit within three months of arrival. This also applies to nationals of countries outside the EU, EEA, and Switzerland who are exempt from the visa requirement.

You can apply for one of the following residence permits:

• Study permit. If you’re accepted into a PhD program at a German university, apply for a study-based residence permit. It lasts up to two years, extendable.
• Research permit. If you’re a researcher with the right qualifications for doctoral programs, apply for a research permit. This requires a contract with a research institution for your project.
• EU Blue Card. With a PhD offer that has a minimum salary of €45,300 per year, or €41,041.80 for some bottleneck professions , you may be eligible for the EU Blue Card. Apply for this permit if you meet the criteria.

> For more specific information tailored to your situation, we recommend contacting the German embassy or consulate in your home country. You can also use this visa navigator.

6. Arrive in Germany and Begin Your PhD Program

The most exciting step of all is near—time to unpack your bags and begin your life as a PhD student or researcher in Germany. Once you’re settled in, there are some formalities you need to take care of.

The international office at the university or another representative can guide you best on this. However, here are some of the main things you need to do once you arrive in Germany:

Register Your Residence

Shortly after your arrival, you must register your residence at the local registration office (Einwohnermeldeamt or Bürgeramt). This is mandatory, and you typically have a window of two weeks to complete this process. 

Get Health Insurance

Everyone in Germany is required by law to have health insurance coverage. This includes international PhD students. Depending on the source of your funding, you are eligible for one of the following health insurance coverages: 

• Doctoral candidates with an employment contract are automatically insured with a state-regulated health insurance provider (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung-GKV) in most cases.
• Doctoral candidates without an employment contract (with a fellowship or private funding) can choose between:
• Voluntary health insurance coverage with a state-regulated provider.
• Coverage with a private health insurance company.

There are some exceptions in which you can use your insurance from your home country. These apply to students from a European Union (EU) country or other countries with social security agreements with Germany.

Open a Bank Account 

You should open a German bank account as soon as possible. Most financial transactions in Germany, including receiving your stipend or salary, are done through a German bank account.

Enroll at the University

If your PhD program is part of a university degree, you need to enroll as a student at the university. Follow your university’s instructions to submit the necessary documents to the enrollment office. These usually include your admission letter, passport, proof of health insurance, and semester fee.

After you complete this process, you will receive an Enrollment Certificate (Immatrikulationsbescheinigung). This is a very important document that you most likely need in the future.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

There’s a lot of planning involved if you’re considering doing a PhD, especially if it’s in a foreign country. We’re sure you’ve got more questions, and we’re here to help.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD in Germany?

A PhD in Germany usually takes between three to six years to complete. Just like in other countries, it can take longer or shorter than expected, depending on several factors. The type of PhD you choose (structured programs can be more rigid), your subject area, and individual progress can all make a difference in the time it takes to get a PhD in Germany.

Are PhD Programs in Germany Tuition-Free?

The majority of PhD programs in Germany are tuition-free, at least for the first six semesters. However, if need to enroll at a university for your PhD, there is a small semester fee you need to cover. The fee can be higher or lower depending on the university, but it usually falls within the range of €100 to €350.

Is German Mandatory to Pursue a PhD in Germany?

You don’t necessarily have to know German to do a PhD in Germany. In fact, most PhD programs in Germany are in English, especially in fields such as science, engineering, and humanities. In these programs, you can both write your thesis and communicate with your advisor and peers in English.

There is of course the chance that the program you’ve chosen is in German or requires knowledge of German (in most cases, in addition to English). In this case, you have to prove your proficiency through a recognized language certificate or proof of previous studies in German.

Even if German isn’t mandatory, we strongly encourage you to learn the basics. They will be super helpful in daily interactions and getting accustomed to life in Germany.

How Much Does a PhD Student Earn in Germany?

Most PhD candidates in Germany receive financial support in the form of a salary or grant. This includes candidates affiliated with universities, research institutes, or company collaborations.

The majority of doctoral positions are structured under either the Collective Agreement for Civil Service TVöD (Tarifvertrag für den öffentlichen Dienst or the Collective Agreement for the Civil Service of Individual Federal States TV-L (Tarifvertrag der Länder). Since universities are funded by their respective federal government, if your PhD is affiliated with one, your salary will be structured under the TV-L.

Doctoral positions fall within the TV-L 13 category, with a salary range spanning from €4,188 (Tier 1) to €6,037 (Tier 6). The difference between the tiers (Stufe) depends on prior experience in the field. If you don’t have any research experience, you will fall under Tier 1 and progress to the other tiers throughout your PhD.

Your salary will ultimately be determined based on a wage agreement that specifies the contract tier (Stufe) and working hours (percentage-based). Many entry-level PhD students start with tier 1 contracts that are not full-time. For example, if your contract places you in Pay Group E-13 Tier 1 of the TV-L and you work at 75% capacity, your monthly gross salary will be €3,141.

> Learn more about pay ranges for PhD students using this convenient calculator .

Can I Work While Pursuing a PhD in Germany?

Part-time work is an option in most cases unless it’s strictly stated otherwise in your contract. Whether or not you are allowed to work on the side as a PhD in Germany depends on the working hours stated in your PhD contract, supervisor, and other specific circumstances. 

However, since the PhD is considered a job in itself, it’s usually frowned upon to have a side hustle. Even if you have a 50% contract, a PhD is demanding and requires long hours of work and research. If you choose to work on the side, make sure to find the right balance between work and your PhD commitments. To be on the safe side, it’s best to talk to your supervisor and go over all the legal and contractual obligations related to your PhD.

What Is the Process for Defending a PhD Thesis in Germany?

Here are the main steps to defending your PhD thesis in Germany:

• Submit your thesis. The first step is submitting submit your thesis and supporting documents in adherence to all the formal requirements. A commission will be formed, and in some cases, you can suggest reviewers.
• Oral defense. The next step is preparing and undergoing an oral defense, which can take between 30 minutes to 2 hours. During this time, you will present your research and discuss it with the committee. The defense can be either public or private.
• Receive the title and publish your work. The outcome of the discussion determines your final grade, to be received after the defense. If everything goes well, you’re granted the Ph.D. title and have about two years to publish your dissertation.

What Are the Career Prospects Like After Doing a PhD in Germany?

Career prospects after a PhD in Germany are quite promising. 

The most common paths for PhD holders in Germany are either in academia as professors or post-doctorate researchers or in industry positions. 

Technology, healthcare, and finance, in particular, are some of the most in-demand industries in Germany. The country’s strong economy and research-oriented environment make it an attractive place to develop your career.

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Master, PhD and Postdoc Scholarships

Salary of PhD and Postdoc in Germany

In Germany, what can you expect to earn as a PhD or Postdoc? Interested in knowing the salary of a PhD or Postdoc in Germany? Did you receive an offer for TV-L E13 (75%)? Are you a Postdoc in TV-L E13 and would like to know deductions? Perhaps, a German University or Research Centre has offered you a PhD or Postdoc contract, but you’re not sure what TV-L E13 (50%), TV-L E13 (75%), or TV-L E13 (100%) mean? In this post, we describe which parameters determine the PhD and Postdoc salary in Germany.

We also make sure to explain so many terms (in German) about this subject. Therefore, this post is helpful for both new or senior PhD students and Postdocs!

Increasing PhD Stipend 2023-2024 in UK

In Germany , similar to other European countries, Universities hire PhD students, and postdocs are on a fixed-term contract. There is no cap on the length of the work contract and can be as short as three months up to three years. In exceptional cases, the employment contract of Postdocs can be five years. German Universities offer TV-L E13 to both PhD students and postdocs. However, the contract level (Stufe) and working hours (Arbeitszeite) are different which we explain in the following section. The typical work contract of PhD students is TV-L E13 (75%) while postdocs are on TV-L E13 (100%). In rare cases, the host institute can offer TV-L E14 to a postdoc.

• Available Fully Funded PhD Positions in Germany
• Available Postdoc Positions in Germany

The PhD and Postdoc salary in Germany is based on “Tarifvertrag für den Öffentlichen Dienst der Länder (TV-L)”. TVL translates to English as “the Collective Agreement for the Public Service of the states”. So as a PhD student Postdoc or even professor, your salary will be defined in various Remuneration (Entgelt (E)) of TVL which will be explained in the next section.

What is Entgelt (remuneration/payment)?

Entgelt (remuneration) is the level of payment set by the employer. It reflects the formal duties of the job and the level of competencies that the employee in that group has. For instance, Entgelt 13 to 15 (TV-L E13-15) is for employees with academic higher education. Entgelt 9 to 12 (TV-L E9-12) is for those employees with a completed technical college education. Entgelt 5 to 8 (TV-L E5-8) is for workers who have vocational training. As an alternative to a funded PhD position, you can also apply for DAAD doctoral scholarship. The following video explains the 10 reasons why you should do your PhD in Germany in 2023.

How much is the net salary of PhD students and postdocs in Germany?

It is not an easy question to answer in a few words. In this post, we try to explain the first meaning of each term of the contract and taxing system in Germany. So at the end of this post, you will be able to find out how much your net salary (take-home money) will be.

Arebitszeit (working hours/ hours of work) of PhD students and Postdocs in Germany

The most important factor which determines the take-home money is Arbeitszeit (working hours). For PhD students, this value generally is either 50%, 67%, 75%, or in exceptional cases 100%. The Germans call these terms “halben Stelle” (half-appointment), “dreiviertel Stelle” (three-quarter appointment) and “vollen Stelle” (full-appointment), respectively. This number corresponds to the percentage of the working hours of the employees in comparison to the required working hours of a full-time employee. So, PhD students with a 50% working hours contract are being paid half of the salary of a full employee in the same Engelt group. Note that despite being employed on a half-term contract, the working expectation is similar to the full-time employee’s!

The postdocs are generally on full appointment (vollen Stelle) corresponding to TV-L E13 100%. The common practice is the person with a 50% working contract will have fewer teaching assistant duties than a 100% one. That means, your supervisor (Doktorvater in German) will load you with fewer jobs such as Tutoring, Lab instructor or co-supervision of undergraduate students than other colleagues with 100% contract. 

Lohnsteuerklasse (Wage Tax Class) of PhD students and Postdocs in Germany

The second factor which largely influences your net salary is “Lohnsteuerklasse” which means the level or grade of your tax in English. Lohnsteuerklasse is indeed the category of salary tax which is a number from “I” to “VI”. The taxing authority assigns you to certain Lohnsteuerklasse based on your circumstances.

A married PhD student or Postdoc will be on Lohnsteuerklasse IV, or V provided that his/her partner is on a paid-working contract. However, if your partner is not working, then you can enjoy Lohnsteuerklasse III. In the very last part of this post, you can see some example calculations of net salary for people with different tax grades to understand the differences. 

What is “Stufe” in salary calculation?

