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5 Interesting Historic Sites in Uzbekistan

With humans having lived in uzbekistan as early as the paleolithic period, uzbekistan is home to a number of fascinating historical sites. here's our pick of 5 of the best..

Lucy Davidson

30 sep 2021, @lucejuiceluce.

Having once been both a central point of the Silk Road and part of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan is a country which is rich in history. Today, the double-landlocked country is emerging from the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991, and is home to among the most devout Muslim populations in Asia.

Though it is a fairly isolated country, Uzbekistan is full of relatively unknown sites which hark back to its diverse history. From stunning mosques which punctuate the skyline alongside Soviet-era architecture, to older sites such as ancient cities and mausoleums, here are 5 key historic sites in Uzbekistan for any history enthusiast.

1. Guri Amir

Guri Amir, in the former Silk Road city of Samarkand in modern Uzbekistan, is the mausoleum of the Mongol leader Timur (1369-1405), also known as Tamerlane. Timur was responsible for building many of Samarkand’s most impressive sites, including the Registan trio of madrassahs.

A blue-domed building encrusted with Samarkand’s trademark clay tiles, Guri Amir is the final resting place not only of this famous leader, but of his two sons and two grandsons.

2. Registan of Samarkand

Registan is one of the main sites in the ancient city of Samarkand in Uzbekistan. Samarkand was founded in approximately 700 BC and its location along the vital trade route known as the ‘Silk Road’ transformed it into a prosperous centre of commerce.

Now made up of three ornate madrassahs – centres of learning – facing onto a central courtyard, Registan was the medieval centre of Samarkand. Of these three symmetrical buildings, each of which is elaborately adorned with glazed clay tiles, the Ulugh Beg Madrassah is the oldest, dating back to 1420. The other two madrassahs, Sher-Dor and Tillya-Kori, were built in the seventeenth century under the rule of Yalangtush Bakhodur. Registan is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site of Samarkand.

3. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque

The Bibi-Khanym Mosque in Samarkand in Uzbekistan was originally constructed by Timur (1369-1405), a warrior and Mongol leader who ruled this important Silk Road city.

A vast structure crowned by a blue dome and overlooking a courtyard, the Bibi-Khanym Mosque was built by Timur for his wife between 1399 and 1405. Much of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque was destroyed in an earthquake in the nineteenth century and has since been reconstructed.

4. Shah-i-Zinda

Shah-i-Zinda in the UNESCO-listed city of Samarkand in Uzbekistan is an incredible complex of mausoleums, mosques and madrassahs. The most important of these shrines, alluded to by the name ‘Shah-i-Zinda’, meaning ‘living king’, is what is thought to be the mausoleum of Kusam ibn Abbas, cousin of the Prophet Mohammed.

Like many of the buildings in Samarkand, the structures are adorned with geometric shapes created using colourful glazed tiles. Some of the buildings of Shah-i-Zinda have undergone significant (and controversial) renovations and reconstructions.

5. Itchan Kala

Itchan Kala is the inner town (protected by brick walls some 10 m high) of the old Khiva oasis, which was the last resting-place of caravans before undergoing the extensive desert crossing to Iran. Although few very old monuments still remain, it is a rounded and well-preserved example of the Muslim architecture of Central Asia.

Today, there are several outstanding structures such as the Djuma Mosque, the mausoleums, and the madrasas as well as the two stunning palaces built at the beginning of the 19th century by Alla-Kulli-Khan.

Historical Places in Uzbekistan to Explore the Rich Heritage

Historical places in uzbekistan, here is the list of 8 historical places in uzbekistan to explore the rich heritage, 1. samarkand.

Known For : Registan Square Bibi-Khanym Mosque Gur Emir Mausoleum

Samarkand is a jewel of the Silk Road and a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its stunning architecture and historical significance. The city’s iconic landmarks include Registan Square, surrounded by the Ulugh Beg, Sher-Dor, and Tilla-Kori Madrasahs. Visit the Bibi-Khanym Mosque, once one of the largest mosques in the Islamic world, and the Mausoleum of Shah-i-Zinda, renowned for its vibrant tilework. Samarkand’s rich history as a center of science, culture, and trade during the Timurid Empire makes it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts.

Best Time: March - May, September - November

11 Attractions

Bukhara is a city that embodies the essence of Central Asia’s ancient past. The Ark Fortress, a massive citadel, and the surrounding architectural marvels such as the Bolo Haouz Mosque and the historic trading domes offer a glimpse into Bukhara’s illustrious past. The city’s historical significance is further highlighted by the Mausoleum of Ismail Samani and the Bukhara Museum of History. As a former center of Islamic learning and commerce, Bukhara provides a comprehensive view of the region’s cultural and historical evolution.

Best Time: April - June, September - October

The ancient city of Khiva is a well-preserved oasis town that once thrived on the Silk Road. Its inner city, Itchan Kala, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its architectural beauty. Explore the Kunya-Ark Fortress, the Juma Mosque with its wooden columns, and the Islom Hoja Minaret. Khiva’s historical significance and its intact medieval architecture offer a unique window into Central Asia’s past.

Termez, located in southern Uzbekistan, is rich in archaeological treasures. Sites like the Buddhist monastery of Fayaz-Tepe and the ancient fortress of Kurgan-Chukur reveal the city’s historical importance as a center of Buddhist and Zoroastrian activity. Termez’s diverse cultural influences and ancient ruins make it an intriguing destination for history buffs.

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The Fergana Valley, a cradle of ancient civilizations, is home to historical sites such as Margilan and Rishtan. Margilan, known for its silk production, and Rishtan, famous for its ceramics, reflect the valley’s historical role in trade and craftsmanship. The valley’s rich cultural heritage and traditional arts provide a deeper understanding of Uzbekistan’s history.

6. Tashkent

Known For : Independence Square Tashkent City Park Chorsu Bazaar

Tashkent, Uzbekistan’s capital, is home to several historical sites, including the Khast Imam Complex, where the famous Quran of Caliph Uthman is preserved. The city’s rich history as a center of Islamic scholarship and its modern blend of historical and contemporary architecture make it a noteworthy destination for exploring Uzbekistan’s past.

17 Attractions

Kokand, once a key city in the Khanate of Kokand, features historical sites such as the Dakhma-e Shad, an ancient Zoroastrian fire temple. This site reflects the region’s religious diversity and historical transitions before the spread of Islam. Kokand’s historical significance is intertwined with its role in Central Asia’s cultural and religious history.

8. Shakhrisabz

Shakhrisabz, the birthplace of Timur (Tamerlane), offers a fascinating look into the Timurid dynasty. The ruins of the Ak-Saray Palace showcase Timur’s ambition and grandeur, while the Dorut Tilavat and Dorus Saodat complexes highlight the artistic and architectural achievements of the era. This city provides valuable insights into the life and legacy of one of Central Asia’s most powerful rulers.

Exploring the historical places in Uzbekistan is like stepping back in time, where each destination tells its own story of empire, religion, and cultural exchange. Whether it’s the breathtaking mosques of Samarkand or the serene ruins of Termez, these sites capture the enduring spirit of Uzbekistan’s vibrant past.

This post was published by Pranay Prasun

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Historical places of Uzbekistan

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Uzbekistan’s Tourist Attractions

All the famous ancient places to visit in uzbekistan.

What comes to mind when Uzbekistan’s tourist attractions are in question? First of all, it is the country’s architectural heritage , richest in Central Asia: masterpieces of medieval Islamic architecture - minarets , mosques , madrasahs (Islamic colleges), mausoleums , fortresses , palaces , etc - as well as ancient Zoroastrian and Buddhist temples and ruins of ancient settlements… Among all of them stand out the famous Registan Square in Samarkand, with the three marvelous madrasahs built in the XV-XVII  centuries at its three sides, and the grand Gur-e Amir Mausoleum where the great conqueror Tamerlane (Timur) is buried. Bukhara is first of all associated with Ismail Samani Mausoleum dating back to the 9th century and the 50-meter-tall Kalyan Minaret. (There are over 170 important architectural monuments altogether in the city.) Khiva is famous for its unique Ichan-Kala ‘inner city’ historic part - a walled medieval Central Asian town being preserved as it was in the past - an artifact town… Thanks to its vast territory and very diverse terrains, Uzbekistan also boasts numerous natural attractions . They are the impressive tracts of the Kyzylkum Desert, for instance, and of course the majestic Tien Shan Mountains with their resorts and fascinating landscapes.

Sightseeings of Tashkent

Tashkent (‘a stone city’; also spelled Toshkent), Uzbekistan’s  capital , is in all respects a Central Asian regional hub; it is the fourth largest  CIS city  with a population of around 3 million. Today it has all the features of a modern  metropolis  and a capital, with a lot of attractive Central Asian-style newly-built structures and sites, as well as  Soviet-era  buildings. Tashkent is rich in museums, theaters and concert halls; there are a lot of traditional Central Asian and European-like restaurants and clubs, and several very nice parks, including a zoo and a huge botanical garden. Tashkent is the only Central Asian city which has an  underground railway system  ( Tashkent Metro ). It is probably one of the world’s most beautiful: its stations are real works of art, each featuring unique designs covering various themes, such as famous people, events, valued notions, terms or just common nouns. Tashkent is a city of wide streets and numerous avenues, and is abundant in trees; although it is located in Central Asia , it has recently had a lot of evergreens planted, in addition to its traditional planes, poplars, oaks, willows, etc. Tashkent looks modern - it grew to its present size mainly during the Soviet times - but it is over 2,000 years old, and there is still some of its old part surviving, called  Old City  or  Old Town . Tashkent Old city features a huge traditional Central Asian  bazaar  (there are many large and small bazaars in the city; most farmer products in the city are sold through them, not through stores), as well as several  Islamic architectural monuments  and quaint adobe mahalla neighborhoods, quite worth visiting for their charm.

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Sightseeings of Samarkand

Samarkand (also spelled  Samarqand ) is probably the most famous Uzbekistan’s  historic city . Over 2,750 years of age, it boasts very impressive  architectural monuments  and a rich history. Samarkand originated from a settlement called  Afrosiab  (or Afrasiab), the ruins of which can be seen on the northern outskirts of the city. Later, still before the Common Era, it was the capital of  Sogdiana  (or Sogdia, Suguda, Sogdiane, Sogd, Sugd), named  Marakanda  (or Maracanda) then. When the city became the capital of the huge empire of  Tamerlane  (Timur) in the 14th century, it had enjoyed substantial growth and construction of splendorous edifices, some of which we can stll see today. The  Registan Square , with the three grand  madrasahs  (Islamic colleges) on its sides, is the top Samarkand  attraction . Among the others stand out  Gur-e Amir Mausoleum  (also spelled Gur-e Amir, Gur Emir, Guri Amir) where Tamerlane rests under a jade tombstone;  Bibi-Khanym Mosque  (also spelled Bibi-Khanom, Bibi-Khanum) - one of the largest mosques in the Islamic world;  Khazrat-Khyzr Mosque , one of the oldest Samarkand monuments where you can have an impressive view of  Shah-i-Zinda Necropolis  (also spelled Shakh-i Zinda, Shahi-Zinda, Shohizinda),  Siab Bazaar  and distant mountains; and the surviving part of the legendary  Ulugbek Observatory  (also spelled Ulugh Beg, Ulughbeg, Ulugh-Beg) where Ulugbek compiled his world-famous star catalogue, the best between Ptolemy’s and Brahe’s.

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Sightseeings of Bukhara

Bukhara (also spelled Bukhoro, Buxoro, Buchara, Bokhara, Buhara) is over 2,500 years old and seems to be emanating the breath of history. According to the Iranian Encyclopedia, the name of the  city  came from the Sogdian for ‘lucky place’; it is also said to derive from the Sanskrit for ‘temple’. Bukhara is one of the world’s seven  holy  cities of Islam. It was a large  religious center  in the Middle Ages, with over 350  mosques  and 80  madrasahs  (Islamic colleges), many of which survive. All the streets in Bukhara lead to the central  historic  complex  Lyab-i Hauz  (also spelled Lyab-i Khauz, Lyabi Khauz, Lyabi Hauz), where besides magnificent  architectural monuments  by a hauz pond a number of cozy  restaurants  and  teahouses  are located. Among the numerous attractions in Bukhara stand out the famous  Kalyan Minaret  (also Minorai Kalon, Minara-i Kalan), the impressive ancient  Ark Fortress , functioning medieval  bathhouses  and  domed shopping arcades . There over 140 architectural monuments in the city!

