annex in research paper

Use an Appendix or Annex in Your Research Paper?

'Appendix' and 'annex' are commonly confused in research papers. While the use of an appendix is more common, the annex can also be a valuable way of supplementing your research. The appendix and the annex add supporting/supplementary information. Both are posted online and can be referred to by researchers with a particular interest in your study. The differences between them are context and length.

Updated on July 26, 2022

The terms “appendix” and “annex” are commonly confused in research papers. While the use of an appendix is more common, the annex can also be a valuable way of supplementing your research.

Both the appendix and the annex add supporting/supplementary information (SI), like tables and graphs, datasets, or transcriptions. Both are posted online and can be referred to by researchers with a particular interest in your study (especially if they're open access).

The main differences between these two forms of data supplement are context and length. Appendixes are common and are part of the study; you likely used them in theses and dissertations. Annexes deal with much longer and more detailed sets of information, and they're additional to the study's content. Let's take a deeper look at the differences so you'll never them confused.

What is an appendix?

An appendix is, according to Merriem-Webster, “supplementary material usually attached at the end of a piece of writing.” The word comes from the Latin appendere, which means “cause to hang (from something).” It's included in the paper at the end, usually after the references or bibliography.

Appendixes/Appendices can be seen as materials that supplement rather than complement the research. Read only by those with a specific interest.

Basics of an appendix

The following are generally true of an appendix.

• Included at the end of the manuscript.
• Written by one more of the paper's researchers. Exceptions are items like letters granting ethical clearance for the research or details of the research tools used (see the example later).
• Ties into the research directly; gives greater detail than the main body of the manuscript.
• Not too long. Of course, that's subjective, but generally speaking, it's a page or two rather than dozens of pages, or more.

What to put in an appendix

Some examples of an appendix are:

• Figures and tables
• Photographs
• Raw data (tables, plots, images)
• Questionnaires and interview questions (especially in qualitative research)
• Ethics approvals such as from the IRB
• Correspondences, such as letters or emails

Most research published as a journal article, and particularly as a thesis, will contain appendices rather than annexes.

This paper (PDF link) includes an appendix that details the instruments used in the research. Each test was used in the study, and the author felt the details were important enough to detail in the appendix, too much information to be presented in the main paper.

This chemistry article also presents supplementary data in the appendix. As it's too lengthy to put in print, a downloadable Word file is available. However, it's only data rather than an article or other full and standalone materials, which is likely why it was made into an appendix rather than an annex.

What is an annex?

Merriam-Webster defines an annex as “an added stipulation or statement.” In the context of research, both academic and commercial, annexes are usually separate additions to the research output and are submitted as separate documents.

Annex comes from the French annexer, which means “to join or attach.” Simply put, an annex comes along with (joining or attached to) a research paper. An example might be a UN report relevant to a manuscript, and that will be added as a supporting document, backing up the research findings. Annexes are used for materials that complement the research.

Basics of an annex

• Attached to the research paper as a separate item.
• Often (but not always) produced by someone outside the research team. If, for example, one of the researchers produced a white paper for the government on the research domain and this might complement the research, this could be an annex.
• Can be many pages long.
• Supports or informs the research that has been done; complements it.
• Is not part of the research output presented in the manuscript's body text.

What to put in an annex

Some examples of an annex are...

• Documents mentioned in the manuscript or that may support the manuscript
• News articles
• Lab reports
• Interviews of people mentioned in the manuscript.
• Data from other studies

Almost always, annexes are added to papers that exceed normal journal article lengths. They're supporting materials to lengthy research output, like those often funded by corporate or government funding.

This World Health Organization guidance paper on HIV/AIDS is itself 21 pages long but comes with separate downloadable annexes. The paper details the findings stemming from the research and describes the processes for the trials. On page 5, the paper notes that the annexes are included to give greater details on the clinical trials mentioned in the paper. In this sense, the annexes are for readers who want greater detail.

The paper reviews the trials done in the annex, but because the trials were not part of the research and was done by others, it was added as an annex.

Should you use an appendix or an annex?

Short answer: you should probably use an appendix. That's because they're much more common. Appendices are placed at the end of a document, while annexes are, technically, separate from it. The former is part of the paper, but the latter is not.

Annexes are often long documents, running even to hundreds of pages. Most often, someone an annex's author is someone who's not part of the research team. Appendices, however, are often by a paper's author(s) and are usually not more than a few pages each (though, in the case of datasets, they technically can be quite long).

Annexes are used to verify the research and provide additional, relevant information. They are documents from credible and relevant sources. They offer further insight into the research topic.

Normally, you'll be using appendices, and that's often because of the journal's word count limits. It may be ideal to include tables or charts in-line in the article, but if there's no room, the appendix can provide extra space.

Handling data: A workflow for dealing with data in your SI

Submission and sharing of data are especially key steps in dealing with your SI in appendixes, annexes, and other formats. When you're submitting your article to a journal, there is a common workflow for this:

• Create additional supplementary files (usually as few as possible, a single file is ideal).
• Upload to the journal site or one of the many ‘approved' online data repositories.
• You'll be given a URL to link back to your data files.
• Add this link to the Acknowledgements section of your paper with some text such as “Additional files in support of this article can be found at https://...”

Some commonly used and ostensibly approved online data repositories:

• Harvard Dataverse
• Open Science Framework (OSF)
• Mendeley Data

But don't get carried away!

Supplementary information, including appendixes and annexes, can also be abused. Additional information may be so long/big/dense that it actually may not undergo full peer review even though the rest of the article does.

A study by Pop and Salzberg asserted that journals' word restrictions may cause authors to move key information outside the main manuscript body. In this way, it can avert proper peer review while also being less accessible to the reader. This hinders further investigation because readers have to wade through huge amounts of supplementary documents to find what they're after.

It also robs authors cited in the supplementary information of the recognition they would receive from citations in the body text.

Nature commendably lays out specifics for SI – check them here .

Final thoughts

If you're unsure of what needs to be in your supplementary information, or if you even need an appendix or annex, as well as the English quality and style, a scientific edit can be a big help. Explore AJE's extensive editing services here .

The AJE Team

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Annex vs Appendix: What is the difference?

It is not uncommon to see scholars getting confused with the usage of the terms annex and appendix. These two terms that are often used interchangeably by researchers across disciplines and at every level. However, while both serve to supplement the main body of a manuscript, they differ vastly in their authorship, context, and content. Understanding these distinctions is crucial, especially for those in the world of academia.    

Table of Contents

What is an annex?    

An annex or annexure refers to addendums attached to a research paper to provide additional information or documentation. Usually written by an author different from that of the main document, annexures are considered separate, independent documents that are not considered to be essential to the main body of the paper. Annexes in research papers are typically numbered sequentially and placed at the end of the document. They may include detailed and lengthy supporting data, tables, technical information, maps, raw research findings or other materials that complement the main text without directly affecting its flow or coherence.   

What is an appendix?    