Stufe is a German word that means level or grade. In salary calculation, it reflects the experience of the employees. A fresh PhD student will be in Stufe 1, after finishing the first year, you will promote them to Stufe 2. If your PhD takes more than three years, from the start of the fourth year, your Stufe will be 3. The Stufe 4 is for a person with more than 6 years of experience under TVL.

In short, a Postdoc who has lived and worked in German Universities as a PhD student, is generally placed on Stufe 3 at the start. However, Postdocs from abroad (outside of Germany) will be on either Stufe 1 or 2 irrespective of their earlier experiences. If you are an experienced Postdoc, you can discuss that with your employer (HR of the university) before signing your contract. Note that there is a big difference between Stufe 1 and 3. Hence, do not miss this opportunity to get paid better (see the tables at the bottom of the post).

The following video is a MUST-watch if you are planning to do your PhD in Germany. It covers information such as regulations, living expenses, salary and tax, benefits and allowances among others:

Using an online calculator for net salary calculation

Having known the meaning of Lohnsteuerklasse and stufe, you can precisely calculate your net salary. In the following video, you can find step-by-step guidance on how to calculate your take-home money. For doing that, you should visit the following “ Offentlicher Dienst website ” and enter the numbers based on the discussion above (as stands by  September 2020 ). As the website is in only German, watching the video below can make your job easier!

When you enter your data (watch the video above), click “brechnen” (calculate) at the bottom of the page, and then you can see your net salary details. On the page which appears (look at the following picture as an example), at the very bottom there is a table in which you can find “Grundgehalt” (Basic salary), “Brutto gesamt” (totally gross) as well as “Netto gesamt” (total net). Your monthly net salary would be the number that appears in front of “netto gesamt” in green (highlighted). At the same time, you can see how much would be your salary if you were promoted to Stufe 2, 3 and so on in the next columns of the tables.

Example: PhD student with contract TV-L E13 (75%)

Let us go through one calculation. For instance, assume you are a PhD student who starts working at a German University. Your contract is 75% (Arbeitszeit) and you are single. So, you have to fill the Arbeitszeit section with 75 and select Lohnsteurklasse I and choose Stufe 1.

After clicking “brechnen” (calculate), the following page appears.

In this particular case, the monthly gross salary is 3001.70 Euro/month while the net salary is 1893.58 Euro/month (both are highlighted in Green at the bottom of the picture. In the second column from the right, the following information is detailed:

Lohnsteure (Income tax) of Klasse I (class I): 406.50 €

Solidaritätszuschlag (Solidarity surcharge): 22.35 €

Sozialvers. Brutto (Natioanl/Social Insurance pre-tax):

Krankenversicherung (Health Insurance): 241.86 €

Pflegeversicherung (Nursing Care Insurance): 55.39 €

Rentenversicherung (Pension Fund): 290.23 €

Arbeitslosenvers. (Unemployment Insurance): 37.45 €

Z-Vers. VBL:  54.33 €

Z-Vers. stands for “Zusatzversorgung des öffentlichen Dienstes” is compulsory insurance. VBLklassik ensures that you receive a company pension in addition to the statutory pension. The rest of the column is exactly a similar calculation for a year!

However, if you are married and your partner is not on a paid job, you can change your tax grade (Lohnsteuerklasse) to III. Let’s see how does it affect your net income (take-home money).

As you can see in the picture above, your net income becomes 2162.10 Euro per month which is 268.52 Euro per month more than a person in tax-class I!

Example: PhD student with contract TV-L E13 (50%)

In this example, we consider a single PhD student (Lohsteuerklasse I) with TV-L E13 (50%). As explained in the previous section, upon entering the corresponding values to the calculator, you will see a page as shown below.

You can see the meaning of the terms in the previous sub-heading. the monthly gross salary is 2001.13 € while the net salary is 1370.49 €  (both are highlighted in Green at the bottom of the picture.

However, a married student whose/her partner is not on a paid job can take home more as shown in the following picture.

As you can see in the picture above, your net income becomes 1553.26 Euro per month which is 182.77 Euro per month more than a person in tax-class I!

Example: PhD student with contract TV-L E13 (100%)

Let’s look at the example of a PhD student with a TV-L E13 (100%) contract. The results are as follows:

In this case, the gross (before-tax) and net (after-tax) salaries are 4002.26 and 2379.31 Euro per month, respectively.

Again, a married student whose/her partner is not working can take home more by paying less tax (see image below).

So, for a married employee with TV-L E13 (100%) which is on Lohnsteuerklasse III, the gross (before-tax) and net (after-tax) salary are 4002.26 and 2702.31 Euro per month, respectively. Note that you can see the corresponding salary for the same contract when your “stuff” rises to 2, 3, 4 or 5.

Example: Postdoc with contract TV-L E13 (100%)

As explained earlier, if your employee put you on “stufe” 1, your net salary is exactly as the one shown above. However, if you are on “Stufe” 2, 3 or 4, your salary becomes much higher. The picture below shows the salary of a Postdoc with TV-L E13 (100%) on Lohnsteuerklasse I.

Here, the before-tax monthly salary is 4560.37 Euro whereas the after-tax money is 2642.82 Euro. For the same person but on Lohnsteuerklasse III (married postdoc whose partner is not working), the picture below shows the salary details.

In this case, the monthly net salary (after tax) is 3009.34 Euro. This is almost 358 Euro more than the same postdoc but on Lohnsteuerklasse I.

Hope that will help you to understand all you need to know about PhD students and Postdocs’ salaries in Germany in 2023.

Available Fully Funded PhD and Postdocs in Germany

Below are other German universities with academic positions available (PhD and Postdoc:

• Fully Funded Master, PhD and Postdocs at Max Planck Institutes
• Available Fully Funded PhD and Postdoc Positions at University of Stuttgart
• Fully funded PhD and Postdoc Position at the University of Hamburg
• EU Funding of PhD and Academics in Germany
• Fully Funded Master, PhD and Postdocs at Helmholtz Centers
• Fully funded PhD and Postdoc Positions at the Berlin Institute of Technology
• Fully funded PhD and Postdoc Positions at the Aachen University (RWTH)
• Fully Funded PhD and Postdoc Positions at the Technical University of Munich
• Fully Funded PhD and Postdoc Positions at the University of Cologne
• Fully Funded PhD and Postdoc Positions at University Bremen (univ Bremen)
• Fully funded PhD and Postdocs at Tuebingen University
• Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) PhD and Research Vacancie
• Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) PhD Jobs
• Available Fully Funded PhD and Postdocs at Freiburg University
• Available PhD and Postdoc Vacancies at Free University of Berlin

Interested in discovering the salary figures for PhD and postdoctoral positions in Europe?:

• PhD Salary in Denmark
• Postdoc Salary in Denmark
• Salary of a PhD student and Postdoc in Norway
• PhD Salary in Switzerland
• Salary ladder for PhD students in Sweden
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Germany
• Salary of PhD and Postdoc in Ireland
• Salary of Postdocs in France
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Fully Funded PhD Positions with Salary

• Germany – Fully Funded PhD
• Switzerland – Fully Funded PhD
• Denmark – Fully Funded PhD
• UK – Fully Funded PhD
• Sweden – Fully Funded PhD
• Finland – Fully Funded PhD
• Netherlands – Fully Funded PhD
• Norway – Fully Funded PhD
• Belgium – Fully Funded PhD
• Austria – Fully Funded PhD
• Australia – Fully Funded PhD
• France – Fully Funded PhD
• New Zealand – Fully Funded PhD
• Canada – Fully Funded PhD
• USA – Fully Funded PhD
• Luxembourg – Fully Funded PhD
• Spain – Fully Funded PhD
• Italy – Fully Funded PhD
• Iceland -Fully Funded PhD

We will update all different types of academic positions, so if you’re looking for a position, think about checking out our Home Page and our Academic Jobs page . You can also follow us on Facebook to be the first to know when we post any new vacancies. But if you are not a fan of reading text, and instead prefer to watch, join our PhD and Postdoc-related videos on our Youtube Channel .

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Salary and Social Security

You will receive ample support as a researcher in Bavaria. With a good salary and a comprehensive social security system, you will be able to enjoy a comfortable lifestyle. Of course, incomes vary based on your level of responsibility and work experience. Similarly, the cost of living will depend on your personal choices and family situation.

Salaried Positions for Researchers

The pay you receive depends on several factors, but researchers at all levels receive good support in terms of monthly income, insurance, and additional support for research equipment and supplies.

How to Decipher the German Pay Scale

Public employees, like university researchers, are paid according to a standard state and federal pay scale. For a university position in Bavaria, it is the TV-L pay scale. TV-L stands for Tarifvertrag für den öffentlichen Dienst der Länder , the bargaining agreement for public employees of German states.

Each salary level is assigned a number, which refers to the pay you will receive based on your qualifications and experience. The “E” means Entgeltgruppe , or salary group.

Most doctoral positions and some postdoc positions will be categorized as TV-L 13, which can range from about €4100 to €6000 (gross monthly salary). The exact salary is determined by your years of experience.

These positions involve significant managerial responsibilities. They pay anywhere from €4500 to €6400 (gross monthly salary). The precise amount depends on the amount of experience you have.

This is the recommended pay grade for leaders of research groups, but the final decision lies with the institution employing you. The salary ranges from approximately €5000 to €7000 (gross monthly salary).

Fellowships and Scholarships in Germany

PhD candidates and postdocs in Bavaria can finance their research with postgraduate funding in the form of scholarships, or other external funding such as fellowship grants. These funds generally provide enough income to cover things like living expenses, social security contributions, and your research and its related costs.

PhD funding in Bavaria

Doctoral candidates who are scholarship recipients receive a monthly stipend. Your scholarship foundation might also provide funding for books and research materials. In addition, you can often request money for conferences (travel costs, accommodation, conference fees). You will often benefit from the foundation’s program for fellowship recipients, which may include workshop and networking events.

There are no deductions for taxes or insurance from your monthly stipend. But that means you will need to take care of insurance matters yourself. Health insurance is mandatory for everyone who lives in Germany.

Postdoc funding and fellowships

Postdoctoral researchers often apply for external grants to fund their research . Depending on the type of grant, funding might cover expenses for equipment and staff—including their own position—as well as health insurance and other social benefits, travel, and even a family allowance. You should clarify the terms of your grant with the awarding organization. If you receive third party funding, your university will be able to advise you on the financial aspects of project management. Universities also usually manage administration of the grant or offer support in this regard.

Professors’ Pay Scale

Currently, different levels of professorship are designated according to their salary level, which is determined by state regulations. You will see these levels advertised in job announcements. Professorial positions are ranked as W1, W2, or W3—the W stands for Wissenschaft , which means science.

W1 Junior Professors

W1 professors are at the beginning of their career as professors. These positions are a stepping-stone to W2 and W3 positions. Junior professors are sometimes starting tenure-track professors. The salary is around €5000 (gross monthly salary).