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Sightseeings of Khiva

Khiva , once a major city of ancient Khorezm (also spelled Khwarezmia, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Khwarezm, Khoresm, Khorasam, Harezm, Horezm, and Chorezm) features an almost intact medieval Central Asian historic city being preserved as it was in the past - Ichan-Kala (‘inner city’). Although protected by the state and having the status of a museum reserve , Ichan-Kala is populated with real people, mainly artisans. You can occasionally smell frying meat and onion there, for instance, or see children running about. It is real pleasure to stroll along its cobbled streets, visiting Juma Mosque with its 112 wooden pillars covered with beautiful carvings, Kunya-Ark Fortress with its most interesting exhibits, or Islam Khodja Minaret where you can climb narrow spiral stairs to have a terrific Ichan-Kala panoramic view.

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Sightseeings of Shakhrisabz

Shakhrisabz (‘green city’; also spelled Shahrisabz, Shahr-i Sabz), the home town of  Tamerlane  ( Timur ), features a number of  architectural monuments  built in his and his dynasty times. They are the grand remains of the summer  palace Ak Saray  (‘white palace’; also spelled Aq Sarai, Aksaray, Aqsaray, Aksarai, Aqsaray) dating from 1380, the  memorial complex Dorus Saodat  (‘seat of power and might’; 14th c. - 15th c.; also spelled Dorussaodat, Dorus Siadat, Dorussiadat, Dar al-Sayadah; also known as Hazrat-i Imam Complex) where two Tamerlane’s sons were buried and where a crypt intended for him was built, the  memorial complex Dorut Tillavat  (‘contemplation place’; 14th c. - 15th c.; also spelled Doruttillavat, Dorut Tillyavat, Doruttillyavat, Dar al-Tilavah) where Tamerlane’s father rests, and the  Friday communal prayer   mosque Kok Gumbaz  (‘blue dome’) built by order of  Ulugbek , Tamerlane’s grandson, in 1437. Thoroughly restored and reconstructed, these architectural monuments are perfect examples of  Central Asian Islamic architecture  of the  Timurid times . They were meant to contribute to making Tamerlane’s home town and the second capital of his huge empire as beautiful as Samarkand.

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Sightseeings of Margilan

Margilan  is situated in the southern part of the Fergana valley, 9 km from the city of Fergana, the administrative centre of the province. The city of Margilan which is over 2,000 years old was one of the earliest urban communities that sprang up in the Fergana valley (Old Margilan) and an important point on the Great Silk Road (Route).

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Sightseeings of Khorezm

The civilisation of Khorezm , the most ancient in the territory of Central Asia , appeared in the lower course of the Amudarya River at the border with the Kyzylkum desert in the mid-2nd millennium BC. The civilisation of Khorezm gave birth to the unique Khorezmian culture , which is sometimes considered as significant as that of Egypt and Babylon and which left after it priceless heritage - cities lost in sands, majestic fortresses and one of the most ancient world religions, Zoroastrianism . Avesta , the holy book of the Zoroastrians , had been written in the territory of Greater Khorezm , where the scouts from the Ahnenerbe were searching for the mythical Asgard and Soviet archaeologists found a series of fortresses and a network of interconnected ancient irrigation canals buried under the sands of the Kyzylkum. The territory of Ellikkala District features over 200 archaeological sites, the largest and most famous of which are Toprak-kala , Ayaz-kala and Mizdahkan . In total, there were over 1,000 fortresses in ancient Khorezm , most of which, situated in inaccessible areas amidst white-hot sands and lifeless solonchaks remain almost unstudied today. Wrapped in numerous legends , the enchanted realm of silent ruins and tumbledown towers attracts crowds of those who like antiquity and search for historical truth.

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Uzbekistan Bazaars

It is impossible to think about Asia without bazaars - just like the sky without moon or a teahouse without tea. Asian bazaars were the Great Silk Road crossroads stars, cultural melting pots. They were not only trade locations; they were centers of attraction and development of various cultures, interaction of peoples, exchange of ideas and languages. Asian bazaars - like the crystallized grape sugar navat - are the locations where the nation’s soul is concentrated. Their facets reflect the gist of Central Asian life and existence. Uzbekistan bazaars differ in designs and layouts. They are open or roofed, with parallel, perpendicular, round rows of stalls, or one-line rows along a city’s major road or a river. The sale spots are as various as cloths on the ground, stalls and shops, and even luxurious illuminated shop windows for some of them. Only in Asia you can see how one of the oldest economical principle saying ‘trade is the engine of civilization’ works. Besides anything else, the key to start this engine is bargaining. You can take an active part it; bargaining is always welcome. It is bad manners to shop at a bazaar without bargaining. One Thousand and One Nights Sheherazade still holds a lot of miracles in store for you. Asian bazaars is one of them.

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Other Sightseeings of Uzbekistan

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Visiting Uzbekistan's Best Historical Sites

Where and how to see uzbekistan's historical cities.

Steven Hermans

• Where to go

Restoration vs conservation

Beyond uzbekistan’s cities.

• When to go to Uzbekistan

The historical monuments of Uzbekistan have attracted Western travellers for centuries.

From Marco Polo to the Great Game spies, Uzbekistan was always at the heart of the intrigue, its cities the routers of the great interchange between East and West that we call the Silk Road.

But for most of that time it was only the hardiest of travellers risking life and limb who managed to see the great jewels connecting the caravan roads. Since the end of the Soviet Union, however, Uzbekistan has opened its doors to visitors.

Here's a rundown on Uzbekistan's top historical cities, and our essential guide on how to visit them.

The Kalta Minor in Khiva

featured trips

Visiting the historical cities of uzbekistan, uzbekistan's best historical sights and how to visit them.

Historical Samarkand is often the first stop for visitors to Uzbekistan – with the exception of capital Tashkent which serves as a transport hub. The high-speed train from Tashkent to Samarkand takes two hours, halving the time it takes to drive between the two cities.

Samarkand was the capital of Amir Timur, a 14th-century master general who built an empire spanning Central Asia and Persia, killing 17 million people in the process. He was also a patron of the arts, capturing artists along the way to build him a legacy in stone. The pitiful dead have been forgotten, but the magnificent city still stands.

Samarkand's Registan square

Exploring Samarkand's Registan and its madrasahs

The Registan complex of mosque and madrasahs (Islamic schools), decorated with ceramic tiles and presided over by an obviously un-Islamic lion, are at the heart of Samarkand. From here, you can branch out to the enormous Bibi Khanum mosque, or instead visit the striking Gur Emir mausoleum of Timur himself, which would inspire the Taj Mahal, built by Timur’s descendants of the Mughal dynasty.

The Registan was medieval Samarkand’s commercial centre. In the 15th century, under the auspices of Ulugh Beg, the astronomer-king and Timur’s grandson, it became Samarkand’s educational centre as well, when he built a splendid madrasah (from the viewing platform, it’s the building to your left) where he taught astronomy. At the time, the Ulugh Beg madrasah was known as one of the best universities of the Muslim world.

Ulugh Beg’s size is balanced by the sheer elegance of its design and ceramic tile coating. A yellow-brown background highlights glazed green, turquoise, yellow and blue. Mosaic and majolica panels shine with floral motifs and Kufic calligraphy. The highlight is a muqarnas (a vaulted form of Islamic architecture) honeycomb decoration that dazzles with its mathematical complexity.

"Never in all the centuries will an artist, thought's acrobat, even with the bow of phantasy, scale the forbidden peaks of this minaret," reads one of the inscriptions extolling the opposite Shir Dor (having tigers) madrasah, built by Governor Yalangtush between 1619 and 1636. His architects strove to match Ulugh Beg in scale and nobility, though Koranic prohibition against symmetry forbade an exact mirror-image.

The decoration of Shir Dor is not as refined as that on the Ulugh Beg madrasah of the 15th century - the golden age of Timurid architecture. Yet the harmony of large and small rooms, exquisite mosaic decor, monumentality and efficient symmetry all place the structure among the finest architectural monuments of Samarkand.

The Ulugh Beg Observatory Built in the 1420s by astronomer Ulugh Beg it is considered by scholars to have been one of the finest observatories in the Islamic world. It’s possible to climb Ulugh Beg’s minaret for exhilarating views over Samarkand. The best time is early in the morning – be prepared to surreptitiously offer guards a small fee if you want to do so.

The lions and human-faced sun that guard the portal are a striking return to pre-Islamic Zoroastrian symbolism, reminiscent of the Divanbegi madrassah in Bukhara.

To enclose the square in pleasing harmony, Yalangtush had a third madrasah built with a stretched facade of 75 metres. The Bibi Khanum mosque was in ruins by this time, and Tillya Kari was to become the city’s main mosque. Its name means “the gilded one” and besides a lavish mosaic feast matching the colours of the Shir Dor, its magnificent interior is swathed in gold leaf.

Need to know

The Registan is so huge that it’s worth visiting the site several times. Try to visit at different times of the day. This will allow you to pick out different details and to observe the play of light and shadow in the muqarnas. The site is open between 8am-7pm daily and the entrance fee is 30,000 som ($3.90).

Inside the tomb in Shah-i-Zinda

What to see at Samarkand's Shah-i-Zinda

Overlooking Samarkand is another monument to the dead: the Shah-i-Zinda grave complex is the most atmospheric of all the majolica masterpieces of Uzbekistan. Built to house the graves of leaders and their relatives from the 11th to the 19th century, the complex tells the story of Samarkand, from humble beginnings to the spectacular heights of the Timurid empire.

The holiest site in Samarkand is a necropolis of mausoleums. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it developed into an architectural testing ground whose celebration of ceramic art, unrivalled in Central Asia, makes this street of the dead perhaps the most visually stunning sight in Samarkand.

The name, which means ‘Tomb of the Living King’, refers to its original, innermost and holiest shrine – a complex of cool, quiet rooms around what is probably the grave of Qusam ibn-Abbas, a cousin of the Prophet Mohammed who is said to have brought Islam to this area in the 7th century.

Shah-i-Zinda began to assume its current form in the 14th century as Timur and later Ulugh Beg buried their family and favourites near the Living King.

Look out for the 16-sided tomb of Amir Burunduk, the octagonal mausoleum built by Ulugh Beg, and the glorious Alim Nesefi Mausoleum with its relief majolica tiles, eight-pointed stars and the inscribed names of twelve Shi'ite imams.

The sapphire blue tombs are part of the necropolis built for Timur's female relatives. The most beautiful tomb is the Shodi Mulk Oko Mausoleum (1372), resting place of a beautiful young niece of Timur. The exquisite majolica and terracotta work here – notice the minuscule amount of space between the tiles – was of such exceptional quality that it merited almost no restoration.

The narrow corridors keep Shah-i-Zinda cool, so you can visit throughout the day in all seasons, but to have the site to yourself, come early in the morning. After visiting Shah-i-Zinda, be sure to continue on to Samarkand’s city cemetery, where the most visited grave is that of former strongman Islam Karimov, who ruled the country with an iron fist for more than a quarter of a century, styling himself as Timur’s successor.

Mir-I-Arab madrasah, Bukhara

Bukhara is Uzbekistan’s fifth-largest city and was a prominent stop on the Silk Road trade route. Built on the remains of a Buddhist monastery, Bukhara is known as the Dome of Islam throughout the Muslim world and still attracts pilgrims – Sufis in particular – who visit the shrine of Bahuddin Naqshbandi, revered founder of the Naqshbandi Sufi sect.

More than 2,000 years old, Bukhara offers the most complete example of a medieval city in Central Asia, with an urban fabric that seems to have changed little over the centuries.

