41; 5; −6
53; 29; −11
−2.6897 −2.6898 −2.6905 | | 0.0100 | 3.64 | 39; 22; 52 | −2.6906 |
| 0.0385 | 3.32 | 54; 6; −21 | −2.6907 |
R and L | | 0.0143 | 3.15 | 1; 6; −14 | −2.6901 |
|
L | | 0.0004 | 12.35 | −35; 0; −17 −54; 5; −17 −42; −6; 2 | −2.6896 −2.6899 −2.6901 |
Structural MRI. Holocaust survivors vs control participants thresholded at 0.005; axial slices.
Significant results up to p = 0.05 FWE cluster level. Larger clusters overlap several structures and can be divided into substructures for interpretation purposes. R – right, L – left, R and L – cluster covering bilateral medial cortices. Coordinates indicate the location with the maximum cluster value.
3.3.3. GMV reduction in holocaust survivors under 12 years in 1945
VBM showed a significant GM volume reduction in HS under 12 years in regions described in Table 6 and Fig. 2 .
Holocaust survivors, age under 12 years in 1945. Structural MRI, clusters with significant GM reduction compared to control group. Initial threshold 0.005 uncorrected, 0.05 FWE cluster level significance.
Laterality | Structure | p-corrected | cluster size [cm3] | Coordinates | T-values |
---|
R | | 0.0030 | 5.10 | 39; 23; 54 | −2.7195 |
| 0.0384 | 3.22 | 48; −59; 38 | −2.7242 |
R and L | | 0.0053 | 3.90 | −5; −32; 71 | −2.7206 |
| 0.0251 | 2.30 | 8; 44; 15 | −2.7275 |
L | | 0.0155 | 3.43 | −9; 26; −11 | −2.7199 |
| 0.0320 | 2.87 | −17; 57; 21 | −2.7022 |
Significant results up to p = 0.05 FWE cluster level. Larger clusters overlap several structures and can be divided into substructures for interpretation purposes. R – right, L – left, R and L – cluster covering bilateral medial cortices. Coordinates indicate the location with the maximum cluster.
Structural MRI. Holocaust survivors younger than 12 years in 1945 vs control participants, thresholded at 0.005; axial slices.
Structural MRI map of Holocaust survivors younger than 12 years in 1945 vs control participants with a liberal initial threshold of p = 0.01 is presented in Supplementary Material. The comparison of the subgroups of HS under 12 years did not yield a qualitatively different pattern from the comparison of the entire groups of participants when lowering the threshold to compensate for the small group sizes.
3.3.4. Correlation between GMV and PTSD symptoms
We found a significant correlation r = 0.395, p-value = 0.034, between grey matter volume in the stress-related network comprising ACC, OFC, and the insula and PCL-C test score.
4. Discussion
Extreme stress in childhood and young adulthood has an irreversible lifelong impact on the brain. More than 70 years after World War II, it is possible to identify lifelong psychological and neurobiological changes in people who survived the Holocaust as compared to a control group without a similar trauma history. There are apparent persistent differences in the frequency of depression symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and posttraumatic growth, in levels of well-being, and in GM volume in the brain.
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) displayed a significant GM volume reduction in the HS as compared to CG. The areas of reduced grey matter correspond to the map of the impact of stress on the brain structure: insula, anterior cingulate, ventromedial cortex including the subgenual cingulate/orbitofrontal cortex, temporal pole, prefrontal cortex, and angular gyrus. The reduced structures were reported in connection with stress, emotions, affective disorders, autobiographical memory cognition, and behaviour.
The massive reduction of insular volume is of particular note. The insula is functionally linked with other structures that showed volume reduction in HS, in particular with anterior cingulate (ACC), ventromedial prefrontal, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) ( Perez et al., 2017 ; Phillips et al., 2003 ). The anterior insula may be critical for processing emotions, self-awareness ( Stevens and Jovanovic, 2019 ), and in disorders of mood and anxiety ( Rolls et al., 2018 ).