W2 and W3 Professorships

For W2 professorships, the monthly salary ranges from €6200 to €6900 (gross monthly salary). For W3 professorships, it ranges from €7400 to €7900 (gross monthly salary). 

When you are offered an appointment as a W2 or W3 professor , you will have the chance to negotiate your salary and make provisions regarding performance bonuses. You will also be able to negotiate aspects such as staffing and workplace set-up. Additional funding for your research can come from external agencies.

Social Security and What Tax Contributions Cover

Bavaria is a safe place with a high standard of living. Part of that safety comes from the social security system and the extensive public services that your taxes make possible. As an employee, you contribute part of your earnings to various insurance funds, including health insurance, accident insurance, and unemployment for example. So, if something unexpected happens, you are in good hands.

Social security payments

As an employee, your monthly contributions cover:

• Health insurance , so you don’t have to worry about doctor’s fees, hospital bills, or prescription medicine costs.
• Long-term care insurance , in case you need special medical care over an extended period.
• Retirement insurance , so you have income after you retire. Some countries have reciprocity with Germany. This means that pension paid abroad can be transferred to Germany.
• Unemployment insurance , so you don’t have to worry about transition phases between jobs.
• Accident insurance , in case something unexpected happens.

Professors in Germany are usually civil servants, which means social security, health care, and pension plans work a bit differently for them. They receive higher salaries and must purchase private health insurance. (However, 50–80% of these costs are refunded.) They also receive more substantial retirement benefits.

What your taxes do for you

In Germany, you will experience a high quality of life and relatively low living costs, compared to other research hotspots. While it is true that taxation in Bavaria is a bit higher than you might find in some other countries, these costs are offset by access to excellent services—and to numerous well-paying jobs, thanks to Bavaria’s position as a dynamic business hub.   

Public Services in Bavaria

Free public schooling...

Not only is the standard of education in Bavaria excellent, but all public schooling and tertiary education is free.

... and subsidized child care

You will also have access to high-quality subsidized childcare. Your institution might even offer childcare facilities on campus.

Well-connected public transportation

Excellent public transport makes getting around easier than ever. Take advantage of Bavaria's well-connected network of buses, trams, and trains.

Support for arts and culture

Bavaria is a true cultural gem, with a rich program of concerts, theater performances, gallery and museum exhibitions, festivals and more.

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postdoc salaries in germany

A post-doctoral salary is much lower than the salary for a job in the free economy. The annual gross salary is between approx. 48,000 Euro and approx. 76,000 Euro and depends on the function and work experience.

• The tariff structure for the salary of scientists is regulated very transparently in Germany. If a postdoc is a researcher at a state university or research institution, he/she is automatically a public sector employee and his/her salary is therefore regulated by a collective agreement.
• Depending on the institution, this is either the Collective Agreement for the Public Sector (TVöD) or the Collective Agreement for the Public Sector of the Länder (TV-L). These collective agreements are renegotiated every one or two years.
• All state universities, universities of applied sciences and research institutes thus pay comparable wages. As government-funded research organisations, the Max Planck Society, the Fraunhofer Society and the Helmholtz Association also follow the regulations of the collective agreement for the public sector with regard to employment, pay and social benefits.
• Postdocs are usually classified in the lowest salary group E13 for scientists. Since salary group 13 has a very wide range (from newly started doctoral students to experienced postdocs), the salary groups are differentiated according to experience levels. Since 2018, all public sector wage agreements have differentiated between six experience levels, each with increasing duration. Level 1 is reserved for newcomers to the respective pay category. Since the time spent as a doctoral student is counted, level 1 is rather rare for postdocs, who usually enter level 3-4. Normally, academic staff are hired on a fixed-term contract; under current German law, the maximum duration of a fixed-term appointment at a university is 12 years, and up to 15 years in the medical field of a university.
• Very experienced postdocs with more responsibility can also be classified in salary group E14.
• Employed postdocs receive a special annual payment like all their colleagues in the public sector. The amount of this special payment depends on which collective agreement applies and whether you are employed in the old or new federal states.

Postdoc salaries in euros according to collective agreements and salary groups, July 2020

the salaries are based on 100% employment

Source: academics.de, public service.info > Finding a position in research and science

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Higher pay for doctoral researchers

Max Planck funding contracts remunerated according to the DFG funding rates since 1 January 2021

What had been prepared over a long period of time has finally come to fruition: the Joint Science Conference (GWK - Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskonferenz ) has granted the Max Planck Society its approval to apply the DFG-German Science Foundation’s gold standard in compensation for doctoral researchers. The new contract details were published on December 14, 2020 within the Max Planck Society's Organisational Manual (OHB).

Whether in the library, lab, or in field work  - in future, all doctoral students will be paid at least 65 per cent of TVöD 13.

© Stígur Már Karlsson / Heimsmyndir / istock

As of January 1, 2021, all doctoral researchers with Max Planck funding contracts will be compensated according to the DFG’s funding rates. This applies to both new and already running contracts, which will be adjusted accordingly. If there are delays in signing contracts due to home office regulations caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, for example, the regulation and payment will be applied retroactively. In addition, institutions may also set higher basic salaries to reflect subject-specific remuneration. The possibility of individual recruitment boni will remain unaffected by the new regulation.

The new regulation will apply to all Max Planck Institutes throughout Germany, as well as the Netherlands and Italy. The Institutes are expected to cover the increased costs for their own doctoral researchers from their local budgets.

"Currently centrally funded Max Planck Research Groups, which are in particular open-topic Max Planck Research Groups, Lise Meitner Groups, Minerva Max Planck Research Groups as well as Otto Hahn Groups, however, receive an annual grant of 7,500 euros per group. The same is provided for the ongoing, so-called institute-based Max Planck Research Groups. International Max Planck Research Schools receive a one-time grant," adds Ilka Schießler-Gäbler from the Department of Human Resources Development and Opportunities at the Administrative Headquarters in Munich.

"The new contract regulations are a great step forward as they will not only ease the financial situations of PhD students, but also bring more equality to the salaries of doctoral researchers because they reduce the Section- and gender-specific pay gaps – a discrepancy which was also reflected within the last PhDnet surveys", said Lea Heckmann, the new PhDnet spokesperson of 2021. "We're very pleased that this milestone of improving the situation for doctoral students has now been reached. We're very grateful to the many generations of PhDnet steering committees who have driven this project, as well as the staff at the MPG’s Administrative Headquarters and the General Secretary Rüdiger Willems, who have been instrumental in paving the way for this progress", summarized former PhDnet spokesperson Lindsey Bultema.

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PhD in Germany: All You Must Know

• German Universities

Updated on 10 April, 2024

Urvi Agrawal

Germany has become an increasingly popular study destination for PhD students worldwide. Every year, 28,000 students complete their doctoral degrees in Germany, significantly more than in any other European Union country. 

With numerous prestigious universities, exceptional research facilities, and low or no tuition fees at public universities, Germany offers an attractive path to a PhD. Let’s learn more about PhD in Germany.

Table of Contents

Key highlights, international focus, high living standard at low-cost, exceptional research, freedom to explore your potential, funding opportunities, phd in germany: subjects and specialization, phd in germany admission requirements, phd in germany: document checklist, cost of phd in germany, living expenses in germany, scholarships for phd in germany, salary after phd in germany.

Why Study PhD in Germany

A PhD in Germany for Indian students offers several advantages:

About 5,800 international students finish doctorates in Ge­rmany yearly, showing it attracts talent worldwide. Notably, English is the primary language of many PhD programs, providing acce­ssibility and inclusivity to international scholars as they can write their PhD thesis in English. 

Despite affordable costs, Germany offers a high standard of living,  making it attractive for doctoral studies. Public unive­rsities charge low or no tuition fees for doctoral programs, easing the financial burden of students. 

Germany boasts a strong academic environment and offe­rs an excellent scientific culture with an investment of around 121 billion euros in its research and development sectors. Thus, aspirants will be at the forefront of cutting-edge research. 

PhD students in Ge­rmany benefit from a supportive and fre­e environment valuing cre­ativity. Moreover, as a PhD student in Germany, you will get to travel to other countries in the European Union for your research, providing ample opportunities for networking and professional growth. 

Germany offe­rs extensive funding for promising doctoral candidates. Organizations like the­ German Academic Exchange Se­rvice support 4000+ international doctoral stude­nts annually through scholarships. With a good academic record and compelling re­search proposals, prospective PhD stude­nts stand a strong chance of securing financial assistance to pursue­ their higher studies in Germany.

In Germany, students can pursue their PhD studies in a wider range of subjects or academic disciplines. From the liberal arts to biology, prospective PhD students can explore different fields. Here are ten specializations for PhD programs in Germany.

• Medicine and Health
• Engineering and Design
• Life Sciences
• Natural Sciences
• Social Sciences and Technology
• Computer, Information, and Technology
• Environmental Health 
• Historical Studies

PhD in Germany: Admissions

Getting acce­pted into PhD programs in Germany involves adhe­ring to specific guidelines and comple­ting essential documentation. Unde­rstanding the requireme­nts and compiling the necessary pape­rwork are crucial steps for individuals aspiring to pursue doctoral studie­s in Germany. 

Here are the admission requirements and document checklists:

The requirements for admission to PhD programs in Germany for international students may differ depending on the university and the discipline. Here are the­ general requirements for admission to PhD programs.

• Applicants are re­quired to possess eithe­r a master's degree­ (MSc) or a Diploma from a German university or a recognized institution. In rare cases, a bachelor's degree­ (BSc) with honors, equivalent to a 4-year program that include­s a thesis, will be considere­d. Students must have obtained a minimum average grade of 2.5 or equivalent. 
• English proficiency proof, such as the TOEFL or IELTS, is strongly re­commended unless the applicant is a native speaker, or possesses an educational background in English, or has completed six months of study in an English-speaking institution. Usually, an IELTS score of 6.5 and a TOEFL score of 95 are required. 
• You will also have to submit your GRE/GMAT scores if required by the university. 
• International students also need to show a minimum of €11,208 per year in their blocked account to obtain a German visa.

Applicants for PhD positions in Germany are generally required to submit a comprehensive set of documents, but the specific requirements may vary depending on the specialization and university. The general documents required are:

• Letter of Application
• Curriculum Vitae (CV)
• Academic Certificates (including graduate and post-graduate)
• Motivation Letter or SOP
• Language Proficiency Proof
• Minimum two Recommendation Letters
• Passport Copy
• Portrait Picture
• GRE/GMAT subject scores 

In Germany, students can pursue doctoral studies at public universities with low or no tuition fees. However, you will still need to submit a "se­mester contribution" eve­ry semester, which is essential for financing student services. 

This amount varies depending on the university you choose, though it usually varies from €100 to €350. However, private institutions may still charge for their PhD programs. The fees can vary from €2,000–€2,280 per year. 