What to see at Bukhara's Po-i-Kalan

The spiritual heart of Bukhara is the Po-i Kalan complex. The magnificent brickwork of the Po-i Kalan minaret has been in place since 1127, surviving earthquakes, the Red Army’s cannonballs and Genghis Khan’s marauders. At the foot of the 45m high minaret lies the mirror image of the Kalan mosque and the Mir-i Arab madrasah. The mosque actually stands on the foundation of an earlier 8th-century mosque that was burnt to the ground by Genghis Khan’s army.

Lyabi Hauz square, Bukhara

This ‘new’ mosque was built in 1514 and served as Bukhara’s main mosque, with space for up to 10,000 worshippers. Shut down during the Soviet invasion, the Mosque re-opened to the faithful in 1991. The minaret cannot be scaled by tourists, and the madrasah is functional, only allowing visitors into the main court of the building so as not to disturb the students, but the Kalan mosque is free to visit.

The 19th-century octagonal pavilion set in front of the mihrab is an intriguing late addition to the mosque. Some say it marks the ancient well used for centuries for ritual ablutions, others that it was built to shade the emir during his weekly visits. Most probably, it served as an early tannoy system, from where a second imam would echo the words and motions of the first for the benefit of the congregation.

What to see at Bukhara's Lyabi Hauz

The Lyabi Hauz square centres around a pond or hauz . Most ponds in Bukhara were filled in after the Soviet take-over; they were the cause of diseases that plagued residents. But the Lyabi Hauz survived, perhaps because of how it so beautifully reflects the religious structures that flank it on three sides. The Divanbegi madrasah is noteworthy for its facade of phoenixes attacking a Mongol-faced sun, while the nearby khanqah (Sufi spiritual retreat) was a hostel for wandering dervishes who passed through the city. Summer evenings bring concerts and al fresco dining in a rather garish green light.

There’s plenty more to see in Bukhara, from the 1,000-year-old Samanid mausoleum to the gaudy palace of the last Emir, the Ark Fortress and the leavings of the famed Bukhara Jews. Central Bukhara has hundreds of historic structures now used as bathhouses, shops selling carpets, spices or calligraphy.

It pays to wander out of the centre and into the narrow back streets to get a sense of real Bukharan life playing out amidst the ruins of days gone by. The crowds soon thin out, and it’s not long before kids force you into their game, or an invitation for tea comes your way. Accept that invitation, and you will be rewarded with a peek behind the high gates of a traditional Uzbek multi-generational house.

Carved pillars at Juma Mosque in Khiva

The small slave trader settlement of Khiva encapsulates the best of Central Asian architecture within its mud-brick fortress walls. In the 19th century, Khiva remained out of reach for Russian colonial troops due to its remote location in the Kyzylkum desert, meaning it is well-preserved.

The Kalta Minor minaret dates from the 19th century and was supposed to rival the Kalan minaret in Bukhara. However, it remains unfinished after the architect fled out of fear of being killed by the khan. More than the shape, though, it’s the pattern-glazed tiles in shimmering turquoise, white and yellow that make the minaret worth visiting. Khiva is tiny (home to just 90,000 people), so it’s worth exploring further. The best side trip goes to the desert fortresses of Khwarezm: impressive, lonely relics rising up from the barren floor, these were once flourishing settlements until the course of the life-giving Amu Darya river changed and left them parched and deserted.

Amir Timur Museum in Tashkent

Tashkent's museums

After a devastating earthquake in 1966, Tashkent was rebuilt by authorities to become the “beacon of Soviet power in the East” that would “light the socialist path to prosperity for neighbouring peoples of Asia.” A city built on a monumental scale, Tashkent offers a fascinating blend of 20th-century Oriental Brutalist architecture, medieval mausoleums and a fast-paced modern metropolis.

Besides monumental structures, Tashkent is also the place to indulge in some fine food – for instance, the capital’s 100 000-strong Korean community ensures delicious Korean-Uzbek food is not hard to find.

Few museums in Uzbekistan are worth your time; Tashkent is the exception. The Fine Arts Museum is stunning from the outside, but inside the visual feast continues, with an exquisite assembly of the best silk, woodcarving, suzani weaving, ceramics and jewellery.

Tashkent’s State Museum of History is another must-visit, if only for the spectacular shape of the former Lenin museum. It’s the place to really get a grasp on the long and diverse history of this land (but take a guide along, the museum’s English-language explainers are not very helpful). If possible, visit the museum at the end of your trip: you’ll get so much more out of the exhibits when you have been to the places they came from and understand the historical context, not just academically, but emotionally.

If you are wondering if a building would have looked the same 500 or 1000 years ago, the answer is, almost invariably, “no”. Although Uzbekistan has plenty of experts on the matter, it remains a very corrupt country, and restorations are usually given to cronies who have no time for historical accuracy.

Heritage destruction by real estate developers in search of a quick buck, or by inane officials in the name of touristification; it’s a real scourge in Uzbekistan. We advise not to look for the ‘real’ or ‘old’ Uzbekistan. There is only one Uzbekistan: that of the present.

One of the special attractions of Central Asia is the extraordinary layeredness of its history. Destruction is a big part of that, from Genghis Khan to Soviet state-sanctioned atheism. Recent market-driven restorations are just the latest version of a never-ending process of renewal.

Ferghana textiles in Uzbekistan

If you would like to extend your trip outside of the main cities, consider the following options. If arts and crafts are your thing, head to the eastern Ferghana Valley, where you can admire silk production in Margilan, ceramics masters in Rishton, and the Khan’s Palace in Kokand.

For something entirely different (and rather more depressing), continue west from Khiva into the new Aral desert, the successor to the Aral Sea, formerly the fourth-largest lake in the world but dried out by cotton farming. The regional capital Nukus hosts the Savitsky Museum, home to a top-notch collection of Russian avant-garde art once forbidden by Soviet authorities.

In the far south of the country, Termez offers remains of Greek and especially Buddhist history, as well as a tantalising glance over the border to Afghanistan at glorious Mazar-i Sharif.

Finally, Uzbekistan’s central location in the region means you can cross a border and quickly find yourself in one of four other Stans: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan or Turkmenistan.

The Five Stans

Where to go and what to do in central asia, when to go to uzbekistan, about the author.

Steven is the creator and editor of Caravanistan , an online travel guide to the Silk Road that was described by the Lonely Planet as a "peerless online travel guide to the region". He has been travelling the region since 2010, and has dedicated himself to improving tourism on the Silk Road, both for travellers and locals.

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A Cultural Melting Pot

From majestic islamic architecture to unique cuisine, there’s much to explore in the country at the heart of the silk road..

The allure of the Silk Road has longed charmed travellers to Central Asia — and even though it hasn’t been used in over 500 years, it’s still calling to visitors today.

Whether they’re in search of a culturally rich experience, eager to explore natural wonders or looking for a new dish to try, Uzbekistan has got something for every type of traveller.

A walk down a silken memory lane

Uzbekistan opened itself to the world through trade from the second century BC until the mid-15th century through the Silk Road. The 6,400km combined land and sea routes centred on the country’s three major cities and connected Asia, East Africa, and Southern Europe.

And, of course, with the trading of goods came the mingling of cultures, with each dynasty and empire leaving its mark on the places it reached. Much of this can be seen in Samarkand, called the Crossroad of Cultures on the Unesco World Heritage List, where it is split into three sections of outside influence: the north-eastern ancient city of Afrasiab, preserved as an archaeological site after it was destroyed by Genghis Khan; the medieval, Timurid-influenced city in the south; and the more modern 19th- and 20th-century western region, which owes its distinctive European style to Russian rulers.

Between the eighth and 13th centuries, Uzbekistan played an increasingly role in trade along the route, shepherding it into what was known as the Islamic Era. Putting an end to China’s westward expansion, the Umayyad Empire instead fed Islamic goods and culture into Central Asia, where it shaped the look, feel, taste, and smells of the country.

An Islamic influence

Owing to its proximity to the Silk Road, Uzbekistan was open to outside influence, which can be seen in the country’s Islamic-inspired architecture, art, and teachings. As Islam spread up and down the Silk Road in the eighth century, the cities it influenced flourished, marking the beginning of an Islamic Golden Age. And despite almost 70 years of Soviet control, the dominant religion in Uzbekistan today is Islam.

Notable are the country’s many vibrant domed mosques, including the famed Bibi-Khanym Mosque in Samarkand, which was once the largest in the Islamic world. Though many of them were destroyed, they have since been restored to the blue- and-gold frescoes, turquoise domes, blue mosaic walls, and domed towers of their glory days.

Cuisine rich in taste and tradition

Given the large Islamic population, many of Uzbekistan’s meat-based meals centre on mutton (the most popular option), beef, and horse. The distinctive flavours of the country’s various spices and culinary innovations aren’t easily found elsewhere. Reflecting its agrarian roots, Uzbek food is meat-heavy and flavourful, often featuring bay leaves, cumin, coriander, pepper, and cinnamon.

Flying into a cultural hot pot

In a country that’s based much of its foundation on being connected to other places, the national airline, Uzbekistan Airways, is continuing the tradition. Created under the country’s first president, Islam Karimov, Uzbekistan Airways curates an experience that prepares and excites tourists for what’s to come in their travels.

With connections to countries across Europe, Asia, and North America, the airline is making it possible for more people to explore Uzbekistan than ever before. It’s also the only Central Asian airline offering a direct nonstop flight to New York.

Experiencing Uzbekistan’s rich culture and traditions has never been more accessible.

Uzbekistan Airways

Uzbekistan Airways is the national airline of the Republic of Uzbekistan, founded in 1992 and with connections to countries across Europe, Asia and North America.

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To date, UNESCO Representative World Heritage list includes 4 architectural complexes - the Ichan Kala Museum-reserve in Khiva (1990), the historical center of Bukhara (1993), the historical center of Samarkand "Samarkand – crossroads of cultures" (2001), the historical center of Shakhrisabz, the Ugam-Chatkal National Park (2016) and 9 monuments of intangible heritage.

Since the Independence of Uzbekistan, the country has focused not only on preserving cultural heritage through restoration work on monuments, but also on strengthening national consciousness and recognition in world culture.

For more than a Millennium, minarets and ancient domes have become a kind of symbol of many cities, a picturesque silhouette of urban landscapes, their religious and educational institutions-mosques and madrassas.

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In this module, we present a long-term history of the territory that is Uzbekistan today. Much of what we cover is general Central Asian history and does not conform to the modern boundaries of today’s Uzbekistan, which were established in 1991. Nonetheless, this quick glance at the county’s deep past shows how closely connected this region was with major world historical processes, such as the spread of world religions across the Silk Road, the blossoming of medieval Islamic science and the development of early modern trade.

Accordingly, the module divides this complicated history into three parts. Similar to how Western civilization history courses are usually divided into the antiquity of the Greeks and Romans, a medieval period and a modern period, we have divided Uzbekistan’s past into three major periods as well. In the first selection, we cover the ancient period with a focus on non-Western religions and cross-cultural interaction along the Silk Roads . During this period, the land that is Uzbekistan today was called Sogdiana, named after the famous Sogdian merchants . In the second part, we will learn about the Islamic history of the land that is today Uzbekistan. During this period, the region was called Mā warā’ an-nahr , an Arabic word meaning “the land beyond [the Oxus] river.” Although this term was first used by Islamic historians, it was also used by local writers as well. Earlier this region was called Transoxiana, “beyond the Oxus river,” by the Greeks, which has a similar meaning to Mā warā’ an-nahr . In this section, we focus on cultural and intellectual achievements. In the third section, we focus on the integration of Mā warā’ an-nahr into processes of early-modern globalization as we move towards the Uzbekistan of today.

The three sections each emphasize different themes and can be used separately or together. In addition to the three historical sections, resources pertaining to the modern history of Uzbekistan and current events are listed at the bottom of this page after the further reading and resources section.

Part One: Antiquity: Silk Roads and World Religions 

Part two: islamic culture in the medieval period , part three: globalization and modernity, list of key terms.

Amu Darya River — one of Central Asia’s main rivers, originating in the high mountains of Tajikistan, it runs along the border between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, through northeastern Turkmenistan and then along the border between Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, and eventually flowing into the deltas leading to the Aral Sea to the north of Nukus in the Karakalpakstan province.