Similar to an annex, an appendix in a research paper contains additional information that is placed towards the end of a thesis or research paper. However, unlike an annex, this information, while non-essential to the core research argument, is directly related to the research and is necessary for a complete understanding of the subject. An appendix is typically added when the author has detailed information to share, which, if placed in the main body of text, may lead to readers losing track of key arguments and reasoning.    

In other words, the supplementary information provided in an appendix elaborates on the key arguments of the study and provides a more comprehensive understanding to readers. Like annexes, appendices are also numbered sequentially and placed at the end of the document, following any annexes. However, unlike annexes, appendices are written by the original authors and usually include additional data, research findings, visuals, or other materials that are directly relevant to the main study.   

Appendix vs Annex: Key differences    

There are two basic differences between the appendix and annex. These are in terms of context and authorship. As explained in the above section, the appendix consists of materials that are closely linked to the study. These provide contextual or background information and information that is relevant within the context of the study. These are authored by the researcher and are placed at the end of the manuscript. On the other hand, annexes consist of materials or documents that support the study but are not directly linked to it. They exist independently. This is relevant and significant information that goes beyond the context of the study.    

The differences between the annex and the appendix are summarized in the following table.   

Common materials included in the appendix include raw statistical data, interview transcripts, questionnaires or surveys, correspondence, and so on. Here, it is worthwhile to note that depending on who authored such materials, these can be categorized under appendix or annex.    

Take the case of correspondence, for example. A letter that was sent by the subject of your study to another person and which may be relevant to your research can be placed only as an annex. This is because you are not the author of this correspondence. On the other hand, the letters that you sent as part of your research study process need to be placed under the appendix as you have written the letter.    

Similarly, transcripts of interviews that you conducted for your study will be listed under the appendix, but not interviews of your study subjects conducted by others for different studies or publications. The latter will fall under an annex as you did not carry out these. Annexes and appendices are formatted differently based on the specific style guide required by your institution or publication. The alignment, spacing and indexing, for example, can vary according to the style guide.   

Clearly, while annexes and appendices share similarities as supplementary sections in research documents, they serve very distinct purposes. Whether it is attaching extensive data sets or providing clarifying visuals, understanding when and how to employ annexes and appendices is crucial for early career researchers. This guidance and support ensures that you can effectively utilize and incorporate these sections into your academic writing, enhancing its clarity and comprehensiveness.    

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Annex vs Appendix: Know What To Use in Your Research Paper

Learn the differences between annexes and appendices in research papers, with tips on when to use each and how to format them effectively.

Amethyst Rayne

Jun 10, 2024

Picture this: you've just completed your groundbreaking research paper, but you're left with a bunch of extra material that you don't know what to do with. Sound familiar?

This is where annexes and appendices come into play. But wait, aren't they the same thing? Not quite!

Knowing the difference between an annex and an appendix can make or break your research paper's organization and clarity.

Think of them as the secret weapons in your paper-writing arsenal. An annex is like a trusty sidekick, providing additional support to your main argument, while an appendix is more like a behind-the-scenes expert, offering supplementary information that enhances your research.

So, let's dive in and unravel the mystery behind these often-confused terms.

By the end of this blog post, you'll be a pro at deciding when to use an annex and when to use an appendix, making your research paper a force to be reckoned with!

1. Understanding Annexes and Appendices

Definition of Annex

An annex is a standalone document attached to the main paper. It is used to provide supplementary material that offers additional information relevant to the research but is too detailed or extensive to include in the main document. Annexes can contain detailed descriptions, raw data, business models, or other complex information.

Definition of Appendix

An appendix is a supplementary document included at the end of a research paper. It contains relevant information such as tables, charts, interview transcripts, and other supplementary information. Appendices are part of the main text and provide additional data that supports the research but is not essential to the main argument.

2. Key Differences Between Annex and Appendix

Purpose and Usage

The primary purpose of an annex is to add greater details or supplementary material that stands alone but supports the main document. In contrast, an appendix includes related but non-essential information within the same document.

Content Type

Annexes often contain standalone documents like letters, business models, or separate documents with greater details. Appendices usually include tables, charts, definitions, or interview transcripts that provide additional context to the main body of the research.

Position in the Document

An annex is typically placed after the references section of the main document, while appendices are included at the end of the main text, before the references.

Formal Requirements

Annexes and appendices have different formal requirements. An annex should be submitted as a separate document, clearly labeled, and referenced in the main text. Appendices should be clearly labeled (Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.) and referred to within the main body of the research paper.

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3. When to Use an Annex

Appropriate scenarios.

Use an annex when you need to include supplementary material that is too detailed or extensive to fit within the main document. This is common in qualitative research where detailed descriptions, raw data, or comprehensive business models are necessary for a thorough understanding.

Examples in Practice

In academic research, annexes might contain extensive datasets, lengthy interview transcripts, or detailed technical specifications that support the research field. For instance, a thesis on business models might include an annex with full financial statements and organizational charts.

4. When to Use an Appendix

Use an appendix when you need to provide additional information that supports the main text but is not critical to its understanding. This might include supplementary data, tables, charts, or brief interview excerpts.

In a research paper, appendices might include data tables, charts, detailed survey questions, or additional analysis that offer valuable insights but are not essential to the main arguments presented.

5. How to Format Annexes and Appendices

General Formatting Tips

Both annexes and appendices should be clearly labeled and referenced within the main text. Use headings such as "Annex A: Financial Data" or "Appendix A: Survey Questions" to distinguish them.

Specific Formatting Examples

An annex might start on a new page and be presented as a standalone document with its own title and references. An appendix should be included at the end of the main document, each starting on a new page with a heading that matches its reference in the main text.

6. Common Mistakes to Avoid

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Misuse of Terms

A common error is using the terms annex and appendix interchangeably. Remember, an annex is a standalone document, while an appendix is part of the main document.

Formatting Errors

Ensure that annexes are submitted as separate documents and appendices are included in the main copy. Proper labeling and referencing are crucial for clarity.

7. Practical Application in Research Writing

Annexes in qualitative research.

In qualitative research, detailed descriptions and raw data are often included in annexes. This might involve lengthy interview transcripts or comprehensive analysis that provide a deeper understanding of the research findings.

Appendices for Supplementary Information

Appendices are ideal for including supplementary information that supports the research without distracting from the main arguments. For instance, a research paper on social behavior might have appendices with detailed survey results or charts illustrating key trends.

Examples from Various Research Fields

In scientific research, an annex might include extensive methodological details or raw experimental data. In contrast, an appendix might contain additional graphs or tables that help clarify the main text. In humanities research, annexes might include historical documents or correspondence, while appendices could provide definitions or supplementary analysis.

By using annexes and appendices correctly, you can ensure that your research paper is both comprehensive and reader-friendly.

Understanding these nuances will not only streamline your writing process but also enhance the presentation of your research, providing a better understanding for your readers and showcasing the depth and rigor of your work.

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How to Create an APA Style Appendix | Format & Examples

Published on October 16, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 9, 2022.