The ACC is a limbic region associated with a multitude of cognitive and affective processes ( Perez et al., 2017 ) including fear regulation Diekhof et al. (2011) ( Drevets et al., 2008 ); and social behaviour ( Devinsky et al., 1995 ). The medial prefrontal cortex includes the pregenual/subcallosal ACC, subgenual cingulate, and OFC and is associated with the processing of emotions, emotional behaviour, and memory ( Noriuchi et al., 2019 ). The subgenual cingulate (BA 25) is being used as a target for deep brain stimulation therapy for major depression ( Rolls et al., 2018 ).
The temporal pole (TP) is a paralimbic region involved in the regulation of emotion ( Holland et al., 2011 ). A GM reduction in the left medial temporal gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus, possibly associated with autobiographical memory retrieval, was described in PTSD ( Li et al., 2014 ). The angular gyrus is linked to several cognitive functions including self-referential processing ( Stevens and Jovanovic, 2019 ). In a combat veteran PTSD study, the burden of psychological trauma across the lifespan correlated with reduced cortical thickness in limbic/paralimbic areas and in the medial precentral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices ( Lindemer et al., 2013 ).
It can be summarised that the regions with reduced GM volume are associated with functions that could have been influenced by extreme stress. Sustained stress exposure leads to persistent changes in brain circuits regulating behaviour and emotion ( Arnsten et al., 2015 ). This appears even more evident when looking at these regions from the network perspective. The insula is a core region of the salience network that is involved in dynamic prioritising of internal and external stimuli and is implicated in mood/anxiety disorders ( Perez et al., 2017 ). The reduced volume of the insula, ACC, and OFC is considered a sign of increased vulnerability to stress ( Bolsinger et al., 2018 ). Cumulative lifetime adverse events were associated with reduced insular, subgenual ACC, and medial prefrontal volumes ( Ansell et al., 2012 ). The regulation of emotions and of self-awareness are processed in a network composed of the insula and perigenual ACC/ventromedial prefrontal cortex ( Perez et al., 2015 ). The map of reduced GM volume in HS is nearly identical with the set of regions involved in social cognition ( Stevens and Jovanovic, 2019 ).
The affected regions belong to the three core neurocognitive systems crucial for cognitive and affective processing: the salience network, the default mode network, and the central executive network. Deficits in the three networks are associated with a wide range of stress-related psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder ( Menon, 2011 ).
Extreme trauma experienced in childhood has demonstrably lifelong consequences. The reduction of GM was significantly expressed in the young HS, who were under the age of 12 years in 1945. The brains of children are vulnerable despite the fact that children have a limited ability to cognitively process life-threatening situations ( Sigal and Weinfeld, 2001 ). The GM volume reduction in children is probably a consequence of maladaptive experience-dependent neuroplastic changes that are more expressed in a developing brain ( Thomason and Marusak, 2017 ). A lower GM volume in the ACC was found in individuals with prenatal stress ( Marečková et al., 2019 ). Early-life adverse events have been associated with smaller insula, ACC, and OFC ( Dannlowski et al., 2012 ; Rolls et al., 2018 ).
There were no observable changes in the hippocampus and amygdala. The volume reduction of the two structures has been reported in PTSD and affective disorders ( Bremner, 2006 , 2007 ; Teicher et al., 2003 ) but findings are not consistent. Earlier studies also did not find a reduction of the two structures in HS with PTSD ( Cohen et al., 2006 ; Golier et al., 2005 ).
Several hypotheses explain the mechanisms of the alterations in brain structure induced by stress. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leads the increased release of corticosteroids which can exert a negative effect on neurogenesis and an increase in apoptosis ( Li et al., 2014 ). However, a decrease in GM volume associated with a reduction in glia, with no loss of neurons, was described in ACC ( Drevets et al., 2008 ). In a stress model in mice, the GM reduction was explained by the loss of dendrites ( Blais et al., 1999 ; Kassem et al., 2013 ).