Syr Darya River — Central Asia’s second major river, originating in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan, it flows west and then northwest, crossing through southern Kazakhstan, eventually reaching the northern part of the Aral sea.

Sogdiana — also called Sogdia, originally a province of the Achaemenid empire (559-334 BCE), the homeland of the Sogdian merchants. Although scholars are still debating exactly how they would have referred to themselves, the word Sogdian comes from the Avestan sugda or the Old Persian suguda.

Sogdian merchants — the original Silk Road traders and key cultural intermediaries, connecting many different cultural zones in Eurasia during antiquity.

Mā warā’ an-nahr — “the land beyond [the Oxus] river” in Arabic, roughly the land between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya rivers, sometimes called Transoxiana, which is Latin for “the land beyond the Oxus River.” The Oxus is what the Greeks called the Amu Darya River.  For a map see Part Two: Islamic Culture in the Medieval Period .

Khan — sometimes spelled qaghan, or khaqan, the leader of a confederation of mobile pastoralist tribes in Central Eurasia.

Khanate — the Central Asian equivalent of a kingdom, except with a Khan as its highest ruler.

Nisba — an additional name indicating a tribe, area, or profession to which an individual belonged usually ending in ī.  For example, al-Bīrūnī, the famous scientist, was from the bīrūn (a region kind of like a pre-modern suburb) of Kath.

Sufi (sufism) — a form of mystical Islam, which became popular in Central Asia starting in the eleventh century CE.

Syncretism — when two religions coexist within the same community, or when two religions fuse together into a new hybrid religion. Examples of syncretism in this module include Chistian-shamanism, shamanistic Islam and the convergence of Buddhism with Near Eastern religions in Manichaeism.

Turkic — as an ethnic group, this word means descendent from the first Türk empire in Mongolia (553-682 CE); as a linguistic term it means belonging to the Turkic languages, which include modern Turkish, Uzbek and many other languages from across Eurasia, for more on language see the Language (Til) section.

Mobile pastoralism — sometimes called “nomadic pastoralism” or “nomadism,” refers to economies that are dominated by products produced by pasture or grasslands, such as horses, sheep, camels, or other animals, as well as trans-regional trade. Although the mobile pastoralist economy is often diverse and sometimes includes aspects of agricultural production, mobile pastoralist societies are characterized by a high-level of mobility.

The Silk Roads — a complex network of trade routes stretching across Eurasia connecting Europe, China, the Middle East and India.

Suggested Learning Activities

Map game (1-2 class periods).

Fill in this blank map with the four most important features of Central Asian/Uzbek history. Features can include cities, rivers, mountains, archaeological monuments, or other locations. This activity can be paired with the Nature (Tabiat) section of this module. Let the students decide which ones are the most important and have them reflect on their choices.

Religions on the Silk Road (1-2 class periods)

  Divide the students into seven different groups and assign each group one of the following religions:

• Zoroastrianism
• Nestorian Christianity
• Manichaeism

Have each group work together to form a short group report answering the following three questions:

• Where does this religion come from and how did it get to Central Asia/Uzbekistan?
• Where are its main beliefs?
• What role did it play in Central Asian/Uzbek history?

Students can use the texts on the religions given above as well as their own internet explorations. ( Instructors : keep in mind that not all information on the internet is true or reliable). When each group is ready, have them present what they have learned to the whole class.

Picture/Object Game

Put any of the pictures in this module in front of your students and have them guess about what they think it could be and what it could mean. Have them imagine that they are anthropologists, and they need to reconstruct the society that created the image/object. Slowly work through their assumptions and guesses directing then towards a full contextualization of the object or image. After entertaining some of their ideas and possibilities explain in detail what the object, building or painting is and what it tells us about the past.

Further Reading and Resources

General surveys.

• For an overview of Central Asian history see History of the Civilizations of Central Asia, an open-source multi-volume book written by a team of historians from across the globe, published by UNESCO (bottom of the page): https://en.unesco.org/themes/generalregionalhistories#centralasia
• The brief summary of the history of religions given in Part One above follows Richard Foltz’s Religions of the Silk Roads: Premodern Patterns of Globalization, for a longer version of this story see Volume 3 (chapters 17-19) of the UNESCO History linked above.
• Svat Soucek, A History of Inner Asia  (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
• Scott C. Levi and Ron Sela, Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources , (Indiana University Press, 2009).

Historical Architecture

• https://theculturetrip.com/asia/uzbekistan/articles/exploring-the-architectural-treasures-of-samarkand/
• https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/cid/225/uzbekistan/bukhara

Historical Pictures

• https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search#!/search?geolocation=Bukhara
• https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search#!/search?geolocation=Uzbekistan&perPage=20&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&offset=0&pageSize=0

Murals from Afrosiob

• http://contents.nahf.or.kr/goguryeo/afrosiab/english.html

More about Afrosiob

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343560705_Virtual_and_Interactive_Museum_of_Archeological_Artifacts_from_Afrasiyab_-_an_Ancient_City_on_the_Silk_Road

Ancient History

• Rozwadowski, Symbols through Time: Interpreting the Rock Art of Central Asia (Poznań: Institute of Eastern Studies, University of Adam Mickiewicz, 2004).
• Rozvadowski and M. M. Kośko (eds.,) Spirits and Stones: Shamanism and Rock Art in Central Asia and Siberia ( Poznań: Instytut Wschodni UAM, 2002).
• A Sogdian Buddhist manuscript: http://www.orientalstudies.ru/eng/images/pdf/a_livshits_1996.pdf
• A list of Buddhist sites in Central Asia: http://www.orientarch.uni-halle.de/ca/bud/litera.htm
• Janos Harmatta, “Religions in the Kushan Empire,” in History of the Civilizations of Central Asia, vol. 2 Paris: UNESCO, 1994.
• A website about the role of Sogdian merchants as trans-cultural communicators: https://sogdians.si.edu/believers-proselytizers-translators/
• A resource for Silk Road maps: http://www.orgs.miamioh.edu/silkroad/maps/maps.html
• Website on the Sogdian letters: https://sogdians.si.edu/ancient-letters/
• A study of Silk Road food: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0045137
• A study of historical food in Uzbekistan: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201409
• An article about archaeology in Uzbekistan: https://source.wustl.edu/2017/07/target-excavating-leads-lost-city/
• Follow this link for a lecture about Turkic and Steppe history in the 6th and 7th centuries and its connections with Byzantium and China by Professor Preiser-Kapeller: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRbKVecxzn0

Medieval History

• Gohlman, William E., (trans.,) The Life of Ibn Sina: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation . Albany: State University of New York Press: 1974.
• Dilfuza Djamalinovna Buranova, “The Value of Avicenna’s Heritage in Development of Modern Integrative Medicine in Uzbekistan” , Integrative Medicine Research 4, no. 4 (December 2015): 220-224.
• Nicholas Seay, “ Ibn Sina as Corona Meme: The Internet Afterlife of a 1950s Soviet Film ” Ajam Media Collective published online April 16, 2020.
• A movie about Ibn Sina: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_physician_2014
• An image of the Uyghur script Qutadgu Bilig poem written during the Qarakhanid period: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/QutadughuBiliq_wien_p.10.jpg
• A BBC discussion of al-Biruni: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYedbOuATng
• A list of al-Biruni’s works with online links: http://www.jphogendijk.nl/biruni.html
• Frederick Starr, Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia’s Golden Age From the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane  (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013).
• A blog post about Ulug Beg: http://riowang.blogspot.com/2013/03/astrolabes-astronomers-observatories.html
• A short article about Ulug beg’s legacy: http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-2/cam6.html
• A comparison between Ptolemy and Ulug Beg: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2012/08/aa19596-12.pdf
• Timur era art: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm
• About Babur’s life: https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/babur/babur1.html
• Many primary sources for Central Asian history are written in a language usually called Chaghatay. It is quite similar to modern Turkic languages, especially Uzbek and Uyghur [a Turkic language spoken by at least twelve million people in China’s Xinjiang province]. A textbook for learning this language by Eric Schluessel is now available in paperback: Eric Schluessel, An Introduction to Chaghatay: A Graded Textbook for Reading Central Asian Sources (Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing Services, 2018).

Uzbekistan Today!

After working through this module you may be wondering about what is going in Uzbekistan today. Although we didn’t cover much about the modern history of Uzbekistan, here are some useful resources and links that cover contemporary history and current events:

• Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR  (Cornell University Press, 2015).
•   Marianne Kamp, The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism  (University of Washington Press, 2008).
• Abdullah Qodiriy,  Bygone Days: O’tkan Kunlar  (Bowker, 2019), translated by Mark Reese .
• Abdülhamid Sulaymon o’g’li Cho’lpon,  Night and Day: A Novel  (Academic Studies Press, 2019), translated by Christopher Fort .
•   A website covering current affairs in Uzbekistan and across Central Asia: https://voicesoncentralasia.org

  Websites for News About Uzbekistan

• https://kun.uz/en
• https://www.theguardian.com/world/uzbekistan
• https://eurasianet.org/region/uzbekistan
• https://tashkenttimes.uz
• https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/clm1wxp5pzwt/uzbekistan
• https://www.aljazeera.com/where/uzbekistan/
• https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/uzbekistan
• https://www.euronews.com/news/asia/uzbekistan
• http://www.uzdaily.uz/en
• A recently established resource about Central Asia and Uzbekistan: https://oxussociety.org/publications/channels/
• The Central Eurasian Studies Society holds yearly conferences and is a good resource for Central Asia related topics: https://www.centraleurasia.org
• The Silk Roads are still important for Uzbekistan today in terms of business, tourism, and even geopolitics. Follow this link for a story map of the Silk Roads by National Geographic that includes coverage of the “New Silk Road”: https://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2018/silk-road/index.html
• The Majlis podcast provides news coverage related to Uzbekistan and the other Central Asian states: https://www.rferl.org/z/19887
• An interview with Mark Reese: https://newbooksnetwork.com/abdullah-qodiriy-bygone-days-bowker-2019
• An interview with Christopher Fort: https://newbooksnetwork.com/abdulhamid-sulaymon-ogli-cholpon-night-and-day-a-novel-academic-studies-press-2019
•   An article about Uzbekistan’s melon exporting economy: https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2017/11/13/feature-01
•   An article about retail in Uzbekistan: https://www.eurasianinvestor.com/analysis-articles/2019/9/12/retail-revolution-comes-to-uzbekistan
• An article about economic changes during the Covid-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan: https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-uzbekistan-retail/as-pandemic-empties-traditional-uzbek-bazaars-supermarkets-step-in-idUKKBN22C1SU
• A 2019 assessment of Uzbekistan’s economy: http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/866501562572675697/pdf/Uzbekistan-Toward-a-New-Economy-Country-Economic-Update.pdf
• An assessment of economic modernization: https://isdp.eu/publication/economic-modernization-uzbekistan/
• An article about produce in Uzbekistan: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2017/11/14/loans-helping-uzbek-farmers-sell-more-of-the-best-fruits-and-vegetables-in-the-world
• An article about the Uzbek writer Abdullah Qodiriy: https://voicesoncentralasia.org/the-uzbek-modernist-abdullah-qodiriy-a-writer-and-his-novel/
• An article about changes in the media in Uzbekistan: https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/uzbekistans-changing-media-space/
• A review of Tashkent’s subway: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/20/travel/tashkent-uzbekistan-subway.html

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Visit These Famous Historical Sites In Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, a country with exuberant history and culture, is home to some of the most stunning ancient cities and enchanting landscapes, like the majestic deserts of Kyzulkum and the peaceful, lush valleys of Zarafshan. Not only is Uzbekistan known for its culture, traditions and undying history, but it is also known for its rich history, which beautifully portrays Uzbekistan&rsquos Islamic heritage, its colourful, bustling bazaars and its delicious cuisine, which is an exceptional blend of Middle-eastern, Central Asian as well as Russian flavours. Uzbekistan has something to offer to everyone. Whether you&rsquore looking for adventure or a relaxing holiday, Uzbekistan is where you should be this holiday season. The enthralling historic sites of Uzbekistan make everyone keep coming back for more. From Soviet Union-influenced architectural buildings to skyline mosques, Uzbekistan is a dream come true for all history buffs. Here are some of the historical sites you should visit.