An appendix is a section at the end of an academic text where you include extra information that doesn’t fit into the main text. The plural of appendix is “appendices.”

In an APA Style paper, appendices are placed at the very end, after the reference list .

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Table of contents

Do i need an appendix, appendix format example, organizing and labeling your appendices, frequently asked questions.

You don’t always need to include any appendices. An appendix should present information that supplements the reader’s understanding of your research but is not essential to the argument of your paper . Essential information is included in the main text.

For example, you might include some of the following in an appendix:

• Full transcripts of interviews you conducted (which you can quote from in the main text)
• Documents used in your research, such as questionnaires , instructions, tests, or scales
• Detailed statistical data (often presented in tables or figures )
• Detailed descriptions of equipment used

You should refer to each appendix at least once in the main text. If you don’t refer to any information from an appendix, it should not be included.

When you discuss information that can be found in an appendix, state this the first time you refer to it:

Note that, if you refer to the same interviews again, it’s not necessary to mention the appendix each time.

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The appendix label appears at the top of the page, bold and centered. On the next line, include a descriptive title, also bold and centered.

The text is presented in general APA format : left-aligned, double-spaced, and with page numbers in the top right corner. Start a new page for each new appendix.

The example image below shows how to format an APA Style appendix.

If you include just one appendix, it is simply called “Appendix” and referred to as such in-text:

When more than one appendix is included, they are labeled “Appendix A,” “Appendix B,” and so on.

Present and label your appendices in the order they are referred to in the main text.

Labeling tables and figures in appendices

An appendix may include (or consist entirely of) tables and/or figures . Present these according to the same formatting rules as in the main text.

Tables and figures included in appendices are labeled differently, however. Use the appendix’s letter in addition to a number. Tables and figures are still numbered separately and according to the order they’re referred to in the appendix.

For example, in Appendix A, your tables are Table A1, Table A2, etc; your figures are Figure A1, Figure A2, etc.

The numbering restarts with each appendix: For example, the first table in Appendix B is Table B1; the first figure in Appendix C is Figure C1; and so on. If you only have one appendix, use A1, A2, etc.

If you want to refer specifically to a table or figure from an appendix in the main text, use the table or figure’s label (e.g. “see Table A3”).

If an appendix consists entirely of a single table or figure, simply use the appendix label to refer to the table or figure. For example, if Appendix C is just a table, refer to the table as “Appendix C,” and don’t add an additional label or title for the table itself.

An appendix contains information that supplements the reader’s understanding of your research but is not essential to it. For example:

• Interview transcripts
• Questionnaires
• Detailed descriptions of equipment

Something is only worth including as an appendix if you refer to information from it at some point in the text (e.g. quoting from an interview transcript). If you don’t, it should probably be removed.

Appendices in an APA Style paper appear right at the end, after the reference list and after your tables and figures if you’ve also included these at the end.

When you include more than one appendix in an APA Style paper , they should be labeled “Appendix A,” “Appendix B,” and so on.

When you only include a single appendix, it is simply called “Appendix” and referred to as such in the main text.

Yes, if relevant you can and should include APA in-text citations in your appendices . Use author-date citations as you do in the main text.

Any sources cited in your appendices should appear in your reference list . Do not create a separate reference list for your appendices.

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Difference Between | Descriptive Analysis and Comparisons

Search form, difference between appendix and annex.

Key Difference: Appendix is a document that is attached to the end of research project or a dissertation in order to strengthen the data in the document. An annex contains data that could back the matter in the project or thesis.

Appendix and annex are concepts that are used during research projects, dissertations, books and legal documents. Due to their selective usage, many people are oblivious to these terms until they have to write proper research papers in colleges. Though these are similar in the sense that they belong at the end of the document, they differ from each other in many ways including usage and purpose.

Dictionary.com defines ‘appendix’ as:

• A body of separate additional material at the end of a book, magazine, etc., esp one that is documentary or explanatory
• Any part that is dependent or supplementary in nature or function; appendage

Dictionary.com defines ‘annex’ as:

• To append or attach, especially to a larger or more significant thing.
• To incorporate (territory) into an existing political unit such as a country, state, county, or city.
• To add or attach, as an attribute, condition, or consequence.
• A building added on to a larger one or an auxiliary building situated near a main one.
• An addition, such as an appendix, that is made to a record or other document.

In legal terms, an appendix or an annex is also known as addendum, which is an additional part of a legal document that may have sub-points that are not explained directly in the main agreement. It is used in reference to contracts and agreements, with annex and appendixes used to make the whole agreement clear or add points that are eliminated in the original contract.

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Annex vs. Appendix

What's the difference.

Annex and appendix are both terms used to refer to additional information or supplementary material attached to a document or publication. However, there is a slight difference in their usage. Annex is typically used to denote an extension or addition to the main body of a document, often containing detailed or supporting information that is directly related to the main content. On the other hand, an appendix is usually used to include supplementary material that is not directly connected to the main text but provides additional context or background information. In summary, while both annex and appendix serve the purpose of including extra information, annex is more closely linked to the main content, whereas appendix is more tangential.

Further Detail

Introduction.

When it comes to adding supplementary information to a document, two commonly used terms are "annex" and "appendix." While both serve a similar purpose, there are distinct differences between the two. In this article, we will explore the attributes of annex and appendix, highlighting their unique characteristics and usage scenarios.

Definition and Purpose

An annex refers to additional information that is attached at the end of a document, providing further details or supporting data that is not essential to the main content. It is typically numbered or labeled separately from the main body and can be referenced within the document. On the other hand, an appendix is also an addendum to a document but is used to include supplementary material that is directly related to the main content. It is often used to present complex data, lengthy tables, or detailed research findings.

Location and Format

An annex is usually placed after the main body of the document, following the conclusion or recommendations section. It can be presented as a separate section or as a series of annexes, each labeled with a unique identifier (e.g., Annex A, Annex B, etc.). The content within an annex can vary widely, including charts, graphs, maps, or even full-length reports. On the other hand, an appendix is typically placed before the annexes (if any) and follows the main body of the document. It is often organized into sections or subsections, each labeled with letters or numbers (e.g., Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.). The format of an appendix depends on the document's style guide or the author's preference, but it commonly includes tables, figures, or detailed explanations.

Content and Usage

An annex is commonly used to provide supplementary information that is not crucial to the understanding of the main content but may be of interest to certain readers. It can include supporting evidence, additional statistics, or background information that expands on the topic. Annexes are often used in legal documents, technical reports, or research papers to maintain a clear separation between the main content and the supporting material. On the other hand, an appendix is used to present information that is directly related to the main content and enhances the reader's understanding. It can include raw data, survey questionnaires, detailed calculations, or any other material that is referenced or discussed in the main body. Appendices are commonly found in academic papers, scientific research, or technical manuals.