The GM reduction in our study is very probably the consequence of major psychological trauma. It is not explained by the effects of malnutrition on the brains of the survivors, as the majority of surviving children (with significant GM reduction) were hidden in non-Jewish families and did not experience extreme malnutrition. We found a significant correlation between grey matter volume in structures forming the stress network (insula, ACC, OFC) and PCL-C test score. This means that there is a clear link in our data between the grey matter volume and the psychological manifestations of posttraumatic stress symptoms.
To summarise the MRI part of our study: it shows an enduring lifelong effect of extremely stressful trauma on brain structure. The GM reduced areas correspond to the map of the impact of stress on the brain. The published studies mostly report the impact of stress on the human brain after a limited time period and do not address the question of whether the structural changes are reversible. Our data showing the lifelong consequences more than 70 years after extreme stress indicate that the GM reduction is irreversible. On the other hand, it is evident that the consequences of extreme stress can be compensated on a psychological level.
The psychological testing and HS interviews confirmed the profile corresponding to this structural map; however, the life course and other psychological signs display a more complicated and more positive pattern. After World War II, the psychopathology that characterised Holocaust survivors were described as a combination of chronic anxiety, depression, feelings of guilt, emotional instability, memory disturbances, and personality problems, alongside unresolved mourning and sadness ( Barel et al., 2010 ; Chodoff, 1963 ; Graaf, 1975 ; Helweg-Larsen et al., 1952 ; Prager and Solomon, 1995 ; Sagi-Schwartz et al., 2003 ).
In our study, the HS, when compared to CG, presented a more frequent occurrence of symptoms of chronic stress and depression and lower levels of well-being scores. On the other hand, the HS presented signs of resilience that probably considerably influenced their post-war life ( Heitlinger, 2011 ). They presented higher posttraumatic growth than the CG, and their self-estimation of their lives over the more than 70 years since the Holocaust showed a surprisingly positive pattern. The HS declared that they were satisfied with their lifelong personal life (in 79.6%) and with their professional careers (86.4%). That means that most of HS had productive and successful lives despite the atrocities they endured.
Surviving the Holocaust led to different reactions, including frequent suicides after the war. Those who were available for investigations for several decades after the Holocaust showed successful adaption capacities, similar to our study. The meta-analysis by Barel et al. elucidating the long-term consequences of the Holocaust for survivors suggested that alongside profound sadness there is room for growth ( Barel et al., 2010 ). Several studies have provided support for resilience in survivors of other genocides and persecutions, such as in Bosnia and Cambodia ( Ferren, 1999 ; Rousseau et al., 2003 ).
Holocaust survivors are not a homogeneous group and they vary in their post-trauma adjustment. Our study surpasses other published studies in the time that elapsed since the Holocaust – 70 to 75 years. The HS were up to 95 years old. We can speculate that surviving the Holocaust and living to a very advanced age could reflect a personality profile. It has been shown that Polish Holocaust survivors who immigrated to the British Mandate for Palestine after 1945 lived longer than the Polish Jews who immigrated before 1939, i.e. before the Holocaust ( Sagi-Schwartz et al., 2013 ). The results of a study of Holocaust survivors aged 75 and older revealed almost no differences regarding the sociodemographic and interpersonal variables when compared to a control group. Nevertheless, survivors were found to be more vulnerable ( Landau and Litwin, 2000 ).
Based on our data, we suggest that the combination of depression and chronic stress symptoms with GM reduction in critical areas and posttraumatic growth with good adaptation to life present characteristics of Holocaust survivors. It appears that the strong motivation of Holocaust survivors to rebuild their lives manifested itself primarily in raising families, becoming involved in social activities, and showing achievements on a wide spectrum of social functioning ( Joffe et al., 2003 ; Krell, 1993 ). The neurobiological consequence of extreme stress, i.e. reduction of GM in areas related to stress symptoms, may be compensated by resilience and psychological growth. The lifelong consequences of the Holocaust on survivors may help to understand the adaptational challenges for survivors of more recent wars and catastrophic events.