Gur-i Amir is a must-visit tourist attraction in Uzbekistan and is considered one of the many masterpieces of Islamic architecture. In the former silk road city of Samarkand, Gur-i Amir was the mausoleum of the Mongol leader, Tamerlane. Tamerlane (also known as Timur) built the Gur-i Amir as a resting place for his grandson, Muhammad Sultan, who died in a battle. The mausoleum is popularly known for its sublime architecture, a phenomenal blend of Persian and Islamic elements. It has a large turquoise dome intricately designed with calligraphy and geometric patterns. The turquoise dome of the Gur-i Amir has become quite a remarkable symbol of the city of Samarkand and can be spotted very easily from different parts of the city. The dome is tiled into two hues of blue, with the bands of the tiles containing a Kufic inscription that says &ldquoGod is Eternal&rdquo. The mausoleum has been constructed towards the southern side of a walled squared courtyard that was defined by a Madrasa and a Khanaqah on two corners of the courtyard. The interiors of Gur-i Amir consist of a square chamber, a stairway located in the southeastern corner of the chamber that leads towards the &ldquoCruciform Crypt&rdquo. In 1424, Ulugh Beg added a corridor to the Gur-i Amir, also known as Beg&rsquos gallery. Gur-i Amir provides visitors with an amazing opportunity to explore the rich history of the Timurid era and appreciate the breathtaking Islamic architecture. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque

This majestic congregational mosque, located northeast of Registan, is a one-of-its-kind monument in the entire Central Asian region. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque has been made entirely out of spoils extracted from Timur&rsquos invasion of India. It is said that Timur ordered that the Bibi-Khanym Mosque be constructed as a surprise for his wife, Bibi Khanym. However, the architect fell in love with Bibi Khanym and refused to finish the construction of the mosque until he received a kiss. After this incident, the architect was executed by Timur, and it was ordered that all women wear veils at all times. When the construction of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque began, it began with the intention of it being the largest mosque the Islamic world had ever seen, with a breathtaking entrance, majestic domes, designed very intricately, beautiful tilework, etc. However, over the centuries, the mosque had to face the ravages of natural disasters, destruction, neglect, etc. In an attempt to restore the mosque, several renovation and restoration projects took place in the 20th century, and the mosque was restored, showcasing certain elements of the original project. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque is a must-visit site and stands as a testament to Uzbekistan&rsquos rich culture and history.

Itchan Kala

Located in the heart of Khiva, the city of Itchan Kala is home to 50 historical monuments and around 250 traditional dwellings dating back to the 19th century. Recognised as a UNESCO world heritage site, the Itchan Kala is known for its well-preserved architecture. A mud-brick wall with numerous historical buildings, such as Madrasahs, Mosques, Mausoleums, etc, surrounds the city. A few of the remarkable buildings located within the premises of Itchan Kala include the Mohammad Amin Khan Madrasah, Tash Hauli Palace, Islam Khodja Minaret, etc. The buildings are adorned with beautiful mosaics and intricate carvings, and walking through the picturesque streets of Itchan Kala can be a great way to explore the town in a better manner. Being one of the most secluded areas along the Silk Road, Khiva acted as a resting spot for people travelling. Itchan Kala offers visitors a truly captivating historical and cultural experience and is the perfect destination that combines Uzbekistan&rsquos cultural authenticity, history and tradition.

Cover Photo Credits Shutterstock

Related  On The Trail Of Modern Nomads In Uzbekistan

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Uzbekistan – Top 10 Places to visit

Uzbekistan – top 10 places to visit, #1 samarkand.

#4 Shahrisabz

This flourishing city of the Timurid Empire is the birthplace of the great medieval conqueror Amir Temur.  It has exceptional monuments from 14 th to 15 th centuries though its history dates back over 2000 years.  Its historic center retains the layout from the original Timurid city planning.  Amir Temur ordered the Ak Sarai – the white summer palace – to be built as well as his own grave. Tamerlane’s summer palace was one of the highlights of the Timurid architecture.  These days you can still see the remains of the palace’s 65 meter high monumental gates.

#5 Tashkent

#6 Aidarkul Lake & Nurota Mountains

#8 Ancient Fortress Ruins

#9 Fergana Valley

#10 Karakalpakstan

Keep up with our blog or travel to Uzbekistan yourself to learn more first hand about the country’s fascinating history and rich culture.

You can find all our small-group tours to Uzbekistan here . All listed departures are guaranteed. If you prefer a custom private tour, please don’t hesitate to contact us .

On Tripadvisor you can read reviews from some of our travelers about their trips to Central Asia and Uzbekistan.

sightseeing Uzbekistan

Kalpak Travel

Bukhara - top places to see.

9 of the best things to do in Uzbekistan

Aug 16, 2024 • 9 min read

Shahidlar Xotirasi Memorial, near Tashkent TV Tower, are examples of the rich built environment of Uzbekistan. Shutterstock

From admiring Silk Road architecture to wine-tasting, heli-skiing in Amirsoy, and exploring a graveyard of ships in the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan has something to offer for every type of traveler.

To help you plan your trip to this fascinating Central Asian nation, here are my favorite things to do in Uzbekistan.

1. Learn from the masters of Uzbek art forms

This Silk Road crossroads has always been a melting pot for arts and crafts, and the art scene in modern Uzbekistan is flourishing. Local artists and family dynasties make a mark in almost every area of creativity, from fashion to ceramics, suzani embroidery to knife-making, and fine art to miniature paintings.

In Tashkent, the Fergana Valley or Bukhara, you can visit local ceramic-making families in their home studios, where you can take a pottery masterclass, buy a unique art object, and, if you are lucky, cook plov together or even stay overnight. In Rishton, the Rishton Ceramic Museum , run by master potter Rustam Usmanov, is a good place to start. 

To see the traditional process of making atlas (ikat) – a traditional weaving style where patterns are dyed into the fibers – head to the Yodgorlik Silk Factory in Margilan.

To learn more about the ancient art of making silk paper, visit the Meros Paper Mill in Samarkand.

The Bukhara School of Miniature Painting offers many insights into life in Uzbekistan, and some travelers spend weeks here taking classes in this unique art form. There are many creative experiences offered by local studios, craft centers and artists in their own homes. 

Modern fine art is also popular in Uzbekistan, with many young artists and edgy galleries in Tashkent. Being an emerging art market, Uzbekistan is starting to attract the attention of the likes of Christie’s and Sotheby’s, but things are still at a very early stage. If you do buy a painting, valuation and certification services are now offered by the Art Vernissage gallery or you can ask an artist to get an artwork certified at the Ministry of Culture.

2. Admire the historic architecture of the Silk Road 

Magnificent Samarkand , noble Bukhara , atmospheric Khiva – the cities on the path of the historic Silk Road hold a special allure. Conquerors such as Alexander the Great, Chinggis (Genghis) Khan and Amir Temur (Tamerlane) all left behind a legacy, bringing together thinkers, traders and scholars from around the world.

Local guides bring each of these locations to life with inspiring stories. Learn about the wisdom of Amir Temur’s wife, Bibi-Khanum, in Samarkand; unravel the destiny of the last Emir of Bukhara in the Sitorai Mokhi-Khosa summer palace; and discover the life of the harem in Khiva’s Tosh-Hovli Palace .

In fact, historical architecture can be found in every region of Uzbekistan, be it Soviet modernism, ancient mosques and minarets or even the ruins of Buddhist temples at Termez.

Standout sites include Shakhrisabz with its ruined Ak Saray palace complex, the scattered townships of the Fergana Valley (particularly Khudayar Khan’s grand palace at Kokand) and Tashkent , with its characterful Soviet-era buildings. 

Planning tip: Book high-speed trains from Tashkent to Samarkand , Bukhara or Shakhrisabz well in advance as tickets are usually in great demand. For online booking, visit the Uzbekistan Railways website or use the national railways’ mobile phone app.

3. Taste different variations of  plov in the local chaikhana

Plov is the answer in Uzbekistan, no matter what the question. This traditional rice dish is cooked for every occasion. Plov is a source of national pride and each region, each city, every oshpaz (master plov -maker) has their own recipe and secrets for preparing this special dish. 

There are more than 30 varieties of plov in Uzbekistan, but most share the same core ingredients – rice, carrots, onions, meat, chickpeas, raisins, spices and oil. Sampling the varied local styles of preparation and the unique types of rice grown in different parts of Uzbekistan is a delicious and nourishing indulgence.

In Tashkent, you can head to the Besh Qozon plov center to see giant pots filled with different types of plov , with portions doled out to up to 500 people at a time.

Samarkand and Bukhara have their own variations, which can be sampled in many local cafes. In Kokand or Rishtan in the Fergana Valley, visit a local chaikhana (teahouse), where you can sit in traditional wooden seats by the water and have a leisurely meal of plov , followed by tea or freshly harvested watermelon in season.

Local tip: If you are trying plov for the first time, try not to overdo it. In Uzbekistan, plov is usually eaten for lunch as it is too heavy to eat in the evening. Be sure to balance a big serving with vegetables or yogurt-based salads and green tea for digestion.

4. Visit the surreal landscape of the Aral Sea

One of the darker legacies of Soviet history in Uzbekistan is the draining of the Aral Sea. Located in Karakalpakstan, the Aral Sea used to be the fourth-biggest lake in the world, until its waters were redirected to provide irrigation for cotton fields. As a result, the sea shrank dramatically, changing the landscape and the whole ecology of the region. 

Today, travelers can visit this remote area to see the salty desert at the bottom of this former inland sea. Famous sights include the graveyard of ships, the "lakeside" cities of Muynak and Nukus , the former island of Barsakelmes, and the arid Ustyurt plateau.

While in Nukus, you can visit the Savitsky Museum  to view a unique collection of Russian avant-garde art, hidden by the art connoisseur Savitsky in Soviet times. 

Planning tip: Allow at least two days for a visit to the Aral Sea. You’ll need to fly to Nukus, capital of Karakalpakstan autonomous republic, and then take a 4WD tour to reach the Aral Sea. It’s not an easy journey but the impressions and photos you take away make the trip totally worth it.

5. Treasure hunt in Uzbekistan’s bazaars and art studios

With Uzbekistan’s colorful culture and Silk Road legacy, and the limitless talent of local artists and artisans, it’s almost impossible to leave Uzbekistan without buying a homemade masterpiece as a souvenir. 

Artisans’ workshops and factories are the best places to buy traditional craft objects such as ceramics, suzani , wood carving, carpets and fabrics. For fashions, go to modern showrooms such as Navruz Ethnopark in Tashkent, home to many local brands, including Azukar Moreno, Mursak and Two Eagles (all using traditional fabrics to make modern outfits and accessories).

Also in Tashkent is newly opened concept store Teplo, a chic home for fashion brands such as Dildora Kasymova, Maru and Soondook, and emerging makers of jewelry and home decor items. For handmade crafts, every weekend there are art fairs and craft shops in parks and cities across Uzbekistan, where you can buy a colorful chapan ( coat), a traditional Uzbek hat, leather goods, ceramics and other local creations.

6. Experience Uzbek wine-making culture

One of Uzbekistan’s lesser-known experiences is wine tasting. Although the poet and polymath Omar Khayyam was romanticizing local wines nine centuries ago, in Soviet times Uzbekistan fell under the influence of Russian vodka. However, dessert wines from Uzbekistan kept winning prizes at international competitions, and wine-making has seen a major revival in recent decades in many regions.

One of the most interesting venues is the Uzumfermer family winery, a 30-minute drive from Tashkent. The name comes from the Uzbek word for grape – uzum – and founding family members offer specialist tours exploring grapevines, picturesque gardens, rosariums, and production facilities spread over 20 hectares (49 acres), followed by a wine tasting meal of European cuisine in the terrace restaurant. You can spend a whole afternoon here, or there are a few rooms where oenophiles can stay overnight and watch the sunrise.

Another exciting way to delve into Uzbekistan’s wine history is at the Hovrenko factory in Samarkand, one of the earliest centers for alcohol production in the country.