Referencing and Citations

When referencing an annex within a document, it is common to mention it in the main body and provide a clear indication of where the reader can find the relevant information. This can be done by including the annex number or label within parentheses or by explicitly stating the location (e.g., "For more details, refer to Annex B"). On the other hand, when referencing an appendix, it is often necessary to cite specific sections or subsections within the appendix. This can be achieved by including the appendix letter or number, followed by the section label (e.g., "Refer to Appendix A, Section 2.1 for detailed calculations").

In summary, while both annexes and appendices serve the purpose of providing supplementary information, they differ in terms of their content, location, and usage. Annexes are typically used to include additional material that is not directly related to the main content, while appendices are used to present information that enhances the reader's understanding. Annexes are placed after the main body, while appendices are placed before the annexes (if any). When referencing annexes, the focus is on the location, whereas referencing appendices often requires citing specific sections or subsections. Understanding the attributes of annexes and appendices allows authors to effectively incorporate supplementary information into their documents, ensuring clarity and accessibility for the readers.

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An appendix contains supplementary material that is not an essential part of the text itself but which may be helpful in providing a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem. An appendix may also contain information that is too cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper. A separate appendix should be used for each distinct topic or set of data and always have a title descriptive of its contents [e.g., Appendix 1: Interview Protocol].

Tables, Appendices, Footnotes and Endnotes. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.

Importance of...

Appendices are always supplementary to the research paper. As such, your study must be able to stand alone without the appendices, and the paper must contain all information including tables, diagrams, and results necessary to understand the research problem. The key point to remember when including an appendix or appendices is that the information is non-essential to understanding the research problem being investigated. In other words, if it were removed, the reader would still be able to  comprehend the significance, validity , and implications of your research even if that additional data was missing.

It is appropriate to include appendices for the following reasons:

• Including this material in the body of the paper that would render it poorly structured or interrupt the narrative flow;
• Information is too lengthy and detailed to be easily summarized in the body of the paper;
• Inclusion of helpful, supporting, or useful material would otherwise distract the reader from the main content of the paper;
• Provides relevant information or data that is more easily understood or analyzed in a self-contained section of the paper;
• Can be used when there are constraints placed on the length of your paper; and,
• Provides a place to further demonstrate your understanding of the research problem by giving additional details about a new or innovative method, technical details, or design protocols.

Appendices. Academic Skills Office, University of New England; Chapter 12, "Use of Appendices." In Guide to Effective Grant Writing: How to Write a Successful NIH Grant . Otto O. Yang. (New York: Kluwer Academic, 2005), pp. 55-57; Tables, Appendices, Footnotes and Endnotes. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.

Structure and Writing Style

I.  General Points to Consider

When considering whether to include content in an appendix, keep in mind the following:

• It is usually good practice to include your raw data in an appendix, laying it out in a clear format so the reader can re-check your results. Another option if you have a large amount of raw data is to consider placing it online [e.g., on a Google drive] and note that this is the appendix to your research paper.
• Any tables and figures included in the appendix should be numbered as a separate sequence from the main paper . Remember that appendices contain non-essential information that, if removed, would not diminish a reader's ability to understand the research problem being investigated. This is why non-textual elements should not carry over the sequential numbering of non-textual elements in the body of your paper.
• If you have more than three appendices, consider listing them on a separate page in the table of contents . This will help the reader know what information is included in the appendices. Note that some works list appendices in the table of contents before the first chapter while other styles list the appendices after the conclusion but before your references. Consult with your professor to confirm if there is a preferred approach.
• The appendix can be a good place to put maps, photographs, diagrams, and other images , if you feel that it will help the reader to understand the content of your paper, while keeping in mind the study should be understood without them.
• An appendix should be streamlined and not loaded with a lot information . If you have a very long and complex appendix, it is a good idea to break it down into separate appendices, allowing the reader to find relevant information quickly as the information is covered in the body of the paper.

II.  Content

Never include an appendix that isn’t referred to in the text . All appendices should be summarized in your paper where it is relevant to the content. Appendices should also be arranged sequentially by the order they were first referenced in the text [i.e., Appendix 1 should not refer to text on page eight of your paper and Appendix 2 relate to text on page six].

There are few rules regarding what type of material can be included in an appendix, but here are some common examples:

• Correspondence -- if your research included collaborations with others or outreach to others, then correspondence in the form of letters, memorandums, or copies of emails from those you interacted with could be included.
• Interview Transcripts -- in qualitative research, interviewing respondents is often used to gather information. The full transcript from an interview is important so the reader can read the entire dialog between researcher and respondent. The interview protocol [list of questions] should also be included.
• Non-textual elements -- as noted above, if there are a lot of non-textual items, such as, figures, tables, maps, charts, photographs, drawings, or graphs, think about highlighting examples in the text of the paper but include the remainder in an appendix.
• Questionnaires or surveys -- this is a common form of data gathering. Always include the survey instrument or questionnaires in an appendix so the reader understands not only the questions asked but the sequence in which they were asked. Include all variations of the instruments as well if different items were sent to different groups [e.g., those given to teachers and those given to administrators] .
• Raw statistical data – this can include any numerical data that is too lengthy to include in charts or tables in its entirety within the text. This is important because the entire source of data should be included even if you are referring to only certain parts of a chart or table in the text of your paper.
• Research instruments -- if you used a camera, or a recorder, or some other device to gather information and it is important for the reader to understand how, when, and/or where that device was used.
• Sample calculations – this can include quantitative research formulas or detailed descriptions of how calculations were used to determine relationships and significance.

NOTE:   Appendices should not be a dumping ground for information. Do not include vague or irrelevant information in an appendix; this additional information will not help the reader’s overall understanding and interpretation of your research and may only distract the reader from understanding the significance of your overall study.

ANOTHER NOTE:   Appendices are intended to provide supplementary information that you have gathered or created; it is not intended to replicate or provide a copy of the work of others. For example, if you need to contrast the techniques of analysis used by other authors with your own method of analysis, summarize that information, and cite to the original work. In this case, a citation to the original work is sufficient enough to lead the reader to where you got the information. You do not need to provide a copy of this in an appendix.

III.  Format

Here are some general guideline on how to format appendices . If needed, consult the writing style guide [e.g., APA, MLS, Chicago] your professor wants you to use for more detail or choose the style you are most familiar with:

• Appendices may precede or follow your list of references.
• Each appendix begins on a new page.
• The order they are presented is dictated by the order they are mentioned in the text of your research paper.
• The heading should be "Appendix," followed by a letter or number [e.g., "Appendix A" or "Appendix 1"], centered and written in bold type.
• If there is a table of contents, the appendices must be listed.
• Depending on the type of information, the content can be presented in landscape format rather than regular portrait format.
• The page number(s) of the appendix/appendices will continue on with the numbering from the last page of the text.

Appendices. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College;  Appendices. Academic Skills Office, University of New England; Appendices. Writing Center, Walden University; Chapter 12, "Use of Appendices." In Guide to Effective Grant Writing: How to Write a Successful NIH Grant . Otto O. Yang. (New York: Kluwer Academic, 2005), pp. 55-57 ; Tables, Appendices, Footnotes and Endnotes. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Lunsford, Andrea A. and Robert Connors. The St. Martin's Handbook . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989; What To Know About The Purpose And Format Of A Research Paper Appendix. LoyolaCollegeCulion.com.