Living expe­nses, covering accommodation, transportation, and food, are essential for a standard lifestyle­. In Germany, these costs are­ moderate compared to othe­r European nations. They are also generally lower than in De­nmark, Luxembourg, or Switzerland.

A stude­nt  in Germany can expect to spend around €842 monthly. Thus, planning your budget before reaching the country is crucial to manage your finances well. 

Here is the average cost of living in Germany for international students: 

Source: DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service)

Germany offers a number of merit-based and need-based scholarships to meritorious students across the globe. Below is a comprehensive list of various PhD scholarships available in the country with their details: 

Here is a table outlining different roles after a PhD in Germany, along with their expected salaries:

Source: Glassdoor(as of March 2024)

Pursuing a PhD in Germany can pave the way for an enriching and lucrative academic career for students who are passionate about research. Thus, the prospect of living in a vibrant nation with cutting-edge infrastructure makes Germany an ideal destination for a PhD.

Discover More:

• Why study in Germany
• Cost of Study in Germany
• Career Opportunities in Germany
• Scholarships in Germany for Indian students
• Requirements for study in Germany for Indian Students

MBA General Management-90 ECTS

International School of Management, Germany

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Master of Business Administration (90 ECTS)

Are there any tuition fees for phd in germany for indian students.

Indian students pursuing a PhD in Ge­rmany do not have to pay tuition. Public universities do not charge­ fees for PhD study, and this includes all inte­rnational students. Some private unive­rsities may charge fee­s, but fellowship funding or support often covers costs. 

Can I pursue a PhD in Germany if I don't speak German?

While knowing German can be helpful, it is not absolutely necessary. Many colleges in Germany currently provide classes taught in English to welcome international students. When pursuing a PhD, candidates often have­ the flexibility to choose be­tween writing their the­sis in English or German.

What are the types of PhD in Germany?

In Germany, doctoral studie­s offer two primary options: the individual doctorate and structured PhD programs. The­ individual PhD option includes self-directe­d research under the­ guidance of a single professor, while­ structured programs fe­aturing collaborative supervision and shared course­work. Structured programs may provide funding or stipends, whe­reas the individual pathway remains the­ conventional prefere­nce for most doctoral candidates in Germany.

Urvi has 3 years of experience as a content writer and marketer. Over years, she has established herself as a study-abroad expert and is adept at crafting compelling and engaging content for students. Self-driven and passionate professional, she likes writing poetry and has authored a poetry book ‘Thoughts of a Wallflower’.

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What you will earn as a researcher in Germany will naturally depend on your specific situation – for example on your research profile and your experience. However, your expertise as a researcher or academic will be highly valued in Germany and will therefore earn you a good salary .

iStock.com/Hiraman

State universities and publicly financed research institutions will pay you in line with – or on the basis of – predefined salary scales. Professors may receive various additional payments on top of their basic salary, for example for specific responsibilities that are negotiated on a case-by-case basis. Salaries are adjusted for inflation from time to time.

Germany has a federal system. The individual federal states are responsible for paying their university lecturers and academic staff.

Consequently, salaries vary from one state to another. Salaries in industry can differ considerably from those in academia. If you are employed at management level, set pay scales will usually not apply to you, and you will negotiate your own salary.

How much does a postdoc earn?

Postdoctoral researchers at state universities and publicly funded research institutions are paid in line with the collectively agreed salary scale. Their pay grade will depend on their responsibilities and experience.

• Postdoctoral researcher*: 4,500 – 4,900 euros
• Head of independent junior research group**: 5,000 – 6,300 euros

Monthly basic salary, gross, rounded, 2022 The ranges given indicate the gross basic salary based on the collective agreement that applies in most German states for the following pay grades: *Remuneration Group 13 Grade 3 – Remuneration Group 14 Grade 2 ** Remuneration Group 14 Grade 5 – Remuneration Group 15 Grade 4

Source: Tarifgemeinschaft deutscher Länder (TdL) [German ]

How much does a professor earn?

As a rule, professors are paid according to salary groups W3 or W2, while junior professors are in salary group W1. The university itself decides whether to establish a W3, W2 or junior professorship.

• Junior professor (W1): 4,800 – 5,400 euros
• Professor (W2): 5,500 – 6,900 euros
• Senior professor (W3): 6,700 – 7,800 euros

Monthly basic salary, gross, rounded, 2023; additional payments may apply. Salaries vary according to federal state.

Source: Deutscher Hochschulverband (external link to PDF, 162 KB) [German]

Good to know

Postdocs and research associates at state universities and publicly funded research institutions are paid according to a salary scale agreed between the federal states or the federal government and the unions. Public-sector employees at state level are paid according to the TV-L scale (see above), while the TVöD/Bund scale [German] applies to federal employees .

The remuneration for professors in Germany is known as W-Besoldung , a salary scale for scholars (W stands for “ Wissenschaft”, which means science). This salary scale provides for additional performance-related payments on top of the basic salary.

The Academic Fixed-Term Contract Act (Wissenschaftszeitvertragsgesetz) generally applies to academic staff at state universities and research institutions. It stipulates that academics can be given fixed-term contracts for a maximum period of twelve years: as a rule, up to six years before a PhD and a further six after (or nine in the case of medicine). This does not apply if the fixed-term post is funded by a third party – in this case there are no maximum periods. 

More Information

• Information on the salaries of university teaching staff by the German Association of University Professors and Lecturers (Deutscher Hochschulverband) [German]
• Table with the current salaries for young researchers by the Tarifgemeinschaft deutscher Länder (tariff community of the german states) [German]
• Information from Germany’s education sector union (Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft) on the collective labour agreements [German]

• Study for a PhD in Germany: Programs, Funding & Opportunities
• International

When considering a  PhD in Germany , you’ll encounter a diverse and globally recognised academic environment rich in opportunities for research and academic growth. To apply, you’ll typically need a Master’s degree or equivalent , and language requirements vary by program. Germany offers internationally-oriented  structured PhD programs , which last three years and include compulsory units for ECTS credits. You’ll work closely with a PhD supervisor and research training group. As an international candidate, you’ll find various  scholarships and grants  to support your studies. With tuition fees waived at  public universities  and diverse PhD programs often taught in English, Germany provides an ideal destination to study abroad.

Key Takeaways

• Applying for a PhD in Germany requires a minimum of eight semesters of academic study, usually a Master’s degree or equivalent.
• Language prerequisites for PhD programs in Germany vary, but many are taught in English, especially structured programs.
• Financial support options include DAAD grants, stipendiums, and research positions at universities, which cover living expenses and provide income.
• Structured PhD programs in Germany last typically three years and involve compulsory units for ECTS credits.
• International students without a Master’s degree may be admitted with a Bachelor’s degree in exceptional cases.

Why Undertake a PhD in Germany?

Germany offers many compelling reasons to pursue a PhD:

• High-quality research and education : German universities and research institutions have an outstanding reputation globally, providing access to cutting-edge research facilities and expertise across various disciplines.
• No tuition fees : Most public universities in Germany do not charge tuition fees for PhD students, regardless of nationality, making it an affordable option for international students.
• Excellent funding opportunities : There are numerous scholarships and funding programs available for PhD students in Germany. The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) alone supports over 4,000 international doctoral students annually.
• Strong industry connections : Germany has a robust research ecosystem with close ties between academia and industry. Many PhD programs offer collaborations with companies, providing valuable experience and potential career opportunities.
• International environment : German universities welcome international researchers, creating a diverse and multicultural academic community. PhD theses and dissertations can often be written in English.
• Career prospects : A German PhD is highly respected globally and can lead to excellent career opportunities in academia, international research institutions, or industry. Many PhD graduates find employment in Germany’s thriving industrial sector, making it a favourable place to work in Germany post-study.
• Work-life balance : PhD students in Germany typically receive employment contracts with benefits such as health insurance, pension contributions, and vacation days.
• Research freedom : Germany values academic freedom highly, with constitutional protection for research and scientific pursuits.
• European mobility : As a PhD student in Germany, you can easily travel to other European Union countries for research or study purposes.
• Cultural experience : Germany offers a rich cultural landscape, high quality of life, and relatively moderate living costs compared to other developed countries.

In short, Germany provides an ideal environment for pursuing a PhD, combining academic excellence, affordability, strong funding support, and promising career prospects in both academia and industry.

What is it like to study and live in Germany as a research student?

Academic environment.

The research culture in Germany places a strong emphasis on independent research and critical thinking, with high expectations for original contributions to your field. Students regularly participate in seminars and colloquia to present and discuss their ongoing research. Supervision tends to be less structured than in some other countries, with regular meetings with supervisors but an expectation that students will take significant initiative in their work. Being part of a research group often offers additional opportunities for collaboration.

German universities are well-equipped with extensive digital resources and state-of-the-art laboratories. Students also have numerous opportunities to attend and present at international conferences. While many PhD programs, especially in STEM fields, are conducted in English, learning German can greatly enhance your overall experience and career prospects.

Day-to-Day Life

Germany is known for valuing a healthy work-life balance. PhD students typically work 38-40 hours per week and enjoy generous vacation time, usually around 30 days per year. Most PhD students live in shared apartments (WGs) or student dormitories, with rent in major cities ranging from €300 to €800 per month. The country boasts excellent public transportation systems, and many students use bicycles for daily commuting. Often, a student ID includes a public transport ticket for the local area.

The social life for students in Germany is vibrant, with active student communities organising regular events and activities. There are numerous opportunities to join sports clubs, cultural groups, and student organisations, along with international student networks that offer support and socialising opportunities.

Financial Aspects

Many PhD positions in Germany are funded, providing a salary rather than requiring tuition payments. Typical monthly salaries range from €1,500 to €2,500 before taxes. Additional funding opportunities are available through scholarships and research grants. Average monthly expenses, including rent, range from €850 to €1,000, and health insurance, which is mandatory, costs around €80 to €100 per month. Students can also take advantage of various discounts for cultural activities and museums.

Support Services

German universities offer robust support services for abroad students. International offices assist with visa processes, accommodation, and integration, providing orientation programs and language courses. Career services offer guidance on job searching and career development, organising career fairs and networking events. Mental health support and counseling services are also available, ensuring access to quality healthcare through the German health insurance system.

Challenges and Opportunities

While navigating German bureaucracy can be challenging, patience and attention to detail can help manage administrative processes. Initial culture shock is common but typically subsides over time, offering the opportunity to experience German culture and traditions firsthand. Building an international network of researchers and professionals is a significant benefit, with potential collaborations with industry partners. The strong job market for PhD graduates, especially in STEM fields, is an added advantage, and the option to stay in Germany for job searching after graduation (with an 18-month visa extension) provides further opportunities.

The Two Paths to a PhD in Germany

In Germany, doctoral candidates can choose between Individual Doctorates and Structured PhD Programs. The Individual Doctorate remains the most common path, chosen by over 75% of doctoral students, while Structured PhD Programs are gaining popularity, especially among international students, with about 25% opting for this route.