7. Escape to the deserts, mountains, valleys and rivers of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan’s natural landscapes are diverse and picturesque, spanning mountains, foothills, deserts and dramatic valleys, as well as the impressive Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, the Aral Sea and several scenic lakes. Zaamin National Park, just three hours’ drive from Tashkent, is one of the country’s most unique nature sanctuaries, and it recently became much more accessible, thanks to the opening of several international hotels and the launch of the annual Zaamin Ultra Marathon.

For more outdoor experiences that are both adventurous and rejuvenating, try hiking in the Chimgan mountains, stargazing at the Maidanak observatory, camping near Aydarkul Lake Aidarkul or visiting the dunes near Moynaq in Karakalpakstan. 

Planning tip:  For experiences such as hiking in the mountains and stargazing, Zaamin is especially scenic and accessible  in the spring .

8. Hit the slopes and go skiing in the Amirsoy mountains  

The opening of the Amirsoy mountain resort in 2019 transformed Uzbekistan into a regional hub for skiing and snowboarding. Only just being discovered by international visitors, Amirsoy offers high-level infrastructure and excellent natural conditions for all types of winter sports. And with aviation growing in Uzbekistan, skiing by helicopter is an exciting way to get deeper into the mountains. 

Planning tip:  If you prefer wild nature for your mountain adventures, you should go to the Chatkal, Beldersoy or Chimgan mountain regions near Tashkent, or Zaamin National Park in Jizzakh, all with infrastructure for skiers. 

9. Stay in a traditional yurt in Uzbekistan

If you want to experience nomadic life, Uzbekistan’s deserts are the perfect place to go. At every traditional festival, you’ll see a sample yurt and maybe be invited for tea inside, but in regions such as Karakalpakstan, there are areas where local people live in yurts full time.

In Central Asia, people decorate the interiors of their yurts with carpets, low seating and a short wooden table, set in the middle of the tent. It takes up to three hours to set up or take down a yurt, and each can fit up to 15 people at a time. Traditionally, yurts are used for family meals and sleeping; in winter, the table is moved and a fire is lit in its place, with sleeping spaces arranged around it.

In the tourist camps, yurts are fitted out with relatively comfortable mattresses and washroom facilities are provided in a separate building. A trip to a yurt camp will usually include camel-riding, watching the sunrise or sunset (perhaps at a nearby lake) and meals and evening folklore performances around the fireplace.

The most popular yurt camps in Uzbekistan are at Nurata in the Navoi region, and the Aidar and Muynak yurt camps in Karakalpakstan. The conditions can be very modest and the wildlife and nature unpredictable – be ready for adventure!   

This article was first published Sep 28, 2023 and updated Aug 16, 2024.

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13 Most Beautiful Places to Visit in Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is a former Soviet republic, located in the heart of Central Asia. Once a key hub along the ancient Silk Road, Uzbekistan has long served as a bridge between East and West, where trade caravans exchanged precious goods such as silk, cotton, gold, and spices.

Although not well known on the global tourism scene, this fascinating country has all kinds of cultural and historical experiences to offer to those looking for a new adventure.

As some of Uzbekistan’s cities have a history spanning over two millennia, the country’s deep roots in history have left behind a treasure trove of some of the world’s most spectacular medieval Islamic architecture, adorned with mesmerizing patterns and vibrant tilework.

Uzbekistan’s history has seen the rise and fall of countless empires, including the Persians, Arabs, Mongols, Timurids, and many more. This complex past has left its cities with a complex cultural heritage, shaped by long periods of peace and prosperous trade, as well as intense bouts of conflict.

Throughout these eras, entire populations were sometimes decimated, and significant architectural achievements were destroyed. Despite these challenges, many magnificent structures have survived, preserving the nation’s historical legacy.

From the stunning landmarks of Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva to the lesser-known gems scattered across the country, there are quite literally hundreds of impressive historical monuments to observe. Having lived here for 2 years, I can share with you 13 of the most beautiful places to visit in Uzbekistan, along with a few helpful tips for your travels.

Itchan Kala, Khiva

The Itchan Kala is the inner fortress of Khiva, an ancient city in west Uzbekistan, by the border with Turkmenistan. The fortress used to serve as protection against marauding Turkmen tribes and is today a UNESCO world heritage site. It holds dozens of religious buildings, palaces, boutique hotels, and a small number of restaurants within its 10m high walls.

It’s the most compact area of historical landmarks in all of Central Asia and offers wonderful views of the city from the watchtower of Kunya Ark fortress. You have to pay for entry to the Itchan Kala but at around $12 for a 2 day pass, it’s a bargain considering the number of world class monuments you can visit.

The Registan, Samarkand

The Registan is arguably the most iconic tourist attraction in Uzbekistan and the most visited in all of Central Asia. The term “Registan” means “sandy place,” and this particular site is surrounded on three sides by majestic madrasahs, or Islamic schools, the oldest of which dates back to 1417.

The three madrasahs go by the names of Ulugbek madrasah, Sherdor madrasah, and Tilla-Kori madrasah and together they stand defiantly above an expansive public square, typically under a bright blue sky.

Inside the madrasahs, you’ll discover courtyards, khudjras (cells) for students, and exhibits of artifacts. The Tilla-Kori Madrasah is the standout of the Registan with its inner mosque adorned in gold. Be sure to see its golden ceiling, which creates a stunning optical illusion.

Travel Tip: Whilst there are plenty of affordable places to stay in Samarkand , Bukhara, and Khiva, accommodation in Tashkent tends to be a bit more expensive. Booking in advance can help you secure a hotel at a reasonable price.

Shah-i-Zinda, Samarkand

Also located in Samarkand is the Shah-i-Zinda necropolis, a narrow corridor of blue-tiled mausoleums, which have amassed over the centuries into what has become Uzbekistan’s most instagrammable hotspot. Shah-i-Zinda, meaning ‘Living King’, refers to a cousin of the Prophet Muhammad, Kusam ibn Abbas, who moved to Samarkand in the 8th century to preach Islam.

He is believed to be buried here, as are the relatives of other significant figures such as Amir Temur and Ulugbek.

Travel Tip: Visit Shah-i-Zinda early in the morning to avoid crowds. As one of the most popular spots covering a small area, it can get crowded, making it challenging to take photos.

Lyabi Hauz, Bukhara

Lyabi Hauz, meaning ‘by the pond’ in Persian, is a picturesque rectangular-shaped pool, surrounded by religious buildings and waterside restaurants. It’s a mini hub of activity, located close to the trading domes, rug stores, and street vendors. In my personal opinion, it is the most beautiful spot in Uzbekistan.

Lyabi Hauz was constructed in the early 17th century and was a popular area even before then, known for its entertainers such as musicians, magicians, and even snake charmers. These days you’re unlikely to find any snake charmers but you can still enjoy live music in the evenings.

It’s the perfect spot to enjoy grilled kebabs, known in Uzbek as shashlik with a glass of wine as the sun starts to set.

Travel Tip: The best way to travel around the main cities of Uzbekistan is by Afrasiyab speed train . It’s comfortable, fast, and very affordable.

TV Tower, Tashkent

There aren’t so many obvious things to do in Tashkent for tourists but a trip to the TV tower is definitely worthwhile.

While not as visually stunning as other landmarks on this list, the tower offers a beautiful view of Uzbekistan’s capital city. The tower provides impressive panoramic views, especially in the spring and summer evenings on a clear day. Sunsets in the city can be a vibrant blend of orange, pink, and red hues.

The tower is 375m high and has two levels of observation decks. Its upper deck has a rotating restaurant, from which you can enjoy great views of the city whilst enjoying a coffee or a glass of wine.

Travel Tip: Despite Uzbekistan’s Muslim majority, alcohol is common at bars, restaurants, hotels, and stores. Vodka’s popular, but beer, wine, and other spirits are also abundant. Tea’s a favorite non-alcoholic option!

Khan Palace, Kokand

Constructed under the orders of Khudayar Khan, the four-time ruler of the Khanate of Kokand, this palace originally had over 100 rooms. A significant portion of the palace was used as living quarters for the Khan’s harem.

Khudayar Khan’s time in this beautiful palace was brief, as he had to flee to Russia during a local uprising. Only 19 rooms remain today, including the stunning throne room with its dazzling ceiling. Elsewhere in the palace, you’ll find more unusual rooms, such as one filled with stuffed animals and another showcasing a collection of European art and sculptures.

The palace is situated within a picturesque grassy park in the heart of the city and is best appreciated from the east side. From this vantage point, you can see the Arabic script above the entrance that reads ‘Sayid Muhammad Khudayar Khan – Great ruler.’

Kalon Mosque and Minaret, Bukhara

One of the longest-standing monuments in the center of Bukhara is the Kalon Minaret, built in 1127. It was spared from destruction by Genghis Khan while his men razed the city after the 1220 siege of Bukhara. The local population were either slaughtered or kept as slaves but it is said that the minaret impressed Genghis Khan so much that he ordered it to remain.

The adjacent Kalon Mosque was destroyed by the army, but it was rebuilt and completed in the 16th century. It features a vast inner courtyard surrounded by an arched gallery topped with domes and supported by 208 columns, showcasing intricate geometric designs.

Ak-Saray Palace, Shahrisabz

Shahrisabz, near the birthplace of the infamous Amir Timur, offers a day trip opportunity from Samarkand to explore the ruins of the Ak-Saray Palace, the city’s centerpiece. Though the palace, once part of Timur’s grand residence, is largely in ruins, it features impressive entrance pillars and remnants of opulent courtyards with gold and colored tile decorations.

The restored remains now serve as a cultural park and host art festivals, celebrating the region’s heritage; the palace is part of the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Chor Minor, Bukhara

One of the most distinctive landmarks in Bukhara is the Chor Minor Madrasah, a structure featuring four squat minarets topped with turquoise domes at its corners, each adorned with unique decorations.

Set inside a quaint garden with an artificial pool reminiscent of Lyabi Hauz, the Chor Minor madrasah is a 10 to 15 minute walk from the center of the old city. It is hidden in a peaceful, traditional neighborhood area, where local children often play in its grounds.

Bolo Hauz, Bukhara

Bolo Hauz, located opposite the Ark Fortress, was designed for use in both winter and summer. The 20-pillar iwan, added in the early 20th century, offers shaded summer worship and overlooks an octagonal pond. Known as the “40-pillar mosque” due to its reflection in the pond, Bolo Hauz also provided a water source for the community, though this use was halted under Soviet rule.

Today, the mosque is open for worship and impresses visitors with its beautiful interior. I visited at night when the mosque becomes illuminated in green and yellow light, giving it a mysterious glow.

Zaamin National Park, Jizzakh

Known as “Uzbekistan’s Switzerland,” Zaamin is a national park and nature reserve on the Turkistan Mountain Ridge near Tajikistan. Renowned for its clean air and stunning views, it is a favorite destination for locals seeking rejuvenation. Zaamin also houses a sanatorium that treats respiratory illnesses, offering a healing setting amid the park’s serene beauty.

Zaamin National Park was established in 1976 to preserve juniper forests and spans 24,000 hectares, with 16.7 thousand hectares covered in various juniper species. The park is home to a diverse flora, including over 700 plant species like bindweed, Turkestan hawthorn, geranium, carnation, and tarragon.

The park’s ancient juniper trees form dense thickets, while the fauna includes wolves, Siberian ibex, Tolai hares, porcupines, martens, and steppe polecats. It also hosts various birds like owls, blackbirds, and turtle doves, along with predators such as white-clawed bears, Turkestan lynx, and even reported sightings of snow leopards.

The park features a couple of hotels, and in 2023, a suspension bridge was built that allows visitors to experience the valley from a height of 150 meters.

Pahlavan Mahmud Mausoleum, Khiva

Pahlavan Mahmud was an Iranian-born poet, philosopher, and wrestler known for his good deeds. He became the patron saint of Khiva in 1810, roughly 500 years after his death. His mausoleum in Khiva’s Itchan Kala began as a simple tomb but transformed over time, especially after his elevation to sainthood, into one of the city’s most stunning interiors.