Writing Tip

Consider Putting Your Appendices Online

Appendices are useful because they provide the reader with information that supports your study without breaking up the narrative or distracting from the main purpose of your paper. If you have a lot of raw data or information that is difficult to present in textual form, consider uploading it to an online site. This prevents your paper from having a large and unwieldy set of appendices and it supports a growing movement within academe to make data more freely available for re-analysis. If you do create an online portal to your data, note it prominently in your paper with the correct URL and access procedures if it is a secured site, or if needed, with clear directions on how to contact the author to obtain access.

Piwowar, Heather A., Roger S. Day, and Douglas B. Fridsma. “Sharing Detailed Research Data Is Associated with Increased Citation Rate.” PloS ONE (March 21, 2007); Wicherts, Jelte M., Marjan Bakker, and Dylan Molenaar. “Willingness to Share Research Data Is Related to the Strength of the Evidence and the Quality of Reporting of Statistical Results.” PLoS ONE (November 2, 2011).

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Annex vs. Appendix

An annex and an appendix are both forms of addendums to a main document. An appendix contains data that cannot be placed in the main document and has references in the original copy or file. An annex, on the other hand, is usually a standalone document that offers additional information than contained in the main document.

Comparison chart

Relation to the main document

An appendix cannot be submitted without the main copy. The aim of an appendix is to add greater details, visuals and examples for better understanding of the main copy. An annex, however, is different from an appendix in that it can be considered without the main text. It cannot be added to the main text but still has importance as regards the original copy.

Authors of an annex vs an appendix

Appendices are usually written by original authors whereas annexes can be written by outside party.

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How is an Annexure different from an Appendix?

I am reviewing a rather large(~150 page) design document and I feel that some sections are more descriptive and overloaded with jargon. However , modifying those sections seem to dilute the point being emphasized.

Thus, I have decided to suggest the original author to abbreviate/modify some of the technical jargon and move them to a different section. The author will be required to

• expand the jargon, and
• explain the pertinent business context.

However, I can't decide between an Annexure and an Appendix . In my case, which one do I suggest to the original author?

Any help or suggestions will be much appreciated. Thanks

• differences
• abbreviations

• 1 Do you intended the addendum to be capable of standing alone, or to be a work containing additional information that can be referred to? Assuming the latter, I would use "appendix." –  Nonnal Commented Dec 9, 2015 at 6:14

In summary, an annex and an appendix are both forms of addendums to a main document. An appendix contains data that cannot be placed in the main document and has references in the original copy or file. An annex , on the other hand, is usually a standalone document that offers additional information than contained in the main document.

Looking at definitions, we get:

verb add as an extra or subordinate part, especially to a document

Annex is a term used more commonly in business models and ideas.

noun a section or table of subsidiary matter at the end of a book or document

Appendix is a term more commonly used in the research field.

An appendix cannot be submitted without the main copy. The aim of an appendix is to add greater details, visuals and examples for better understanding of the main copy. An annex, however, is different from an appendix in that it can be considered without the main text. It cannot be added to the main text but still has importance as regards the original copy.

Also, do note that appendices are usually written by original authors whereas annexes can be written by another party.

In this case, through the context given, I would assume you want the author to dissect the jargon and the business context in the design document, and since these information contains data that has references to the original copy and can hardly be used as a standalone document, I would suggest appendix .

• This definition is still ambiguous in my view - data that cannot be placed in the main document does not seem exclusively different to additional information than contained in the main document . While just leaves and has references for annex. But presumably both an annex and an appendix can both be referenced in the main document. So I'm still inclear what the difference is! Also, I believe annex in this context is a noun not a verb. –  geotheory Commented Apr 16, 2020 at 11:45

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What is an annex and how to incorporate it into your thesis project

• 5 de September de 2023

In this post we are going to teach you what an annex is and how to correctly incorporate it into your academic thesis project.

First of all, you have to know that an annex is essentially part of the main text, but it is placed at the end separately to make the whole document clearer. While an appendix is ​​essentially additional text that fully serves the purpose of supplementing the main text.

These provide complementary information to the main thesis and should always appear after the references / bibliography. If you are not sure whether the content should be included in the thesis or in an appendix, check with your supervisor. The thesis and the annexes must be uploaded in a single file.

Examples of material included are:

Interview questions. Letters/forms from participants. Surveys/quizzes (if not your own work, these require copyright permission). Supplementary tables / figures / graphs / image.

What are the annexes used for in a thesis?

Contains information that helps readers understand the thesis or provides essential background information about the research process.

How to make an annex?

Something important to mention is his difference with the appendix in the thesis , in order to avoid errors when performing it. Some people are more familiar with the idea of ​​an appendix than with the annex. Like the annex, the appendix is ​​a supplement or attachment to a research article, but is not part of the body of the article.

Contains information that helps readers understand the thesis or provides essential background information about the research process. However, this information is too long or detailed to fit into the main text. Such information could include complex sets of graphs or tables, for example; or it could take the form of long lists of raw data, such as population figures.

Difference Between Annex and Appendix

Clearly, the terms are closely related. In practice, however, we can make some general distinctions between the two.

An annex can stand alone. If you attach additional documents at the end of your research paper. But they would make a lot of sense and provide important information even outside the context of your work, you can classify them as attachments.

A appendix it tends to be more tightly connected to the main body of the document. It wouldn’t be as informative or valuable outside of the context of your article. Although an appendix enhances or extends your research paper by adding details such as illustrations or case studies, it is never presented to readers on its own.

Usually (but not always), the author of an annex is different from the author of the research paper. For example, you might attach a historical news article, another scientist’s lab report, or an NGO’s demographic data collection.

On the other hand, almost always the author of the research article creates an appendix.

How should an annex to the thesis be?

A thesis can have more than one annex, each of them can deal with separate topics. On the other hand, each annex should be referred to by its name in bold (Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, etc.) in the text of the document.

To consult the annex within your text, write (see annex A) at the end of the sentence in parentheses. Example: In addition to the limitations of email, Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed studies that focused on international bank employees and university students (see Annex B for demographic information).

Each annex must be labeled with a letter (A, B, C, etc.) depending on where it appears in the document.

1- The first annex referred to in the document would be called A. 2- The second annex referred to in the document would be called B. 3- If you have more than 26 appendages, start the alphabet again with AA, BB, CC, etc. 4- If there is only one annex, it is simply called Annex.

Characteristics of an annex for the thesis

It must also have a title and it is advisable to start each annex on a separate page with its corresponding page number. Place each tag and title at the top of the page, centered, in bold, using normal capital letters. Label first, title second.

How should the paragraphs be?

The first paragraph is left-aligned and not indented. The second and subsequent paragraphs are indented like “normal” paragraphs. All paragraphs are double spaced. If your annexes include tables or figures, treat them as they would be treated in the main text.