A brief conclusion of our study is that Holocaust survivors continue to show neurobiological and psychological signs of having been traumatised even more than 70 years after the extreme stress. Extreme stress in childhood and young adulthood has an irreversible lifelong impact on the brain.
5. Limitations
- • The fact that the study was conducting with older participants limited the time available for testing. A selection of brief psychological tests was chosen. The investigation lasted from 3.5 to 5 h. Participants were evaluated for depression symptoms but emotions were not otherwise tested; they were partially revealed in the interview.
- • We did not detect lifetime symptom stresses. The gold standard for posttraumatic stress disorder (CAPS; Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5) was not used, as it is time consuming.
- • The old age of the participants also limited the number of participants with MR data in sufficient quality.
- • The control group was composed of people with no Jewish heritage. In Central Europe, it is not possible to find Jewish participants who were not affected by the Holocaust. Otherwise, the geopolitical background of all participants was similar.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Monika Fňašková: Project administration, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization. Pavel Říha: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation. Marek Preiss: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation. Petr Bob: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation. Markéta Nečasová: Investigation, Formal analysis. Eva Koriťáková: Formal analysis. Ivan Rektor: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – original draft.
Declaration of competing interest
Acknowledgement.
The authors wish to thank Alena Damborská, Marie Dračková, Veronika Juričková, Alice Prokopová, and Nikola Vaseková for their participation in collecting data; Irena Rektorová and Klára Marečková for valuable advice; and Anne Johnson for grammatical assistance. We thank the MRI team at NÚDZ Klecany (led by Filip Španiel) for recording part of the data and the Jewish Community of Prague for providing financial help for this recording. We thank the Jewish communities in Brno and Prague and the Foundation for Holocaust Victims for their support and help with the recruitment of Holocaust survivors.
We acknowledge the core facility MAFIL of CEITEC MU, supported by the Czech-BioImaging large RI project (LM2015062 funded by MEYS CR), for their support with obtaining scientific data presented in this paper.
Appendix A Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100318 .
Supported by a grant from the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant no. AZV NV18-7 04-00559.
Data availability
Appendix a. supplementary data.
The following are the Supplementary data to this article:
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Home > Theses and Dissertations > Undergraduate Honors Theses > 120
Undergraduate Honors Theses
The holocaust's legacy: influencing jewish political identity.
Jordan Eskew , University of San Diego Follow
Date of Award
Spring 5-15-2024
Document Type
Undergraduate Honors Thesis
Degree Name
Bachelor of Arts in International Relations
Political Science & International Relations
Dr. Kacie Miura
This thesis addresses the intricate relationship between the historical persecution of the Holocaust and its enduring influence on contemporary Jewish political engagement, a subject of significant contemporary relevance in political and international relations. Despite broad recognition of the Holocaust’s impact, the specific ways in which its memory affects Jewish political attitudes and actions around the world in the modern day have not been sufficiently thoroughly examined. Utilizing qualitative methods, including interviews with 20 individuals—public figures, Holocaust survivors, their descendants, and broader members of the Jewish diaspora— this study focuses on understanding the interplay between historical trauma, community cohesion, and the political responses to security concerns and Israel’s geopolitical challenges. It hypothesizes that the collective memory of the Holocaust instills a pervasive sense of apprehension, influencing political affiliations and behaviors among both survivors’ descendants and the wider community. The findings of this project are intended to offer critical insights into the dynamics of Jewish political identity and decision-making. By highlighting the emotional and psychological dimensions of political engagement, this thesis not only addresses a notable gap in current research but also equips policymakers with a deeper, more nuanced understanding of Jewish political responses, ultimately facilitating more informed and empathetic political formulations in a complex global landscape.