Individual Doctorates: Flexibility and Independence

Supervision and Structure : Individual Doctorates are characterised by their flexibility and self-directed nature. Candidates are supervised by a single professor, known as the Doktorvater or Doktormutter, and the research process is highly flexible. This approach demands a high degree of personal initiative and responsibility, with no fixed curriculum or mandatory coursework.

Research Focus and Duration : In this model, candidates often propose their own research topics, enjoying greater freedom in choosing their research direction and methodology. The duration of an Individual Doctorate typically spans 5-6 years, though there’s no strict timeframe as it depends on individual progress and the specific research project.

Funding and Employment : Individual Doctorate candidates often work as part-time research associates at universities. However, they may need to secure their own funding or scholarships, which requires proactive effort on the part of the doctoral student.

Structured PhD Programs: Guidance and Collaborative Learning

Supervision and Structure : Structured PhD Programs offer a more defined approach to doctoral studies. Candidates are supervised by a team of advisors and follow a predefined curriculum. This model includes regular progress checks, guidance, and mandatory coursework, seminars, and colloquia.

Research Focus and Duration : Research topics in Structured PhD Programs often align with existing program themes or research groups, and candidates may be part of larger research projects or collaborations. These programs are usually completed in 3-4 years, following a more defined timeline due to their structured nature.

Funding and Additional Benefits : Structured PhD Programs often come with funding or stipends and may offer more opportunities for paid doctoral positions. They also provide training in academic and scientific methods, as well as opportunities to develop soft skills such as presentation techniques.

Comparing the Two Approaches

International Orientation : While Individual Doctorates can be conducted in German or other languages depending on the field and supervisor, Structured PhD Programs often have a strong international orientation and frequently use English as the primary language.

Networking and Collaboration : Structured PhD Programs offer extensive opportunities to broaden research networks and encourage collaboration with peers and interdisciplinary work. In contrast, networking in Individual Doctorates depends largely on individual initiative, with fewer built-in opportunities for peer collaboration.

Entry Requirements for undertaking a PhD in Germany

The entry requirements for undertaking a PhD in Germany are generally similar for both home and international students, with some additional steps for international applicants.

Here are the specific requirements:

General Requirements for All Applicants

• A master’s degree or equivalent (e.g., German Staatsexamen) in a relevant field
• Strong academic record, typically with a GPA of 3.0 or higher
• Research Proposal : A detailed outline of your intended research topic , objectives, methodology, and significance
• Curriculum Vitae (CV) : Highlighting academic achievements, research experience, publications, and relevant qualifications
• Statement of Purpose : Explaining your motivation for pursuing a PhD , academic goals, and how the program aligns with your objectives
• Academic References : Letters of recommendation or contact information for professors/advisors who can attest to your academic abilities
• Master’s Thesis : A copy of your master’s thesis or equivalent research work
• For German-taught programs: TestDaF or DSH certificates
• For English-taught programs: TOEFL or IELTS scores
• Interview : Many programs include an interview stage

Additional Requirements for International Students

• Qualification Recognition : Ensure your foreign degree is recognised in Germany. You may need to submit your credentials to uni-assist for evaluation
• Visa Application : Apply for a student visa at the German embassy in your home country
• Health Insurance : Obtain valid health insurance coverage for Germany
• Residence Permit : Apply for a residence permit for study upon arrival in Germany

Application process for applying to a PhD in Germany

The application process for a PhD degree in Germany can vary depending on whether you’re pursuing an individual doctorate or a structured PhD program, and whether you’re a home or international student.

Here are the key steps and requirements:

General Application Process

• Choose your path : Decide between an individual doctorate (traditional route) or a structured PhD program.
• A master’s degree or equivalent in a relevant field
• Strong academic record (typically a GPA of 3.0 or higher)
• Proficiency in English and/or German, depending on the program
• For individual doctorates, contact potential supervisors directly
• For structured programs, search for openings at universities or research institutions
• Curriculum vitae (CV)
• Copy of your master’s degree certificate
• Master’s thesis (or a copy)
• Research proposal
• Statement of purpose
• Academic references
• Language proficiency certificates (e.g., TestDaF, DSH for German; TOEFL, IELTS for English)
• Follow the specific guidelines of the university or program
• Applications may be submitted online or by post
• Many programs, especially structured ones, include an interview stage
• This may be in person or via video conference

Considerations for International Students

International students face some additional steps and requirements:

• Qualification recognition : Ensure your foreign degree is recognised in Germany. You may need to submit your credentials to uni-assist for evaluation.
• Provide proof of German proficiency (TestDaF or DSH) for German-taught programs
• For English-taught programs, submit TOEFL or IELTS scores
• Apply for a student visa at the German embassy in your home country
• You’ll need an admission letter from a German university
• Health insurance : Obtain valid health insurance coverage for Germany
• Residence permit : Apply for a residence permit for study purposes upon arrival in Germany. This typically lasts for two years and is extendable.

Application Process for Structured PhD Programs

Structured programs often have a more formalised application process:

• Check for specific application deadlines, which may occur once or twice a year
• Submit initial application materials online
• Visits to the institution
• Meetings with potential supervisors and current students
• A short presentation of your previous research
• A panel interview

Application Process for Individual Doctorates

For individual doctorates, the process is more flexible:

• Identify a potential supervisor whose research aligns with your interests
• Contact the professor directly with a brief inquiry
• If the professor expresses interest, submit a full application including your research proposal
• The professor may invite you for an interview or further discussion
• If accepted, you’ll need to formally enroll at the university

Remember that the specific requirements and processes can vary between universities and programs. Always check the official website of the institution you’re applying to for the most up-to-date and accurate information.

Typical Cost of a PhD in Germany

The costs of pursuing a PhD in Germany are generally similar for both home and international students, with a few key differences:

Tuition Fees

• Most public universities in Germany charge no tuition fees for PhD students, regardless of nationality
• There is a small semester contribution (administrative fee) of up to €300 per semester for all students, which typically covers student services and public transport

Living Costs

• The average annual living costs in Germany range from €10,200 to €12,000
• This includes rent, food, health insurance, and other daily expenses
• Costs can be higher in major cities like Munich or Berlin

Breakdown of Monthly Expenses (approximate)

• Rent: €280-€400 (shared flat or student residence)
• Health insurance: €80-€100
• Public transport: Often included in semester contribution
• Other expenses (phone, internet, leisure): €100-€200

Visa for International Students

• Non-EU students must prove they have access to about €11,208 per year (€934 per month) to cover living costs as part of their visa application.
• Visa application fee: approximately €75

Health Insurance

• Mandatory for all students, including PhD candidates
• Costs around €80-€100 per month
• EU students may be covered by their home country’s insurance through agreements

Additional Costs

• Research-related expenses (e.g., conference attendance, materials) are often covered by the research group or university
• Language courses (if needed): €200-€500 per course

In short, the main costs for PhD students in Germany are living expenses, as tuition is generally free. The overall experience is affordable compared to many other countries, especially considering the lack of tuition fees. International students should factor in additional costs for visa applications and potentially language courses. However, with many funded positions available, pursuing a PhD in Germany can be financially viable for both home and international students.

Funding Sources for PhD students in Germany

Many PhD positions in Germany are funded, offering a salary (of typically €1,500-€2,500 per month before taxes) rather than requiring payment of fees.

The main funding sources and opportunities for PhD students in Germany include:

• Doctoral Programmes in Germany: Supports international PhD students to complete their doctoral degree at a German university or research institution. Provides monthly payments of 1,300 euros, health insurance, travel allowance, and annual research allowance.
• One-Year Grants: For international doctoral candidates to carry out research as part of a doctoral project for up to one year.
• Bi-nationally Supervised Doctoral Degrees/Cotutelle: Supports doctoral degrees at the student’s home university with integrated research phases in Germany.
• Research Training Groups: Established by universities to promote early career researchers. Funded for up to 9 years, providing structured training and qualification programs.
• Collaborative Research Centres: Offer opportunities for PhD students to pursue research across disciplines and institutions.
• Individual Doctoral Projects at Max Planck Institutes
• International Max Planck Research Schools ( IMPRS ): Structured PhD programs at 68 locations
• Max Planck Schools: Joint graduate programs in specific interdisciplinary fields
• Individual Doctoral Projects at Leibniz Institutes
• Leibniz Graduate Schools and Leibniz ScienceCampi: Structured doctoral programs
• Individual Doctoral Projects at Fraunhofer Institutes: Opportunity to complete a doctorate while working on cutting-edge technology projects
• DLR-DAAD Research Fellowships: For PhD students in fields like space, aeronautics, energy, and transport
• PhD Fellowships: For early career researchers in basic biomedical research
• Travel Grants: For PhD students and postdoctoral researchers
• Marie Skłodowska-Curie Doctoral Networks: Structured doctoral training within European institution networks
• ERA Fellowships – Green Hydrogen: Funding for research projects in green hydrogen
• Green Talents: Competition winners can complete a research stay at a German institution
• Munich Aerospace PhD Scholarships: For research in aerospace-related fields
• Many PhD positions are offered directly by universities and research institutes, often tied to specific research projects or programs
• These typically provide a salary (often around 1,500-2,500 euros per month before taxes) rather than requiring payment of fees

Top Universities in Germany for PhD study

As of 2024, the top universities in Germany for PhD study in STEM subjects include:

Technical University of Munich (TUM)

• Ranked as the best university in Germany for engineering and technology
• Offers structured PhD programs through the TUM Graduate School
• Known for excellence in research and strong industry connections
• Provides interdisciplinary training and professional skills development for doctoral candidates

Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin)

• Ranked 2nd in Germany for engineering and technology
• Offers doctorates across various STEM fields through its Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
• Provides structured support for international doctoral candidates
• Known for interdisciplinary research and collaboration

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

• Ranked 3rd in Germany for engineering and technology
• Strong focus on energy, mobility, and information technologies
• Offers both individual and structured doctoral programs
• Emphasises international collaboration and industry partnerships

RWTH Aachen University

• Ranked 4th in Germany for engineering and technology
• Considers doctoral studies as the first part of professional practice, with an application-oriented focus
• Offers both individual doctorates and structured PhD programs
• Strong emphasis on industry partnerships and applied research

Technical University of Dresden

• Ranked 5th in Germany for engineering and technology
• Known for its research in microelectronics, materials science, and bioengineering
• Offers structured PhD programs and graduate schools
• Strong focus on interdisciplinary research and innovation

When choosing a university for PhD study, prospective students should consider factors such as:

• Specific research areas and expertise of potential supervisors
• Availability of funding or paid positions (many PhD students in Germany work as research assistants)
• Language requirements (some programs require German proficiency, while others are conducted in English)
• Opportunities for international collaboration and research stays abroad
• Post-graduation career prospects and industry connections

Prospective PhD candidates should thoroughly research potential supervisors and reach out to them directly to discuss research opportunities before applying to a program.