Exception to the table/figure numbering rule: add the letter of the annex (A, B or C) to the figure or table number (for example, Table B3 would be the third table in Annex B). If your annexes use information from an external source, you must cite them in parentheses within the text of the appendix and include the reference in the main reference list of the article (do not create a separate reference list).

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In Theses and Masters our goal is to help you meet your academic goal. For this reason we created a professional advisory service for university students. We have a team of more than 500 professionals for all areas, experts in research and writing. If you are looking for information about what an annex is, we can provide you with the advice you need or do it for you.

We adapt to your delivery dates and we assure you that as a result you will obtain quality work, backed by anti-plagiarism reports Turnitin. We also guarantee total confidentiality in the use of your personal data and a highly personalized service, where we take into account your times and needs.

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We have access to many means of payment so that you can choose the channel that is most comfortable for you when paying for the service we offer you. Do not hesitate and finish not only the annex, but your entire thesis with our help!

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• Key Differences

Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between Annexure and Appendix

On the other hand, an annexure implies a set of legal documents or proofs which are attached to the main document, so as to confirm the details provided in the main body.

The basic difference between annexure and appendix is that while an annexure is an addition to the document, the appendix is an extension made at the end of the research work. Further, an appendix is much more concerned with the main document in comparison to an annexure.

Content: Annexure Vs Appendix

Comparison chart.

Definition of Annexure

Annexure implies a legal document, attached to the main document, at the end to validate the text written in the main document. It is used to provide you with information about what items are required, along with their relevant format.

Basically, an annexure can be used in a number of ways, depending upon the purpose and field in which it is used. It is a document which is attached to the main document, application, appeal, report etc. It provides pertinent information, related to the subject, but maybe beyond the context of the main document.

So, we can say that an annexure is something that is concerned with the main document, however, it is not the part of the main body of the document. It is a standalone document, which can be submitted even without the main document.

Definition of Appendix

An appendix is a set of supplementary material created by the author, which is not a part of the main body, of the document and so it is placed at the end of the agreement or book. It contains such information that cannot be placed in the main document, however, its references are contained in the main document.

An appendix is used to expand the knowledge of the main text by furthering the information provided in the main documents. Hence, the information which is not very much relevant to your finding, however it backs the analysis, validates generalizations and strengthens the point, is covered in the appendix.

There are instances when a piece of supporting information is included in the main text of the book or report, but the full-fledged data set is given in the appendix. It includes illustrations, case studies, interview transcripts, letters, maps, tables, figures, charts, graphs, questionnaires, graphics, mathematical derivations, etc.

In other words, we can say that one can place any kind of data in an appendix, subject to it is relevant and directly related to the research topic, and proper references are provided in the main document. Further, there are certain points which must be considered while attaching an appendix to the book or report:

• It must be labelled with a number or letter.
• It should be listed in the contents page, under the head Appendix or Appendices, as the case may be.
• It must be referred with their respective number or letter, wherever required in the main text.
• Each appendix must start with a fresh page.

Key Differences Between Annexure and Appendix

The differences between annexure and appendix can be drawn clearly on the following grounds:

• An appendix refers to the material attached to the end of the book or agreement, which contains information that is relevant but it is not the central idea of the main document. On the other hand, annexure refers to that separate section or part of a legal document, report or book, etc., which provides additional information about the main document, however, it does not form part of the main body.
• An annexure is a standalone document which is placed at the end of the research paper, which means that it is capable of being submitted alone, without the main document. However, the appendix is not a standalone document, i.e. it is of no use without the main document.
• An annexure contains stipulated documents and proofs which are required to be attached with the main document, so as to validate the text. Conversely, an appendix contains all the essential background details, concerning the topic under research.
• While annexures are mainly used in the field of business and law, appendices are used in the field of research.
• An annexure is not prepared by the author of the document. On the contrary, an appendix is prepared by the author himself.

In a nutshell, appendix refers to the attachment to the document, which supplements it by providing additional reference information. As against, annexure refers to the additional documents or proofs provided with the main document.

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Home » Appendix in Research Paper – Examples and Writing Guide

Appendix in Research Paper – Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Appendix in Research Paper

Appendix in a research paper is a section located at the end of the document that contains supplementary material that is not essential to the main body of the research paper but is helpful to the reader in understanding the research study.

This supplementary material can include raw data, statistical analyses, graphs, charts, questionnaires , maps, and other supporting documents or evidence that are referred to in the main body of the paper or that are necessary for the reader to have a complete understanding of the research study.

How to Write Appendix in Research Paper

Here are the steps on how to write an appendix in a research paper:

• Determine what material you need to include in the appendix. This can include charts, graphs, images, tables, raw data, survey questionnaires, and any other material that supports your research but is not included in the main body of the paper.
• Organize the material in a logical and coherent manner . If you have multiple items to include, it is helpful to number them or use lettered headings (e.g., Appendix A, Appendix B) to make it easier for readers to find specific information.
• Title the appendix section appropriately. The title should reflect the content of the appendix and be descriptive enough for readers to understand what is included.
• If necessary, provide a brief introduction or explanation for the material in the appendix. This can help readers understand why the information is relevant to your research.
• Place the appendix section after the main body of the paper and before the reference section.
• Make sure to refer to the appendix in the main body of the paper . This can be done by including a parenthetical reference (e.g., see Appendix A) or by including a reference in the text (e.g., refer to Table 1 in Appendix A).
• Ensure that the formatting of the appendix is consistent with the rest of the paper, including font size and style, margins, and spacing.
• If you have multiple appendices, provide a table of contents at the beginning of the appendix section to make it easier for readers to navigate.

Types of Appendix in Research Paper

In a research paper, there are two types of appendix:

Supplementary material

This type of appendix includes additional information that supports the main content of the research paper, but which is not essential to understanding the main argument. Supplementary material may include graphs, tables, figures, or lengthy data sets.

This type of appendix includes raw data that has been collected for the research study. It provides readers with the opportunity to analyze and verify the data used in the research paper. Raw data can be presented in various formats such as spreadsheets, tables, and graphs.

Example of Appendix in Research Paper

Here’s an example of an appendix for a research paper on the topic of “The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health”:

Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire

This questionnaire was administered to participants in the study “The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health.”

Section 1: Demographic Information

• Age: __________
• Gender: __________
• Ethnicity: __________
• Education level: __________
• Employment status: __________
• Annual income: __________

Section 2: Exercise Habits

• How often do you exercise? __________
• What type(s) of exercise do you engage in? __________
• How long do you typically exercise for? __________

Section 3: Mental Health

• Have you ever been diagnosed with a mental health disorder? __________
• Have you ever sought treatment for a mental health disorder? __________
• How often do you experience symptoms of depression? __________
• How often do you experience symptoms of anxiety? __________

Section 4: Additional Information

• Is there anything else you would like to share about your exercise habits or mental health?

Appendix B: Consent Form

This form was used to obtain informed consent from participants in the study “The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health.”