Digital USD Citation
Eskew, Jordan, "The Holocaust's Legacy: Influencing Jewish Political Identity" (2024). Undergraduate Honors Theses . 120. https://digital.sandiego.edu/honors_theses/120
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Since May 28, 2024
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https://doi.org/10.22371/02.2024.006
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Holocaust survivors: three waves of resilience research
Affiliation.
- 1 Gerontology and Social Welfare, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. [email protected]
- PMID: 23092377
- DOI: 10.1080/10911359.2011.566797
Three waves of resilience research have resulted in resilience-enhancing educational and therapeutic interventions. In the first wave of inquiry, researchers explored the traits and environmental characteristics that enabled people to overcome adversity. In the second wave, researchers investigated the processes related to stress and coping. In the third wave, studies examined how people grow and are transformed following adverse events, often leading to self-actualize, client creativity and spirituality. In this article the authors examined data from a study, "Forgiveness, Resiliency, and Survivorship among Holocaust Survivors" funded by the John Templeton Foundation ( Greene, Armour, Hantman, Graham, & Sharabi, 2010 ). About 65% of the survivors scored on the high side for resilience traits. Of the survivors, 78% engaged in processes considered resilient and felt they were transcendent or had engaged in behaviors that help them grow and change over the years since the Holocaust, including leaving a legacy and contributing to the community.
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Jewish Holocaust Survivors Suffering from Trauma and Mental Illness: Approaches in Post War Sydney
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Series: In Their Own Words: Holocaust Survivor Testimonies
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6. Fine-tune the thesis. Your thesis will probably evolve as you gather sources and ideas. If your research focus changes, you may need to re-evaluate your search strategy and to conduct additional research. This is usually a good sign of the careful thought you are putting into your work!
JEWISH HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS SUFFERING FROM TRAUMA AND MENTAL ILLNESS: APPROACHES IN POST WAR SYDNEY An Untold Story DEBORAH GREEN B. Soc. Stud. M.A. (History). A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies University of Sydney, December 2019.
Abstract. The impact of the Holocaust on the descendants of survivors and the ways in which they embrace, embody and memorialise their family histories is the subject of this paper. The paper explores intergenerational storytelling and silences about the Holocaust through the lens of the number that was tattooed on the bodies of inmates in the ...
An Abstract of the Thesis of. Danielle Lewis for the degree of Bachelor of Science in the Department of Art and Technology to be taken June, 2021. Title: Humanizing the Holocaust. Approved: Tyrras Warren Primary Thesis Advisor. 2020 marked 75 years since the end of the Holocaust, often referred to as the.
The current study uses a strengths-based lens to explore the resilience narratives of five Holocaust survivors and their perspectives on experiences of resilience during and after the Holocaust. UsingInterpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), transcripts of one to one and a half hour interviews were analyzed by a team of three researchers.
Shrira (2015) concluded that the difference between middle-aged. children of Holocaust survivors who received informative and intrusive parental. communication suggest that there is higher secondary traumatization among those who. received intrusive Holocaust-related communication, which is reflected in their less.
Holocaust memorials, he says, are "monuments of warning." 1. Memorial makers must also decide how to express complex ideas in the visual vocabulary available to them. Shape, mass, material, imagery, location, and perhaps some words, names, or dates can communicate a memorial's message. Legal scholar Martha Minow asks,
Holocaust on survivors (e.g., Kahana, Harel, & Kahana, 1988), but others focused on survivors' resilience (e.g., Cassel & Suedfeld, 2006). Maladaptive Consequences After World War II, mental health professionals coined the term survivor syndrome (Niederland, 1968) or concentration camp syn-drome (Eitinger, 1964) to define the psychopathology ...
Language. Behind Every Name a Story consists of essays describing survivors' experiences during the Holocaust, written by survivors or their families. The essays, accompanying photographs, and other materials, including submissions that we are unable to feature on our website, will become a permanent part of the Museum's records.