According to a legend, Pahlavan Mahmud defeated an Indian ruler who offered him any reward he desired. Pahlavan Mahmud requested the release of his countrymen from prison. To fulfill the request, the ruler asked how many people should be released, and Pahlavan Mahmud responded that it should be all those who would fit into a cow skin. He cut the cow skin into thin strips and used them to tie together all the prisoners into one large belt, thereby securing the release of many people from slavery.

Upon entering the courtyard, the chamber to the left is the most beautiful room in Pahlavan Mahmud’s mausoleum. It contains the tombs of Isfandiyar Khan’s mother and son. Although Isfandiyar Khan, who ruled Khiva between 1910 and 1918, was supposed to be buried there, he was executed outside the fortress at Nurullabay Palace.

Nurullabay Palace, Khiva

Nurullabay Palace, also known as Isfandiyar Palace, offers a glimpse into the luxurious lifestyle of the khans and emirs of Uzbekistan. Built with the help of skilled craftsmen, the palace conveys the history of Khiva in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with its splendid design and unique features.

Highlights include ceilings decorated with gold, precious stones, and peacock feathers, as well as Chinese porcelain, German furniture, and luxurious chandeliers. The palace’s restoration to its original form preserves its beauty, making it a must-visit destination.

It is one of Khiva’s lesser-visited sites, but it should be on every tourist’s list due to its unique character. The palace had an eerie atmosphere when I walked through its halls in silence, as I was the only visitor there. This haunting ambiance would make it the perfect location for a horror film!

Final Thoughts

Uzbekistan is certainly one of the world’s more off-the-beaten-path destinations, but these are just some of the hundreds of beautiful places waiting to inspire you. 

From the ancient wonders of Khiva to the majestic Registan in Samarkand or the mountains of Zaamin, there is something to impress every type of traveler.

Ryan Ettenfield is a travel writer, independent journalist, and creator of tourcentralasia.com , a website aimed at sharing the hidden gems of Central Asia and the Silk Road. When not frantically using a thesaurus, he can be found teaching maths, running around Tashkent parks, or sipping a cold bland beer.

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Places to Visit in Uzbekistan

• Places To Visit

Tourist Places to Visit in Uzbekistan

Here is the list of best places to visit in uzbekistan:.

Shahrisabz happens to be a city in Qashqadaryo in southern Uzbekistan about 80 km to the south of Samarkand. As per history, the city is known as Kesh or Kish and it was one of the major cities of Central Asia as well as the urban centre of Sogdiana which was the province of Achaemenid Empire of Persia. The city is very much famous for being the birthplace of Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur. Shahrisabz happens to be one of the beautiful places to visit in Uzbekistan that is adorned with pristine landscapes and age old architectural marvels with beautiful intricate designs. You will surely fall in love with the heritage sites. Shahrisabz is home to some of the architectural marvels and tourist places like the famous Palace Complex of Ak-Saray, Dorut Tilovat, statue of Amir Timur, crypt of Tamerlan, and Dor Us-Siyodat. While on a trip to Shahrisabz, you can capture the glimpse of the beautiful construction  of Ak-Saray Palace, explore the relics of the past era at Amir Timur Museum, enjoy your time at the peaceful courtyard shaded by trees of Dor-Us Siyadat Complex. The summer season of Shahrisabz is hot, arid and clear however the winters are very cold, dry, and partly cloudy. The average temperature of these places remains in the range of 32 - 95 degree celsius.

Karakalpakstan

Karakalpakstan which is also known as the Republic of Karakalpakstan happens to be an autonomous republic that is located to the northwestern end of Uzbekistan. The capital city of this region is Nukus. The territory of this region covers the land of Khwarezm. Karakalpakstan is one of the enchanting cities of Uzbekistan that is packed with pristine landscapes and enthralling architectural marvels that display the intricate artworks of the bygone era. During your trip to Karakalpakstan, you will be marvelling at Savitsky Museum which is known for its remarkable art collections, unexpectedly modern and hip place Cinnamon Cafe, ruins of the beached ships close to the  Aral Sea memorial, Karakalpak State Museum of Regional Studies which is home to some of the ethnographic and jewellery displays, and Moynaq Museum which stores  interesting photos and paintings of the area. Explore the remarkable art collections in the former Soviet Union at Savitsky Museum, sip some real coffee and a tempting array of cakes and home-made gelato at Cinnamon Cafe, and explore the underground vault of the Mausoleum of Mazlum Khan Slu at Mizdakhan Necropolis. Karakalpakstan happens to be one of the coldest regions in Uzbekistan that has an average daily high temperature of 20 degree celsius. The climate of this place is basically cold and wet and it corresponds to most Central European Weather.

Khiva which is also known as Kheeva, Khwarizm, Khoresm, Khorasam, Khwarzam, and Chorezm in the past is a city in the Xorazm region. The city is believed to have been established about 1500 years in the past. The city has served as the capital of Khwarezmia. Khiva was the very first place in Uzbekistan to be included in the world heritage site by UNESCO because of its architectural beauty and rich heritage. The city flaunts some of its heritage constructions that are fashioned with the best ever artworks. The popular attractions of Khiva are Itchan Kala GatesKhiva Gates in Uzbekistan known for its oriental atmosphere, Kunya Ark which is home to mosque, Arsenal, harem along with a royal residence, and Blue Minaret which is known for its colorful tiles. During your stay in Khiva, you can walk on top of the Northwestern Wall, capture the beautiful view over Khiva from the watchtower, witness the blue and green tile decorations  of Kalta Minor Minaret, and appreciate the beauty of Juma mosque. Khiva happens to be located at an elevation of 98 meters above the sea level. It has got a desert type climate with no rainfall during the year. The climatic condition of Khiva is classified at BWk by the Kopper Geiger classification system. The average annual temperature is recorded to be 14.9 degree celsius and the annual rainfall is about 103 mm.

Kokand happens to be a city in the Fergana Region that is located in Eastern Uzbekistan. The city is situated about 228 km southeast of Tashkent, 88 km west from Fergana, and 115 km west of Andijan. The name of the city derives from the well known tribal family group of Kokan which belong to the Kongrat tribe of Uzbeks. Popularly known as the city of winds, Kokand is a beautiful place that is popular for its colorful architectural marvels. Tourists love to capture the scenic moments in their cameras so that they can cherish all through their life. The popular tourist attractions of Kokand are Chimgan popular for its ecotourism, Alisher Navoi Grand Theatre which is popular for its operas and ballet theatres, The State Museum of the Timurids History which stores a wide range of relics of the past, and The Ak-Saray Palace in Shakhrisabz which happens to be a grandiose monument of the Medieval era. While heading out on a trip to Kokand, you can think of spending time exploring some of the age old museums and boutiques, relishing a delicious meal, hangouting in cafes, taking in a show at a theatres, walking hand in hand with your partner along the streets. You can also choose to visit some of the art galleries to capture the beautiful portraits made by local artists. The climate of Kokand is hot and humid. It is one such city of Uzbekistan which experience all the climate changes ie. monsoon, winter, and summer. The average annual rainfall is recorded at 300 mm - 900 mm and the average temperatures remain in the range of 40 - 22 degree celsius.

Best of Russia

Bukhara is the 5th largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of the Bukhara Region. This place has been inhabited for more than five millenium and the city has been existing for more than half of it. It has served as a centre of trade, religion, culture and scholarships in the bygone era. It has also served as the capital of the Samanid Empire. Bukhara City is one of the most beautiful cities in Uzbekistan because of its arches and cupolas that take you back in the timeline to witness age old art and architecture. Bukhara can be considered as an architectural mirror of the past. Some of the popular places in Burkha are Ark Fortress which was a military fort and the symbol of the state’s power, Poi Kalon Ensemble which is famed for its blue cupola of the Madrasah, and Ismail Samani Mausoleum which is one of the few marvels left out of the rich Persian Samanid dynasty. You can stroll around the city and marvel at its architectural legacy of the city which is home to more than 140 beautiful monuments. Tourists can marvel at the architectural complex in Bukhara, Khoja Gaukushan Complex, explore the beautiful and reflect daily scenes of Uzbek life at Bukhara photo gallery, and shop souvenirs at the covered bazaars. The city of Bukhara can be considered as an epitome of beautiful architectural marvels. It is home to more than 140 architectural marvels which stand tall as the testimony for the intricate design styles. UNESCO has also listed the city as a world heritage site because of its beautiful mosques. Bukhara has a Central Asian Coll Arid type climate. As per the Koppen Geiger classification, the climate of Bukhara is classified into BWk. The maximum average temperature is 37.2b degree celsius in the month of July and 6.6 degree celsius in the month of January. The annual precipitation is recorded at 135 millimeters.

Best of Moscow

Termez happens to be a city in the southernmost part of Uzbekistan that is located close to the Hairatan Border crossing of Afghanistan. It is the capital of Surxondaryo Region. It is believed to be founded more than 2500 years in the past. Termez is very much popular for its amazing brick works and pristine Buddhist monasteries adorned with colorful deities and prayer flags. The most sought after attractions in Termez are Al Hakim At-Termizi Mausoleum, Fayaz-Tepa, Fortress Kirk Kiz, Friendship Bridge, Jarkurgan Minaret, Karatepa, Kokildor-Ota Khanaka, Stupa Zurmala, and Sultan Saodat Ensemble. During your stay in Termez, you can Visit Fayaz-Tepe Buddhist Monastery, Dine at Rich Restaurant, Visit Sultan Saodat Complex, Eat at Restaurant Dubai, Go on a Samosas Tour, Visit Surxon Ipagi Silk Factory, See the Silk Road Gate, and Enjoy a Soviet Breakfast at Café Bistro. Termez is located at an elevation of 302 m above the sea level. It has got a cold desert type climate that is very hot, long summer and short, cool winters. As per the Koppen Geiger classification, the climate of the city is classified as BWk.

Best of Egypt

Andijan happens to be a city in Uzbekistan that serves as the administrative, cultural and economic centre of the region. Located in the south eastern edge of Fergana Valley close to the border with Kyrgyzstan. It is one of the oldest cities in the Fergana Valley and it dates back to almost the 7th and 8th centuries. It is widely famous for being the birthplace of Babur, a mighty Mughal Emperor. Andijan is very much famous for its beautiful architectural marvels that are adorned with intricate design elements of the bygone era. You will also get to witness some wonderful scenic beauty as well. Some of the popular attractions of Andijan are Jami Madrasa which is a popular religious school and Ruins of the fortress Ershi which housed the capital of the ancient state of Davan. During your stay at Andijan, you can think of exploring the Garden of Winds, go spices and the souvenir shopping at the Local Bazaar, learn more about the Andijan local culture at Juma Mosque, stroll along the collection of art and history at Babur Museum, and witness the work of art and splash of colors at Babur Memorial Park. The city has got a cold semi arid type climate. It experiences cold winters and hot summers and midler winters. The precipitation in this area is a bit light and erratic.

Best of Georgia

Tashkent is one of the largest cities as well as the capital of Uzbekistan. It is also one of the most populous cities of Uzbekistan. It is located in Northeastern Uzbekistan close to the border with Kazakhstan. The city has got a islamic influence and you will find prevailing Sogdian and Turkic cultures. It has been one of the important parts of the famous silk route and has witnessed a major growth. Tashkent is a beautiful city with a decorative heritage. It is home to extremely wide avenues and the centre of cultural tradition. You will come across beautiful architectural marvels that not only have great heritages but also have got beautiful designs. Some of the must visit tourist places of Tashkent are Chorsu Bazaar which is well known for handicraft shopping, massive, old-fashioned Hotel Uzbekistan, and Central Asian Plov Center which offers delicious meals. During your stopover at Tashkent, you can eat at Minor Somsa, visit the Khazrati Imam Complex, tour Chorsu Bazaar to purchase souvenirs for your loved ones. If you wish to explore the history of Tashkent, you can visit Amir Timur Square and admire the Hotel Uzbekistan. Tourists can also visit Minor Mosque to capture the glimpses of the scenic mosaic works, and dine at Lagman House which is popular for its wide range of cuisines. Tashkent has got a mediterranean climate with a humid continental climate. The city experiences cold and snowy winters and hot and dry summers. It receives a peak of precipitation in the early winters as well as in the spring season. The climate of the city remains hot for most of the time of the year and receives very little precipitation in the form of snow.