Title : Informed Consent Form

Study Title : The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health

Introduction :

You are being asked to participate in a research study conducted by [Researcher’s Name] at [Institution Name]. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between exercise and mental health.

Procedures :

You will be asked to complete a survey questionnaire about your exercise habits and mental health. The questionnaire will take approximately 15-20 minutes to complete.

Risks and Benefits:

There are no known risks associated with participation in this study. However, there may be benefits to participating, such as increased awareness of the relationship between exercise and mental health.

Confidentiality:

Your responses will be kept confidential and anonymous. Your data will be stored securely and will only be accessible to the research team.

Voluntary Participation:

Participation in this study is voluntary. You may choose not to participate or to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.

Contact Information:

If you have any questions or concerns about this study, please contact [Researcher’s Name] at [Researcher’s Email Address].

By signing below, I acknowledge that I have read and understand the above information and voluntarily agree to participate in this study.

Signature: __________ Date: __________

Purpose of Appendix in Research Paper

• Supplementary Data: The appendix can be used to include additional data that is relevant to the research but is too extensive or detailed to be included in the main text. This can include tables, graphs, and other types of data that support the research findings.
• Methodological Details: Researchers may include detailed descriptions of their research methods in the appendix to provide additional information for readers who are interested in the research process. This can include descriptions of data collection procedures, sampling techniques, and statistical analyses.
• Supporting Documents : The appendix can be used to include supporting documents, such as survey instruments, interview protocols, or consent forms that were used during the research process.
• Technical Details: In some cases, the appendix may be used to include technical details that are necessary to understand the research findings. For example, researchers may include information on the algorithms used to analyze data or the specific equipment used in the study.
• Additional Resources : Finally, the appendix can be used to provide readers with additional resources, such as a bibliography of relevant literature or a list of websites that provide additional information on the research topic.
• Verification of Results : The appendix can be used to provide readers with additional information that verifies the accuracy of the research findings. For example, researchers may include a list of all the data sources used in the study or copies of original documents that were analyzed.
• Replication: Researchers may also use the appendix to provide detailed instructions on how to replicate the study, which can be particularly helpful for other researchers who are interested in building upon the findings.
• Ethics and Legal Compliance: In some cases, researchers may include information on ethical and legal compliance in the appendix. This can include documentation of the institutional review board (IRB) approval process, copies of consent forms, or other relevant legal or ethical documentation.

When to Write Appendix in Research Paper

You should include an appendix in your research paper if:

• Your research paper is long and includes a lot of supporting material: If your paper includes a lot of data, tables, or other supplementary material, it may be helpful to include an appendix to keep the main text focused and easy to read.
• You want to provide additional information that supports your research: If you have data or information that supports your research but is not essential to the main text, you can include it in an appendix.
• You want to provide technical details: If your research involves technical details that may not be of interest to all readers, you can include them in an appendix.

Advantages of Appendix in Research Paper

The appendix in a research paper can provide several advantages, including:

• Supplemental information : The appendix allows you to include additional information that is relevant to your research but may not be necessary to include in the main body of your paper. This can include data tables, graphs, diagrams, questionnaires, or any other material that supports your research.
• Organization: Including supplementary material in the appendix can help you to keep the main body of your paper focused and organized. It allows you to present all the relevant information without cluttering the main text.
• Transparency: The appendix can help to improve the transparency of your research by allowing readers to see the raw data that supports your conclusions. This can help to build trust and credibility with your audience.
• Avoiding repetition : Including detailed information in the appendix can help you to avoid repeating the same information in the main body of your paper. This can help to keep your paper concise and focused.
• Accessibility: The appendix can also provide a place to include information that might be useful for readers who want to delve deeper into the subject matter. This can include technical details, background information, or additional references.

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Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Difference Between Appendix and Annex

• Categorized under Language | Difference Between Appendix and Annex

An annex is essentially part of the main text but is placed at the end separately so as to make the whole document clearer; whereas an appendix is essentially additional text which full fills the purpose of supplementing the main text. In a way one could say an annex can also be called an appendix but the same is not true for appendix.

An appendix basically contains data that cannot be placed in the main text. It is referenced in different parts of the main body and ideally should not be a stand alone document. A trick to remember this is that one is appending data to a document the aim of doing this is adding greater details and visual examples that would help in better understanding of the main text.

Annex basically could be considered a completely different document altogether very often called a stand alone document which could not be added to the original document but still holds great importance to the overall publication and thus it is important that it still is added. In general, for policy matters, the appendices are usually assumed to have been written by the original author of the document. The annexes, on the other hand, are usually assumed to have been written by an external party. When writing your project it is very important the information about the various sources that you have used while making the project whether you have copied it or modified it and then added it to the document. Also make sure you have proper copyright permissions.

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Cite APA 7 , . (2009, July 24). Difference Between Appendix and Annex. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects. http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-appendix-and-annex/. MLA 8 , . "Difference Between Appendix and Annex." Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects, 24 July, 2009, http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-appendix-and-annex/.

it will be well understood if it is provided with some examples. theory is good but giving example will definitely help to understand and remeber for a long term.

I would think for example, a dissertation I am writing about a UN Summit….

I will place the Declaration of Principles from the Summit in the Annex…this is a standalone document that under no circumstances would I place in the text…BUT it is highly relevant to the entire dissertation as a document — also, it wasn’t written by me but by the Summit delegates…so I think then would go into an Annex…

In the Appendix, I would maybe put something in that I wanted to clarify, maybe some more details of the theory behind the “conceptual framework” that I chose to use in order to analyze this Summit. Some people when they use formulas and stuff, will explain the details of how the formulas work in an Appendix…

Additionally, sometimes raw data like a interview transcript would be in the Appendix if you are referring to an interview you conducted in the text, and want to show the quote in context, or refer the reader there for more details….

I think these might be good examples…and from what I can tell this would be right…

Thank you so much! Your comment was extremely helpful for me!

Can we trust any opinion from a site which delivers a sentence such as this, “Well it’s pretty normal if you happen to get confused between are you supposed to add an appendix or an annex at the end of the project.” ?

I am like, Wow, seriously ?

I find it difficult to take any English/writing advice from someone who writes “full fills” instead of fulfills.

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Annex vs. Appendix: What's the Difference?

Key Differences

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Home » Education » Difference Between Annex and Appendix

Difference Between Annex and Appendix

Main difference – annex vs appendix.

What is an Appendix

Appendix refers to supplementary material usually attached at the end of a piece of writing. It contains related but supplementary material to the main text.

For example, an English grammar book might have an appendix that lists the grammatical differences between American English and British English or the conjugation of regular and irregular verbs. Appendixes are more often statistical, historical or technical. This type of information is not central to the text and thus does not fit into the main text. This is why they are added at the end of the text. Adding this information in the main text itself can also affect the readability and the level of complexity of a text. The information contained in the appendix may not interest everyone. Given below is an example of an appendix.