A fully streaming video collection of more than 55,000 primary source testimonies from the USC Shoah Foundation of survivors and witnesses of the Holocaust and other genocides, including the Armenian Genocide, the Cambodian Genocide, the Central African Republic Conflict, contemporary antisemitism, the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda, the Guatemalan Genocide, and the Nanjing Massacre.
It explores the idea that it is the nature of the questions we direct at survivors concerning their testimonies that possibly make the difference between talking about and talking with survivors. In particular, this thesis will show that a more nuanced understanding of Holocaust testimony is only possible if we are aware that it is not only the ...
A research guide to help students in Prof. Mark Roseman's History of the Holocaust (Hist-B323). Help identifying scholarly publications, citing sources, defining primary sources, etc.
Thesis Statements ; Contact. Guide created by Scott Libson. Updated in January 2024 by Catherine J. Minter. Feel free to contact Catherine if you need help. ... Holocaust Survivors: A Biographical Dictionary comprises 278 entries on more than 500 survivors of the World War II genocide. The profiles, averaging 500 words, are mostly of Jews, both ...
In the interviews with the Holocaust survivors, respondents from the focal group typically cited war events (e.g. death of parents, war as a whole, hiding during the war, transport to and stay in a concentration camp, loss of a loved one), as well as topics related to communism (e.g. secret police interrogations, anti-Semitism) and health ...
The survivors of the holocaust were deeply effected by the trauma they encountered. This unforgettable experience influenced their lives, those around them, and even their descendants. When the infamous Hitler began his reign in Germany in 1933, 530,000 Jews were settled in his land. In a matter of years the amount of Jews greatly decreased.
The major forum for scholarship on the Holocaust and other genocides, Holocaust and Genocide Studies is an international journal featuring research articles, interpretive essays, book reviews, a comprehensive bibliography of recently published relevant works in the social sciences and humanties, and an annual list of major research centers specializing in Holocaust studies.
This project aims to identify young people who survived the Holocaust. Since its launch, the Museum has been able to find out what happened to many survivors. We have heard from friends, family members, and the survivors themselves—but there's still more to learn. Learn More. Listen to or read Holocaust survivors' experiences, told in ...
The Holocaust was Nazi Germany's deliberate, organized, state-sponsored persecution and machinelike murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five million prisoners of war, Romany, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and other victims. Holocaust is a word of Greek origin. It means "burnt offering."
This thesis addresses the intricate relationship between the historical persecution of the Holocaust and its enduring influence on contemporary Jewish political engagement, a subject of significant contemporary relevance in political and international relations. Despite broad recognition of the Holocaust's impact, the specific ways in which its memory affects Jewish political attitudes and ...
Holocaust survivors: three waves of resilience research J Evid Based Soc Work. 2012;9(5):481-97. doi: 10.1080/10911359.2011.566797. ... Of the survivors, 78% engaged in processes considered resilient and felt they were transcendent or had engaged in behaviors that help them grow and change over the years since the Holocaust, including leaving a ...
Between 1938 and 1960, over 31,000 Jewish refugees found a new home in Australia, at no cost to government for a period of five years after arrival. After surviving the Holocaust, some few arrived with extreme trauma. PTSD was only recognised as a diagnosis in 1980, and the study of Holocaust trauma only matured in the last 30 years.
When I began interviewing Holocaust survivors in the 1970s, the prevailing model for gathering survivor testimony did not yet exist. ... They speak broadly about the Holocaust and other examples of genocide and include statements explicitly or implicitly about what happened in places and times, how these were perceived and understood, how ...
What was it like to live through the Holocaust? Learn about individuals' experiences, actions, and choices from survivors themselves. Listen to excerpts from their oral testimonies. Browse transcripts of the recordings. And get to know the featured survivors by reading their biographies.