Best of Kazakhstan

Samarkand is located in Southeastern Uzbekistan. It is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia that was inhabited. As per the records, human activities have been found in these places from the late Paleolithic Era. The city is believed to be founded in between 7th and 8th century BC. It lies on the ancient silk road that connects China and Mediterranean sea and was one of the largest settlements of Central Asia. Samarkand happens to be the home of contemporary Uzbek culture. With beautiful historical monuments and holy places, the city is very much popular among the pilgrims and architecture lovers. You will get to enjoy some of the best architectural marvels here.Samarkand is home to some of the beautiful tourist attractions like Registan which is popular for its beautiful madrassah that dates back to the 15th and 17th century and Gur-e-amir Mausoleum which is considered to be the architectural model of Taj Mahal in India. While visitng Hovrenko’s wine factory lets you taste some exotic spirits, the Tomb Of The Prophet Daniel is famous for its impressive 18 meter long sarcophagus. While on a trip to Samarkand, you can explore the masterpieces of ancient architecture, impeccably glittering minarets, sparkling turquoise domes and hypnotic mosaic. You can stroll along the narrow avenues witnessing blue tombs and various spectacular mausoleums. Samarkand has got a Mediterranean Climate which means you will find hot, dry summers and wet, variable winters. The hottest months of the year are July and August whereas the coldest month is January. The average summer temperature is recorded at 40 degree celsius while the winter temperature can drop till -22 degree celsius.

Best of Azerbaijan

Urgench is a city located in western Uzbekistan and is the capital of Khorezm Regions. The city is about 45 km west of Bukhara which is across the Kyzylkum Desert. Urgench is famous for its orchards and serene landscapes. During your visit, you will not only be able to witness the architectural marvels and age old heritage sites, but you will also be able to take a tour of the agricultural lands of cotton and rice. Some of the popular tourist places of Urgench are Statue of Muhammed al-Khwarizmi who was a mathematician known especially in Algebra, Itchan Kala a World Heritage site by UNESCO, and Of Note which was constructed in remembrance of the twenty Komsomol members. While on a tour of Urgench, you can offer prayers at the Bibi Khanym Mosque, explore the heritage monument of Statue of Amir Timur, marvel at the beautiful Shah-i-Zinda, and head out on beautiful countryside tours with your loved ones. Located at an elevation of about 101 meters above the sea level, it has a desert type climate. There is absolutely no rainfall in this place all through the year. As per the Koppen Geiger classification, the climate of the city is classified as BWk. The average annual temperature of this place is recorded to be 14.5 degree celsius and the rainfall recorded is about 103 mm.

Nukus is the 6th largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital city of the Republic of Karakalpakstan which is an autonomous city. The city of Nukus is very much popular for being the centre of the world class Nukus museum of Art. Nukus is very famed for its countryside environment and old fortresses. During your visit to the city, you will be heading out on various exploration tours to witness the intricate art of the artisans of the bygone era. Some of the popular tourist places to visit in Nukus are Qaur Qala Fortress which is popular for its beautiful location on top of the hill, Moynaq & Aral Sea which is a popular ship cemetery, Karakalpak Homestay known for its traditional Karakalpak culture, and Mizda Khan Necropolis which happens to be an  active place of worship. Capture the glimpse of some Russian avant garde paintings at Savitsky Art Museum, try local delicacies like samsa, kymyz and kurut at the bazaars, walk along the amu darya river, explore the ultimate collection on traditional Karakalpak culture at Karakalpak Homestay, and find some architectural marvels that date back to the soviet era. Nukus has a cold desert climate which is BWk as per the Koppen Geiger classification. The summer season in this place is experienced for a long period of time and the atmosphere remains dry and hot. The winters are very short, cold and snowy. The city overall experiences a dry continental type climate.

Other Attractions

Aydarkul Lake

Nurota Mountains

Greater Chimgan

Fergana Valley

Lake Charvak

Ugam Chatkal National Park

Amir Timur Museum

Chorsu Bazaar

Palace Of Khudayar Khan

Lyab I Hauz

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Uzbekistan promotes preserving its historic heritage during Culture Week

The International Forum: 'Central Asia at the Crossroads of World Civilizations' in Uzbekistan brought together some of the world’s most renowned cultural experts. It was also part of the country's larger goal to preserve and promote the region's cultural and historical heritage.

Khiva in Uzbekistan is like a museum city full of impressive cultural sites just waiting to be discovered. In the Middle Ages, it was an important trading centre on the Great Silk Road. Nowadays its rich and preserved heritage makes the city one of Uzbekistan's most interesting modern places.  As part of the country's cultural heritage week , an international forum called "Central Asia at the Crossroads of World Civilizations" was held there.

Scholars come together

Over 250 experts in Oriental Studies were present and almost as many joined online to discuss how to preserve and promote this region's shared culture and heritage.

Irina Popova, Director of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, was at the forum and said that "a cultural component is becoming part of Uzbekistan's national idea right now." She explains that the country is going through a third renaissance, "a revival of the country in our modern era" and consequently the country is putting a lot of importance on culture.

Making Uzbekistan's cultural heritage accessible

For five years now, scholars of oriental studies have published books on Uzbekistan's rare manuscripts, archaeological artefacts and unique figurines that are scattered around the world in various museums, private collections and libraries. This project is called 'The Cultural Heritage of Uzbekistan in Collections of the World'. Its main purpose is to catalogue and bring together all of Uzbekistan's rich heritage.

According to Popova, there is no other project like this anywhere around the world at the moment. Other states have collected work and published them in books and online, but "nowhere has done this on quite the same scale as Uzbekistan."

Cataloging the past

This year, scientists created 15 new catalogues. So far a total of 50 volumes have already been published. They will be sent for free to libraries and educational institutions all across Uzbekistan. Firdavs Abdukhalikov is the Chairman of the Board of the World Society on the study, preservation and promotion of Cultural Legacy of Uzbekistan. He says that Uzbekistan needs these catalogues so that "young people will know their history, so they can build a new Uzbekistan". He also believes it will help develop tourism in the country and that it will help catalogue the Uzbek cultural heritage that is currently in museums and collections around the world.

One of the project's other focuses is to publish facsimiles of ancient manuscript masterpieces. Publisher, Mueller & Schindler, is helping to make these unique books accessible. This year, they are presenting "The Book of Fixed Stars", a famous 10th-century astronomy manuscript. A copy of it was made in the 15th century at the request of the ruler of the Timurid Empire, Ulugh Beg, who was an eminent astronomer and mathematician.

Charlotte Kramer, the president and owner of Mueller & Schindler, says that this copy is very exceptional because there are only three books that are specially dedicated to Ulugh Beg that were made during his reign. 

This manuscript has never been mass reproduced as a facsimile before. The original is kept in France's National Library. Specialists have recreated all the features of the original edition, its size, print characters, paper, handwritten inscriptions and gold inlays with absolute precision.

During Cultural Heritage Week, Uzbekistan has shown that the country's culture is not only a source of national pride but it is also an important tool for inter-state communication.

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Uzbekistan and UNESCO's Strong Partnership for the Preservation and Promotion of World Heritage Sites

In recent years, the cooperation between Uzbekistan and UNESCO in the culture sector has reached new heights, thanks to a number of factors. Mainly, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev and his government have taken bold administrative and legislative steps to protect and promote the country's rich cultural heritage.

For example, the government of Uzbekistan have imposed a moratorium on all construction work at World Heritage properties, allocated more resources for restoration efforts, Additionally, they have launched the preparation of a Master Plan and an integrated Management Plan for several cities, which have been commended in the latest World Heritage Committee Decisions. These efforts have significantly enhanced the protection and preservation of Uzbekistan's cultural heritage sites and strengthened the partnership between Uzbekistan and UNESCO.

One important aspect worth mentioning is the increased level of interest and readiness shown by the Government of Uzbekistan to establish an open and candid collaboration with UNESCO, particularly with the World Heritage Centre (WHC). The protection of World Heritage Properties has been a pressing topic on the agenda of all three meetings between President Shavkat Mirziyoyev and Ms. Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO, held since 2018, as well as in numerous high-level follow-ups.

One of the major accomplishments of these high-level meetings is the creation of the International Advisory Committee (IAC) for World Heritage sites in Uzbekistan, which was initiated by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev in 2019. The IAC, which includes distinguished international experts and representatives from the WHC, ICOMOS, and ICCROM, was officially launched in September 2021. This exceptional mechanism of cooperation between Uzbekistan and UNESCO is the only one of its kind in the region, and it is intended to enhance the implementation of World Heritage Committee decisions, as well as recommendations from monitoring and other missions at the local level. Within this framework, all pertinent issues, including challenging and problematic ones, are jointly discussed to arrive at practical solutions that are mutually beneficial.

The government of Uzbekistan is  committed not only to the conservation of the existing World Heritage properties but also to identifying and preparing new sites for inclusion on the list. In September 2023, the World Heritage Committee will review a new multinational transboundary dossier called the "Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor." If approved, this would be the first cultural site with Uzbekistan in more than 20 years. Uzbekistan's portion of the dossier comprises around 15 essential cultural and architectural sites located along the Silk Roads. The dossier was developed by Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.

In the past few years, UNESCO in Uzbekistan has been implementing a joint project with the European Union since 2018 called “Silk Roads Heritage Corridors in Afghanistan, Central Asia and Iran - International Dimension of the European Year of Cultural Heritage."  The "Silk Roads Heritage Corridors in Afghanistan, Central Asia and Iran – International Dimension of the European Year of Cultural Heritage" project funded by the European Union has supported several initiatives in Uzbekistan. From 2019 to 2022, the project facilitated the conservation of the Bogbonli Mosque in Khiva and the development of a Destination Management Plan and Sustainable Tourism Strategy. In 2021-2022, the project aimed to establish a Destination Management and Marketing Organization, develop the tourism brand for Khiva, and create a website to promote Khiva and support the conservation of its World Heritage sites.

In addition, UNESCO is also working on the preservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage in Bukhara through a project called "Preservation and Safeguarding of Cultural Heritage in Bukhara"  funded by Saudi Arabia. This project focuses on the conservation of Rashid Madrassah in Bukhara, where a Shashmaqom (music) center is planned to be established.

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"miracle world" section.

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O’zbekiston katta yoshdagi axolisi uchun, o’zbekiston oliy o’quv yurtlari talabalari uchun, ekskursiya xizmati: (1-20 kishilik guruxga), katta yoshdagilar va o’zr faoliyat yuritayotgan shaxslar uchun, oliy o’quv yurtlari talabalari uchun, tasvirga tushirish xizmati, eksponatlarning videokamerada suratga tushirish, eksponatlarni rasmga olish, umumiy qiymat: 0 so’m, state museum of the history of uzbekistan, expositions.

The State History Museum of Uzbekistan was established in 1876 and is one of the largest scientific-educational institutions in Central Asia. As a multi-discipline establishment, the museum fulfills a number of functions. It serves as a scientific research institution, it is the largest custodian of artifacts representing the material and spiritual cultural heritage in Uzbekistan and it is a centre of dissemination of historical knowledge. The museum has been included in the composition of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan since its foundation in 1943.

Immerse yourself in the world of history

The department “Miracle world” for the children was opened for the first time in Tashkent on August 19, 2011 at the State museum of History of Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan.

6-iyun kuni muzey zalimizda YUNESKO taskilotining tashabbusi bilan "Qaytarilgan madaniy boyliklar" nomli Xalqaro ko'rgazma ochildi.

2023-yil 17-mart O'zbekiston tarixi davlat muzeyida  "Navroʻz yangilanish va nafosat bayrami" tadbir va koʻrgazma boʻlib oʻtdi.

«1-Iyun Xalqaro bolalar kuni»ga bag‘ishlab "Qo'g'irchog'in-ovunchog'im" nomli ko'rgazma bo'lib o'tdi.

Useful links.

The Government portal of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan

State catalog of the national museum fund of the Republic of Uzbekistan