What is an Annex

Annex also refers to supplementary material attached at the end of a document. Annex (or annexe ) is also known as annexure . It   is a complete document in itself. That means it can stand alone as an independent document. A tax table or a large excerpt from a book can be taken as examples of annexe. The information given in the annex is usually not written by the author of the main document; it is the work of another author. Moreover, an annex is considerably longer than an appendix. Given below is an example of an annex.

Annex is supplementary material attached at the end of a document.

Appendix is an addition to a document.

Separate Document 

Annex can stand alone as a document.

Appendix   may not be able to stand alone as a document.

Annex  is usually not written by the author of the main document.

Appendix may be written by the author of the main document.

Annex may be longer than an annex.

Appendix   may not be as long as an appendix.

Annex is mainly used in the business and technical field.

Appendix is more commonly used.

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Reference management. Clean and simple.

What is an appendix in a paper

What is an appendix?

What type of information includes an appendix, the format of an appendix, frequently asked questions about appendices in papers, related articles.

An appendix is a section of a paper that features supporting information not included in the main text.

The appendix of a paper consists of supporting information for the research that is not necessary to include in the text. This section provides further insight into the topic of research but happens to be too complex or too broad to add to the body of the paper. A paper can have more than one appendix, as it is recommended to divide them according to topic.

➡️ Read more about  what is a research paper?

An appendix can take many types of forms. Here are some examples:

• Surveys. Since many researchers base their methodology on surveys, these are commonly found attached as appendices. Surveys must be included exactly as they were presented to the respondents, and exactly how they were answered so the reader can get a real picture of the findings.
• Interviews . Whether it’s a transcript or a recording, interviews are usually included as an appendix. The list of questions and the real answers must be presented for complete transparency.
• Correspondence . All types of communication with collaborators regarding the research should be included as an appendix. These can be emails, text messages, letters, transcripts of audio messages, etc.
• Research tools . Any instrument used to perform the research should be acknowledged in an appendix to give the reader insight into the process. For instance, audio recorders, cameras, special software, etc.
• Non-textual items . If the research includes too many graphs, tables, figures, illustrations, photos or charts, these should be added as an appendix.
• Statistical data . When raw data is too long, it should be attached to the research as an appendix. Even if only one part of the data was used, the complete data must be given.

➡️ Learn more about surveys, interviews, and other research methodologies .

The format of an appendix will vary based on the type of citation style you’re using, as well as the guidelines of the journal or class for which the paper is being written. Here are some general appendix formatting rules:

• Appendices should be divided by topic or by set of data.
• Appendices are included in the table of contents.

The most common heading for an appendix is Appendix A or 1, centered, in bold, followed by a title describing its content.

• An appendix should be located before or after the list of references.
• Each appendix should start on a new page.
• Each page includes a page number.
• Appendices follow a sequential order, meaning they appear in the order in which they are referred to throughout the paper.

An appendix is usually added before or after the list of references.

There is no specific space limit to an appendix, but make sure to consult the guidelines of the citation format you are using.

Yes, all appendices must be included in the table of contents.

Appendices feature different types of material, for instance interviews, research tools, surveys, raw statistical data, etc.

Annex Vs. Appendix: Do You Know the Difference?

What do math geniuses, scientific visionaries, economic gurus, legal scholars, leaders in government, business mavens, and the most brilliant minds in academia all have in common? No matter how skilled and informed they are in their fields, they all have to struggle with the technical requirements of the research paper or research report . Almost all the times, they come across the terms “appendix” and “annex”. In particular, researchers and academics at every level and in every field find themselves confused by the annex. What is an annex, why is it important to researchers, and how is it different from an appendix? Let’s have a quick look at the annex in your research paper.

Appendix or Annex in your Research Paper

Many researchers are more familiar with the appendix than with the annex. Like the annex, the appendix is a supplement or attachment to a research paper but is not part of the body of the paper. It contains information that helps readers understand the thesis or it provides essential background on the research process. However, this information is too long or detailed to fit into the main text. Such information could include complex sets of graphics or tables, for example; or it could take the form of long lists of raw data, such as population figures.

An appendix is a kind of annex . In other words, every appendix is an annex, but not every annex is an appendix.

Clearly, the terms are closely related. In practice, however, we can make some general distinctions between the two.

Context and Authorship are the Key Differences

Self-sufficiency

• An annex can stand alone . If you are attaching additional documents to the end of your research paper but they would make complete sense and provide important information even outside the context of your paper, you can categorize them as annexes.
• An appendix tends to be more closely connected than an annex to the main body of the paper. An appendix would not be as informative or valuable outside the context of your paper. While an appendix enhances or expands upon your research paper by adding details like illustrations or case studies, it is never presented to readers by itself .

Related: Do you have questions on manuscript drafting? Get personalized answers on the FREE Q&A Forum!

• Generally (but not always), the author of an annex is different from the author of the research paper. For example, you might attach a historical news article, another scientist’s lab report, or an NGO’s collection of demographic data.
• An appendix, on the other hand, is almost always created by the author of the research paper .

You may be wondering whether you really need to understand the distinction between annex and appendix, as long as you’re attaching all the supplementary material that your research paper requires. Indeed you do! Depending on the academic or publishing style guide you’re working with, you may be required to stylize an annex differently from an appendix. Their indexing, page numbering, attachment to a research paper etc., are some of the aspects that may be different for an annex and appendix.

The Finer Points

Now let’s look at some specific examples of appendices and annexes.

Bibliography

• If your bibliography takes the form of a list of general recommended reading related to your thesis but does not provide information on the specific works you cited within the main text, it’s an annex. The topic and scope of the paper determine the content of the bibliographic annex, but not by the specific research you actually wrote about and referenced.
• If your bibliography provides detailed citations for sources you reference in the paper itself, it’s an appendix. The contents of the bibliographic appendix are determined by exactly what you researched and what you wrote in the paper.

Correspondence

• If you attach copies of letters that the subject of your research paper sent to members of her personal circle, that’s an annex. You are not the author of that correspondence and the original exchange of letters had nothing to do with your research paper.
• If you attach emails that you exchanged with collaborators or research subjects , that’s an appendix. You are the author of that correspondence , and the correspondence occurred in the specific context of your researching and writing the paper.
• If you attach an interview that a periodical conducted with the subject of your research paper, that’s an annex. You didn’t arrange the interview yourself, and it was originally published outside the context of your own research.
• If you attach the full transcriptions of interviews that you refer to in your research paper and that you yourself conducted , that’s an appendix. You held the interviews as part of your personal research for the paper.

Whatever be your field or specialization, if you are doing and appropriately documenting serious research, you must make strong, informed use of the annex and understand how it differs from the appendix. See an example of how annexes are used, and let us know your questions and personal experiences in comments.

Annex is an important aspect of a research paper. For more information on other sections of a research paper, you can check the structure of a research paper . Also make sure your manuscript has covered all the sections and is ready to be submitted to a reputed journal.

Thanks for making it as clear as day.

Concise and offers much-needed clarity.

Great article.

Thank you for the clarification of the two and the clear concept of executing them, much appreciated. I totally enjoyed reading this.

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