Your journey to  PhD study  in Germany awaits. With its exceptional research landscape, structured programs taught in English, and excellent  funding opportunities , Germany offers a unique experience for international students.

Enjoy the benefits of no tuition fees, low living costs, and a safe, culturally rich environment.

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Academia or industry? The time after your PhD

After your PhD you have different opportunities. Masoud shares his thoughts with us.

As an international PhD student, if you are interested in staying in Germany, you will be curious about job opportunities after your studies. The variety of job or research positions will be different for different studies and majors but in this article, I will share my thoughts and findings which I am dealing with right now. These are general thoughts about job market after obtaining PhD degree, engineering job opportunities and type of job opportunities. 

There is a main difference between having PhD degree compared to other university degrees (master and bachelor’s degree) and that is the opportunity of working mainly as a researcher in academia or research institutes. This makes a big difference when you as a PhD graduate looking for a job. Although, it will open a wide range of positions for you to work as a researcher and you will have more options in the job market, it will also make it difficult if you have not decided by that time which direction you want to pursue for your career.  

Industry jobs offer better conditions

Research jobs are generally appealing for most PhD students but why do most PhD graduates choose to go to industry? This can be simply because industry jobs are much more than research positions and also some industry jobs offer better conditions for their employees. This can be a permanent contract which is the main difference between industry contracts and research-based contracts. Research based (post-doc or fixed term researcher position) contracts are generally two or three years contracts with a possibility to extend. This Extension can continue until the funding is available from university or external funding organizations for research.

 It is obvious that here in Germany there are certain majors that graduates from these majors have more options than others and having more options becomes important when employers want to discuss the salary. The more options you have, the more you can propose your salary. Now, this can be the question, what is the pay scale and how much is the salary for a PhD postgraduate?

Well, as a general rule, the higher the university degree and qualifications you have got, the higher the salary will be. As a comparison, table 1 shows median and average of the starting salaries for three university degrees (source: gehalt.de).  But this difference is not uniform among different subjects. Table 2 shows that highest salaries are in computer science and engineering and lowest salaries are for humanities scientists and economy scientists.

Salary based on university degree

Bachelor	€ 42,585	€ 45,778
Master	€ 46,314	€ 48,416
PhD	€ 55,492	€ 58,164

Source: website gehalt.de [DE]

Salary based on the subject

Computer scientist	€ 48,300	€ 56,917
Natural scientist	€ 46,750	€ 51,742
Engineers	€ 49,534	€ 53,816
Humanities scientist	€ 36,374	€ 40,356
Economist	€ 45,488	€ 49,423

Maybe this question will be the biggest challenge after the PhD thesis you will be faced with! On one side, there is a lucrative job market for PhDs (depending on the subject) which can lead to management and leading positions in the industry and on the other side there is this dream of working as a researcher and ultimately, becoming a professor and conducting the research independently. Many PhD post graduates choose to go to the industry side because of a higher income salary in the beginning and getting a permanent contract after a trial period of about six months.

Federal Report Young Scientists 2021

The Federal Report Young Scientists 2021 [DE] on the percentage of the PhD postgraduates shows that most of doctorates leave the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) or non-university research facilities in the post-doc phase.

From 61.3 percent of the researchers or PhD students from HEIs and non- university research institutes, only 43.5 percent remain in the PhD studies and make it to the end and get their PhD degree (Figure 1). After getting the degree, this 61.3 percent percentage drops drastically within a couple of years to only 22 percent for the graduates who want to stay in HEIs and non- university research institutes. On the other hand, researchers from clinics and medical practices, private sectors and other public services, are willing to get PhD degree and keep going in their positions. The continues rising of the private sector graph, justifies the falling graph of HEIs and non- university research institutes and means that there is a continuous and big movement from academia to industry. Willingness to move to the private sector and industry doubles from 20.3 by the time of graduating to 44.5 percent over the course of ten years. This willingness to industry or any private sectors may be stemmed from the fact that approximately nine out of ten young academics are employed on a temporary basis.

How about the overall job market for doctorates in general or waiting time for PhD postgraduates to find full-time employment?

According to the Integrated Employment Biographies published by the Institute for Employment Research, doctorate holders have a very low unemployment rate, which seldom exceeds 2%. This means that those with a doctorate are almost entirely employed. Furthermore, the statistics demonstrate that one year after finishing their PhD, around four fifths of doctorate holders are employed full-time. According to the findings, doctorate holders have outstanding job chances in the job market.

In conclusion, there is no concrete answer that you should choose which path for your future or career. Everybody has his or her own preferences and unique abilities but based on the reports and statistics, there are some uncertainties in terms of duration of contract and future of staying in academia for doctorates than in industry. In addition, salaries can be higher, at least for certain subjects in industry for the beginning years or better than the post-doc phase.

The question is why a lot of post graduates prefer to stay in research in academia or they resist to move into industry? One possible answer can be the path back to the academia will be much more difficult specially if one cannot keep up with doing research and publishing in journals. Taking into the account that becoming a professor is a long way, and the average age of becoming professor is 41, most of the doctorates are not thinking to come back to academia once they are established their career in industry and got a permanent job contract.

March 14, 2022 4:21:33 PM

Dear Darko, It will take some time to find a job in Germany in the fields that are not extremely in demand (i.e. software, IT, mechanical and electrical engineering, …). Here you can find the jobs in demand according to the Deutschland.de. It will be easier to get a response if the job requirements and your qualifications are matching very well. You can use Linkedin’s job search and let it notify you for the similar job positions once they are posted. Link: https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/business/jobs-in-demand-in-germany-and-job-seeking-tips

March 14, 2022 2:06:27 PM

Dear Behrouz, I would recommend you to search in different job searching platforms with the "PhD position", "doctoral candidate", "research associate" searching keywords in English and "wissenschaftlicher mitarbeiter", "Doktorand" or "promotion stellenangebote" searching keywords in German. Some of the famous platforms are: www.academics.de, www.xing.com, and website from www.daad.de with "PhDGermany Database" section (https://www2.daad.de/deutschland/promotion/phd/en/13306-phdgermany-database/) for detailed information about the positions. PhD position offers and advertisements are not limited only for these websites but these can be good searching platforms for you to start off.

January 30, 2022 10:29:21 AM

I live in Stuttgart and interested in a PhD subject. How should I start? How should I find an opportunity. I will be appreciated if you guide me.

January 28, 2022 11:01:45 AM Dear Masoud, Could you, please, propose some jobs for the man of my qualifications? Your proposal would be highly appreciated. Not actively applying but I can say that I have had difficulties to find a job in Germany for months. Something, definitely, discourages employers, even, from replying to my emails. P.S: Please, look at my LinkedIn-profile and give me an advice where to apply.

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PhD Handbook

PhD Stipend in Germany: How to Find a Good Job In Germany After PhD?

All countries offer financial support to PhD students in their ways, but Germany takes doctoral research particularly seriously. German PhD funding takes numerous forms, reflecting the diverse ways you can complete a PhD in Germany. The PhD programs in the country are well structured and have a practice-oriented curriculum, giving students a chance to learn the subject from the grassroots level. 

The popular PhD programs in Germany are mathematics, computer science, physics, economics and engineering. International students have the flexibility to complete their PhD thesis in English and join their field of work without hassle. Also, Doctoral students are often supported by traditional academic scholarships and fellowships, but German universities and research institutes offer salaried assistantships for their PhD researchers. Based on a full-time position, doctoral students accept between 46,000 and 56,000 EUR gross per year ((INR 36,61,472 to INR 44,57,444), depending on how much experience the doctoral student already has.

PhD Stipend in Germany For International Students

International students can apply for internships during and after the degree. While pursuing a degree course, you can apply for internships at the university itself as an assistant to the professor or research assistant at the lab. Here we have presented some of the important points regarding PhD student stipend in Germany:

• International students pursuing a PhD in German universities receive a monthly stipend. The average stipend for PhD students in Germany is 24,500 EUR/year (INR 19,53,189/year approximately).
• Besides being a PhD student, one can intern at public and private organisations with an average stipend of 500 EUR/month (INR 39,848/month approximately).
• Doctoral students starting at entry experience level should validate that their bond runs for at least 12 months, as employment agreements of less than 1 year are not measured as relevant professional experience.

Suggested: Types of Universities in Germany

Job & Salary After PhD in Germany

After completion of the PhD, the salary of a student is determined by several factors. These important factors are industry, years of experience, candidate’s skills and the job position. We have listed down some of the job positions offered to PhD graduate students in Germany with their average annual salaries -

Assistant/Associate Professor	67,000 EUR (INR 53 Lacs/year)
Junior Professor	62,000 EUR (INR 49 Lacs/year)
Guest Lecturer	60,000 EUR (INR 47 Lacs/year)
Actuary	68,000 EUR (INR 54 Lacs/year)
Laboratory Researcher	63,000 EUR (INR 50 Lacs/year)

High Paying Jobs In Germany

There are various high paying jobs in Germany that are offered to international students after completing their Phd course from top universities. 

Analyst (Data/Business/Operations)	72,000 EUR (INR 57 Lacs/year)
Senior Professor	78,000 EUR (INR 62 Lacs/year)
Senior Lecturer	75,000 EUR (INR 60 Lacs/year)
Research Scientist	80,000 EUR (INR 63 Lacs/year)

Suggested: Part Time Jobs for Students

Top Recruiters & Salary After PhD in Germany  

Depending on a student's level of knowledge and years of experience, a plethora of job opportunities will come for a PhD graduate. Some of the important industries in Germany that offer placements to PhD students are as follows:

Volkswagen	55,000 EUR/year (INR 43 Lacs/year)
Mercedes-Benz	58,000 EUR/year (INR 46 Lacs/year)
Uniper	72,000 EUR/year (INR 57 Lacs/year)
Allianz	56,000 EUR/year (INR 44 Lacs/year)
BMW Group	70,000 EUR/year (INR 55 Lacs/year)
Deutsche Group	75,000 EUR/year (INR 59 Lacs/year)
Bosch Group	78,000 EUR/year (INR 62 Lacs/year)
Siemens	80,000 EUR/year (INR 63 Lacs/year)
Bayer	86,000 EUR/year (INR 68 Lacs/year)

Suggested: Studying In Germany!

How to Find a Job After PhD in Germany?

The top cities in Germany attract a lot of PhD graduate students for their lucrative job market. Let’s look at the top cities in the country for international students.

• Berlin, the capital of Germany is known to offer jobs in the marketing sector.
• Frankfurt is a hub for the financial sector
• Munich is known for its automobile industry

Since Germany has a skilled labour shortage of more than 400,000 people, PhD graduates can conveniently get a job in Germany. Here is how international students can find jobs in Germany post degree completion -

1. Public German Job Sites

The Federal Employment Agency is one of the largest recruiting service providers in Germany. It has more than 700 offices in the country and has a platform named “International Placement Service” through which international students can find work. Make a profile on their website and mention your qualifications to get matched with a job position. 

2. Private German Job Sites

There are several websites through which PhD graduate students can search for specialised jobs. 

• Academics is a website where students can look for research-related work
• Jobware for vacancies in the field of management
• Staufenbiel and Stepstone for internships and graduate jobs 
• Students can also check Jobooh for working in startups. 

3. German Recruitment Agencies

International students who have completed their PhH course from German universities can also look for a job position in "German Yellow Pages" which has an employment section named ‘Arbeitsvermittlung’ dedicated to recruiting agencies. If the recruiting agencies are a member of the Federal Employer’s Association of Personnel Service Providers, then they can be trusted for international students. 

4. German Newspapers

For academic and governmental jobs, look through the job sections in the Sunday editorials of the following newspapers -

• Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung

It has the widest newspaper circulation in Germany and 148 more countries. It is a centre-right, liberal conservative newspaper.

• Süddeutsche Zeitung

It is one of the largest daily newspapers in Germany and is published in Munich. It is a centre-left, progressive-liberal newspaper.

It is the flagship newspaper daily of the Axel Springer publishing group and is printed in Bonn.

• Handelsblatt  

It is a German-language business newspaper published by Handelsblatt Media Group. The English language version of the newspaper is known as Handelsblatt Global Edition.

Germany is one of the top 3 countries in the world to welcome more than 30,000 students in their PhD programs. The comprehensiveness of the PhD courses helps in the overall development of students and makes them job-ready. Wondering how to apply to the best universities for a PhD? Subscribe to Yocket Premium and get one-on-one personalised guidance on the admission and scholarship process. 

Frequently Asked Questions About Germany PhD Stipend

What is the PhD student salary in Germany after tax?

Usually, student stipend in Germany is tax-free when it is awarded from public sources like public universities or government scholarships. However, if you are doing internships at laboratories and private institutions, the average PhD student salary in Germany after tax is about 24,500 EUR per year (INR 19,53,189 per year approximately).

How can I work in Germany after PhD?

In order to work in Germany after your PhD, you will require a residence permit and a German work visa/employment permit. To apply for a Blue Card or work permit, you must have a job offer of 45,000 EUR/year (INR 35,87,490 approximately) before taxes.

Does the average PhD stipend in Germany increase?

The average PhD stipend in Germany per month is 2500 EUR (INR 99,305 approximately). The PhD fellowship stipend will be increased at the start of every academic year. 

What are the top academic jobs in Germany after a PhD?

The top academic jobs in Germany after PhD are that of professors, lecturers, scientists and researchers. The average PhD stipend in Germany for these jobs is between 60,000 EUR to 75,000 EUR per year (INR 47,83,320 to INR 59,79,150 approximately) depending on the candidate’s experience.

What are the top non-academic jobs in Germany after a PhD?

The top non- academic jobs in Germany after PhD are that of an actuary, data analyst, operation analyst, business analyst and product developer. The average PhD stipend in Germany for these jobs is between 68,000 EUR to 80,000 EUR per year (INR 54,21,096 to INR 63,77,760 approximately).

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Avg. Salary €39k — €91k

Avg. Salary €61k

Years of Experience

Gender breakdown for doctorate (phd), engineering.

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Net salary for PhD in German university

I have an offer of a Mathematics PhD position at the rate of €28000 gross in a German university. The position is itself great, a really interesting topic, but obviously I need to compare the financial aspect of it to my other offers.

I believe €28000 is 66% TV-L E13. What does this come to after tax, i.e. what would the net pay be for this position?

(I am 35 years old with no dependents if that makes a difference).

• 6 The specifics depend on the state (in particular, whether it's in former East or West Germany), but 66% TV-L E13 roughly corresponds to a net salary of €1450 per month (with social security and in particular health insurance already taken care of), see oeffentlicher-dienst.info/c/t/rechner/tv-l/… –  Christian Clason Commented Apr 28, 2015 at 18:49
• 2 @ChristianClason Can you please turn your comment into an answer so that I can vote for it? –  jakebeal Commented May 3, 2015 at 9:11
• 3 Don't forget to consider other aspects besides the pay, in your decision making process. In addition to all the usual considerations, Germany has a special situation -- German academia is extremely hierarchical. So think about your long term prospects, and how you react to hierarchy. –  aparente001 Commented May 4, 2015 at 4:06
• 1 @aparente001: Can you give me some on info on the hierarchical situation in German and academia and what it would mean for me? –  sonicboom Commented May 28, 2015 at 6:47
• 3 @sonicboom - That very much depends on the specific place, and shouldn't be generalized. The only way to get some reliable information about the working conditions is to contact some PhD students in the department (and preferably, the research group) you are considering to join. –  Christian Clason Commented May 28, 2015 at 21:27

Expanding a bit on my comment: To find out the net (and gross) salary for any position at a German university (from administrative assistants up to and including the base salary of a full professor), you can use the online calculator at Öffentlicher Dienst .

It's in German only, but not that difficult to navigate. You need to know the following information (I'm not going down every branch, just the one you asked about):

For temporary positions (PhD, postdoc etc.), select TV-L ("Tarifvertrag-Länder", wage agreement of the states); for permanent positions (lecturers, full professors), select Beamte (civil servant).

The state the university is located in (since every state has full independence in matters of science and education; this mostly affects civil servant positions). In particular, you need to select whether it's a former West or East German state.

The year you are interested in (the wage agreement is renegotiated somewhat frequently, so it might change even within a year).

The pay scale ( Entgeltgruppe ); PhD and postdoc positions are usually paid according to E13 ; senior postdocs with more responsibility such as lab management can be paid according to E14. Civil servant positions can be either A13 to A16 for lecturers (depending on administrative responsibilities) or W1 to W3 for (junior to full) professors.

The pay grade ( Stufe ): For some scales, you move up a grade after several years (used to be by age, now it's by time on the job). This is something you have to negotiate based on previous experience; for a starting PhD student usually only Stufe 1 makes sense. (For TV-L 13, you get bumped up to Stufe 2 in your second year and to Stufe 3 in your fourth year; if you continue on to do a postdoc, you can get up to Stufe 5; see http://oeffentlicher-dienst.info/tv-l/west/stufen.html .)

The additional pension scheme ( Zusatzversorgung ). This is basically the organization that keeps the money deducted from your gross salary to put into a pension fund. If you're in one of the western states, choose VBL , otherwise VBL-Ost .

The working time ( Arbeitszeit ) in percentage of a full (forty-odd hour) working week -- this is the important one for TV-L. PhD positions can be announced as everything from 50% to 100%; postdocs usually as 75% or 100%. Your 66% is about par for the course (depending on the discipline); positions announced as 100% usually include teaching duties beside research.

The additional salary ( monatliche Zulagen ) is important for W2 and up, but very unusual for TV-L. In your case, leave it empty .

The tax class ( Steuerklasse ) makes the biggest difference in your net salary. If you're single and don't have another job, choose class I . If not, things can get messy -- I'll just refer you to the German wikipedia entry and wish you luck.

The church tax ( Kirchensteuer ) or tithe again depends on the state; if you're not registered with one of the officially recognized churches, select keine . (Otherwise it's slightly less than a tenth of the income tax , which comes out as slightly less than 1% of the gross salary).

The health insurance ( Krankenkasse ) depends on the scheme you're in -- it's either one of the public insurance companies ("gesetzliche Krankenversicherung"), in which case you pay a fixed percentage of your salary (which varies slightly with the company; currently it's around 15.5% ) or a private insurance company ("private Krankenversicherung"), in which case you negotiate a personal contract with a certain monthly fee. If in doubt, leave the default (public insurance, current average percentage).

Putting in the information you listed (66% TV-L E13, single, no kids) and guessing the rest (western university, current wage agreement, no church affiliation, default insurance), I get an average monthly net salary of €1497.36 (according to the current -- at the time of this edit -- collective agreement for 2016).

• 1 If you belong to a church, does your wage go up or down?' Ps. Great answer –  RoboKaren Commented May 4, 2015 at 5:35
• 2 @RoboKaren: Down -- it's a form of tithe (roughly 1% of gross salary). I'll edit the answer to make it clearer. –  Christian Clason Commented May 4, 2015 at 7:20
• 6 Actually, for PhD students at my university, they move up from Stufe N to N + 1 after N years of service. So they start at level 1, then move to level 2 in their second year, level 3 in their fourth year (two years in level 2), and so on. –  aeismail Commented May 4, 2015 at 8:27
• 1 @aeismail: That's right; my point was about the starting salary, which by default is Stufe 1. –  Christian Clason Commented May 4, 2015 at 9:02
• Note that this is about 200EUR a month more than a German Biology PhD will get (and it stays the same for all of the 4+ years) so it sounds perfectly reasonable estimate. –  Wetlab Walter Commented Apr 29, 2016 at 11:33

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PhD in Germany [pls help :)]

I'm from Portugal and I'm applying for some PhD positions in Munich, Germany, and in my field (life sciences) the salary is 65% of the TV-L E13. Does anyone know what it would be in gross and net (I'm 27, single and have no children). Because cost of living in Munich is kind of high and I need to make sure I'll be able to support myself. If anyone is, was or knows someone in this position pls give your 2 cents!!!

Thank you :)

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• Study in Germany /

Technical University of Munich Placement: Rate, Top Recruiters, Average Salary, Top Industries

• Updated on  
• Jul 31, 2024

Technical University of Munich Placement: TUM boasts a placement rate of 94%, indicating a high level of success in securing jobs for graduates. Top recruiters at the university include major companies such as BMW, Audi, and Siemens, reflecting TUM’s strong industry connections. Graduates can expect an average salary ranging from EURO 29,000 to EURO 100,000, depending on their degree and field of work. The top industries hiring TUM graduates include financial services, IT, engineering, and management, showcasing the university’s diverse career pathways for students. Overall, graduates from TUM often find good job opportunities with competitive salaries for international students studying in Germany .

This Blog Includes:

Technical university of munich placement highlights, top recruiters of technical university of munich students, technical university of munich placement stats & average salary by jobs 2024, technical university of munich average package by degree, technical university of munich study/work options after graduation.

Read more: 

The university provides full support through career services, networking opportunities, and job fairs, ensuring that graduates are well-prepared for the job market. As a result, TUM graduates usually find themselves in high-demand roles across different industries, both in Germany and internationally.

Total placement rate	94%
Average Salary	EURO 165 K
Part-time work options	Available
Top recruiters	Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Deloitte Consulting, etc.
Internships	Available

Also read: 

Technical University of Munich Class 2024 Employment Profile

For 2024, the employment profile shows a positive outlook. Many graduates find employment quickly in diverse fields such as business, engineering, and science. This strong job market presence in Germany is a testament to TUM’s commitment to training students for thriving careers.

Top employers include major technology firms, international corporations, and prominent research organizations. Working with these companies provides TUM graduates with valuable experience and the chance to contribute to cutting-edge projects in diverse fields.

Barclays Services Corp	Consolidated Communications Holdings
Ing Financial Services	Southwest Research Institute
Deloitte Consulting	Heico
Facebook	Infineon Technologies Americas
Capgemini America	Microsoft
Google	Agilent Technologies

Read More: 

Many students secure positions in top companies and industries, reflecting the university’s strong reputation and the quality of education . On average, the starting salaries for TUM graduates are competitive, with variations depending on the field of study and job role.

Executive Management & Change	EURO 123505.31	INR 1.12 Cr
Programme &	EURO 68397.10	INR 62.02 L
Financial Services	EURO 84279.86	INR 76.41 L
IT & Software Development	EURO 61469.92	INR 55.73 L
Consulting, Accounting & Professional Services	EURO 74365.24	INR 67.42 L
Sales & Business Development	EURO 66431.68	INR 60.23 L

Check Out: 

TUM graduates generally enjoy competitive salaries that reflect the university’s reputation for quality education and strong industry connections.

Master (Other)	EURO 63470.85	INR 57.53 L
Masters in Management	EURO 68425.36	INR 62.02 L
Doctorate	EURO 111431.18	INR 1.01 Cr
Executive MBA	EURO 66455.07	INR 60.23 L
Masters in Finance	EURO 99180.58	INR 89.89 L
PhD	EURO 129107.21	INR 1.17 Cr

Also Read: Best Technical Universities in Germany for Indian Students

In Germany, there is a high demand for IT experts because there are not enough qualified workers. This indicates that there are many job opportunities available for IT specialists. If you have an engineering degree from TUM Informatics, which is a top qualification in Germany and around the world, you’ll be even more appealing to employers.

After finishing your degree at TUM, you will need to extend your residence permit for up to 18 months. This extra time allows you to search for and apply for jobs that match your qualifications. While you’re looking for a permanent job, you can work in other types of jobs without restrictions. However, if you are an international student from outside the European Union or European Economic Area, your work options in Germany are limited.

Explore other blogs on Study in Germany here:

The Technical University of Munich has a placement rate of 94%.

To get into a bachelor’s program at the Technical University of Munich, Indian students need at least a 75% average in high school (GPA 2.0) and must also show proof of German language proficiency.

The average annual salary at TU Munich is estimated to range from around INR 6,00,621 for a Software Engineer to INR 1,11,42,667 for an Android Developer. For hourly rates, an Educator earns approximately INR 1,002 per hour, while another Educator might earn about ₹997 per hour.

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These Countries Pay Olympians Six-Figure Bonuses For Winning Gold

The united states offers less than $40,000 to athletes who make it to the podium at the summer games, but one asian delegation will provide nearly $800,000 for olympic glory., by justin birnbaum , forbes staff and sofia chierchio , contributor.

W hen LeBron James and the U.S. men’s national basketball team take the court on Sunday, they will be competing for more than national pride. Every American athlete who wins a gold medal this summer will receive a $37,500 bonus, courtesy of the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee, and while that’s hardly a difference maker for the multimillionaire (and, in James’ case , billionaire) NBA stars, it’s a boon for many other athletes trying to cover the cost of their Olympic dreams .

Still, that financial reward pales in comparison with what other nations offer for winning gold. Ahead of the Paris Olympics, which officially begin with Friday’s opening ceremony, Forbes contacted the national Olympic committees or government sports ministries of all 206 countries and territories participating and confirmed that at least 33 will award cash prizes for medals. Within that group, 15 verified that they will pay more than $100,000 to athletes who top the podium.

Hong Kong, which competes independently of China at the Olympics, ranks No. 1 among those respondents. The territory offers $768,000 for a gold medal, a feat accomplished only twice by its athletes in the city’s 17 appearances at the Summer Games. In fact, Hong Kong’s prize for a silver medal is more than any of the 32 other nations will pay for victory—an impressive $380,000 bonus. For comparison, No. 2 Israel and No. 3 Serbia will award $275,000 and $218,000, respectively, for athletes who top the podium. All three delegations had an athlete earn gold at the Tokyo Games in 2021.

In many cases, a cash bonus for medaling is just one example of how countries reward their elite athletes. The USOPC, which will also pay $22,500 for silver and $15,000 for bronze, provides grants and benefits (such as health insurance) that are more widely available to Olympians. Malaysia and Bulgaria offer monthly allowances greater than $1,000 to gold medalists for life while Chile, Kosovo and Lithuania have a similar benefit that concludes by the next Olympics. New Zealand structures its payouts as yearly bonuses, with gold medalists receiving $40,000 annually until the following Games. And although Denmark awards only $15,000 for gold, it’s a tax-free prize, a perk in a country with one of the highest tax rates in the world .

Thomas Deschamps

Meanwhile, Poland offers a slew of benefits beyond the roughly $82,000 that gold medalists receive. Every medalist in Paris will receive a painting from “talented and respected” Polish artists, an investment-grade diamond and a vacation voucher for two from a travel agency. (Coaches are entitled to the same rewards.) Additionally, to celebrate the 100-year anniversary of Poland’s participation in the Olympics, individual-sport gold medalists will receive a two-bedroom apartment in the Warsaw metropolitan area while athletes who claim first place in a team sport will be granted a one-bedroom flat.

Many nations, including Norway, Iceland and Sweden, do not offer explicit financial compensation for medals, although in some cases they provide other sorts of grants for athletes. “We want our athletes to get all support before the Games to maximize the possibility of Olympic success,” the Swedish Olympic Committee’s secretary-general, Åsa Edlund Jönsson, tells Forbes by email. The same goes for the United Kingdom—but British Athletics, the governing body for the nation’s track and field team, does pay out medal bonuses independent of the government.

Here are 15 countries and territories offering six-figure payouts for gold medalists in individual sports.

🇭🇰 hong kong: $768,000, hong kong collected six medals at the last summer olympics, in tokyo in 2021, including a gold in men’s foil fencing. but even if its athletes fail to reach the podium in paris, the territory offers lucrative cash prizes: nearly $100,000 for a fourth-place finish, or almost $50,000 for fifth through eighth place., 🇮🇱 israel: $275,000, israel offers roughly $192,000 for silver and $137,000 for bronze, so just reaching the podium means a six-figure payday—unless it’s a team sport. for athletes who compete as a pair, israel awards each 75% of the bonus; members of teams of three or four get 50%, and groups of five or more get 40% apiece. for “ball games,” such as soccer, a gold medal comes with about $275,000 split among 18 players and seven staff members. all rewards are tax-free., 🇷🇸 serbia: $218,000, the serbian government provides a cash bonus for medalists, but the benefits of reaching the podium don’t stop there. athletes who claim gold, silver or bronze are eligible for a national pension, which kicks in at age 40 and is paid out monthly. that’s good news for 37-year-old novak djokovic, who is looking to add an olympic medal in men’s tennis to the bronze from 2008 in his already overflowing trophy case., 🇲🇾 malaysia: $214,000, for athletes representing malaysia, the medal paydays span a wide range. gold earns more than $200,000 while bronze medalists receive 10% of that figure. regardless of where they land on the podium, malaysian competitors are entitled to a pension for life, ranging between roughly $400 and $1,100 a month., 🇮🇹 italy: $196,000, italy doesn’t divvy up its medal bonuses for team sports, with each athlete receiving roughly $196,000 for gold, $98,000 for silver and $65,000 for bronze—the same as an individual-sport athlete. if the nation’s performance is anything like the last summer olympics, that could amount to a hefty bonus pool: italy had 13 teams medal at the tokyo games in 2021., 🇱🇹 lithuania: $182,000, the lithuanian government pays both its athletes and its coaches for medals and determines those figures based on the “basic social benefit,” a monthly amount used in social security calculations. there are other olympic perks, too. for instance, lithuania pays rent for its medalists after they conclude their athletic careers., 🇲🇩 moldova: $171,000, even an eighth-place finish means a bonus for a moldovan athlete, with the government awarding roughly $11,000. however, reaching the podium results in at least 10 times that amount. moldova earned only one medal at the last olympics, a bronze in men’s canoeing., 🇱🇻 latvia: $155,000, latvia generously provides bonuses to its athletes all the way down to sixth place. while gold receives about $155,000, each descending place gets 60% of the previous mark, so silver amounts to roughly $93,000 and bronze about $56,000. the same rule applies to team bonuses, although for gold, latvia awards a lump sum of around $470,000 for all competing athletes, coaches and support personnel., 🇭🇺 hungary: $154,000, in addition to a lucrative gold medal bonus, hungary has one of the more generous bronze offerings, roughly $88,000. that’s welcome news for the country’s water polo teams, which earned bronze in both the men’s and women’s events at the tokyo games in 2021., 🇧🇬 bulgaria: $139,000, individual-sport athletes have a slight earnings edge under bulgaria’s medal bonus structure, which offers roughly $111,000 for silver and $83,000 for bronze, in addition to the $139,000 for gold. teams with more than two athletes reward 70% of their roster with 90% of the individual bonuses while the remaining 30% receive 50% of the outlined figures., 🇺🇦 ukraine: $125,000, twenty-nine athletes reached the podium for ukraine at the last summer games between individual and team competitions as the nation collected 20 medals. only one of those, however, was gold, which came in men’s greco-roman wrestling., 🇽🇰 kosovo: $120,000, for gold medals, kosovar athletes receive bonuses from both the country’s sports ministry and its national olympic committee. they can earn even more with a record-breaking performance at the summer games. kosovo’s sports ministry will award roughly $218,000 to an athlete who sets a record in an individual sport, and about half of that if it happens in a team sport., 🇪🇪 estonia: $109,000, success at the olympics has a carryover effect for estonian athletes, whose stipends from the country’s olympic program get a boost from a top-10 performance at the games. for example, in addition to the roughly $109,000 cash bonus for a gold medal, a victory would result in about $7,000 in monthly payments for the next two years. coaches are also eligible to receive a reward, which is capped at half of an athlete’s bonus., 🇨🇿 czech republic: $103,000, traditionally a powerhouse in women’s tennis, the czech republic will be without its silver medalist from the tokyo olympics after markéta vondroušová withdrew from the event ahead of paris. but with barbora krejcikova, the 2024 wimbledon champion and half of the doubles-winning pair from the last games, the nation still has a fighting chance to claim gold., 🇪🇸 spain: $102,000, while an olympic gold nets a spanish athlete six figures in an individual sport, that’s not the case with team competitions. members of two-person teams cap out at roughly $82,000 while groups of three or more receive about $54,000 each. at the last olympic games, spain had six teams earn medals, including gold in the mixed trap shooting event., methodology.

The medal bonuses are listed in U.S. dollars, converted from the local currency at the exchange rate as of July 22 and rounded to the nearest thousand.

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