summary of essay of studies by francis bacon

Of Studies by Francis Bacon Summary

“Studies serve for delight, ornament, and for ability”.

Bacon says,

Bacon says a million dollars verses,

Of Studies Frequently Asked Questions

What are the views of francis bacon regarding studies in his essay “of studies”.

Bacon illustrates that corrupt men denounce education; imprudent men approve education; however the wise men utilize education according to the command of the real-world. He also warns the educated men not to indulge himself in an unnecessarily argument with people, likewise, educated men must not suppose that education can always cause the correct conduct or interpretation; moreover, educated men should not use purely to emphasize on their conversation with others. Rather, Bacon illustrates, some books must only be read, some must be ignored completely, while few books must be “Chewed and digested”, i.e. should be understood and interpreted completely. Furthermore, he advises that some books are read by other and they take notes out of it, and these notes are good enough substitute of a book to be read, however, this category mustn’t include the books with sublime subject matters.

Explain the line “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested” in reference to the context of Bacon’s essay “Of Studies”?

Hence, among the books that delight are tend to be the ones that are only to be tasted. As one doesn’t surely take in the philosophical knowledge, so one simple tastes it. The books that contain some wisdom and deep thoughts need to be swallowed. However, the books that contain a real sociological, philosophical, or psychological perception, and that necessarily becomes a part of one’s mental being, are to be chewed and digested. Nutrients are absorbed when one chew and digest the food and these nutrients become a part of the body. Similarly, the books that are useful, truthful, and worthier, Bacon says, must be chewed and digested. However, if they lack truth and wisdom, they must only be tasted.

What are the three main benefits of studies did Bacon mention in his essay Of Studies? And what are dangers associated with each benefit?

He argues that one study for delight as it allows an individual to be contented in himself. In short, studies make a man relax when he is away from social life. Studies also make one skillful to analyze and discuss a variety of topics in a prudent way and allow him to convince other with strong facts and arguments. Moreover, in business life that also includes politics, one’s judgmental qualities increases by thorough study.

The main purpose of Bacon’s essay is to guide people in experiences they might come across as they live in the world. He encourages the readers to bring their bookish knowledge in practical use.

Explain Francis Bacon’s perspective in the line “Writing makes an exact man” with reference to the essay “Of Studies”?

More from francis bacon.

Of Studies by Francis Bacon Summary and Analysis

Introduction.

The essay Of Studies by Sir Francis Bacon is the first essay in the series of ten essays published in 1597. Later, it was revised in 1612 with the addition of some more sentences and ideas in it along with the alteration in some vocabulary terms.

For these reasons, the essay is still popular among individuals of all ages. Adopting a didactic approach, the essay informs the readers about the benefits and uses of studies in one�s life.

At the beginning of his essay, Bacon describes the three main purposes of study including studying for gaining delight, studies done for ornamenting one�s life and studying in order to improve one�s ability.

While throwing light on the advantages and usefulness of studies, Bacon also puts forward some demerits of study as he thinks that studying for a prolonged period of time may lead to laziness.

He also condemns the act of studying from books solely without learning from nature around. The essay Of Studies further asserts the benefits of studies by considering this act as a medicine for the defects of the human mind and the source of enhancing one�s wit.

For Bacon, some books are only meant to be tasted; others are there to swallow while some books are meant for chewing and digesting properly. Therefore, the readers must choose wisely before studying any book to enhance his/her knowledge about the world around.

The essay by Bacon is enriched with intellectual wisdom, pragmatic approach and practical knowledge; therefore, it is considered to be the most beneficial essay for the students and young individuals.

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Home / Prose / Of Studies by Sir Francis Bacon | Complete Summary and Analysis

Of Studies by Sir Francis Bacon | Complete Summary and Analysis

“Of Studies” is one of the most quoted essays of Sir Francis Bacon. He has analyzed the importance of studies; therefore, in this essay, he convinces his readers to know its vitality. He does not only talk about bookish knowledge but also demonstrates the importance of experience; without experience, the studies cannot help a person, means Sir Francis Bacon. Moreover, in his eyes, studies and education are two separate things. However, he agrees that education is the name of studying books and experiences of life. He answers some common questions that arise in every common mind. For instance, he answers why we should read books; what are the impacts of studies in one’s life; why study without experience is useless; and many other such like questions.

He elaborates each assertion through either reference or example. Style of the author is simple but his arguments are much effective. Further, he uses concise sentences, similes , and Latin phrases to strengthen his stance.

Three Types of studies in the Eyes of Sir Francis Bacon:

From the very beginning of the essay, Sir Francis Bacon divides studies into three categories; in fact, these three types are benefits of studies. Studies serve three purposes, says Sir Francis Bacon, “delight”, “ornament” and “ability”. In Bacon’s times, the drama was banned; drama may have a moral purpose but it is certainly a source of entertainment. It was forbidden in that era; therefore, people had no other option except to rely upon books; thus, books replaced stage. From that point of view, if we think, then books are the source of entertainment. It may be the reason that Bacon has used the word “delight”. From modern views, there are still people in the world, who find delight in books instead of movies and plays.

However, in next lines, he has explained the word “delight” while saying, “their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring”. Hence, only words are different but the purpose is same i.e. entertainment.

Elaboration of the third purpose of studies, according to Sir Francis Bacon is “judgment and disposition of business”. It is somewhat professional. Studies can help a person in dealing with business matters. Thereby, studies support a person in professional life. Sir Francis Bacon has also used the word “judgment” to infer that studies enhance mental eyesight of a person. His vision becomes strong and he takes quick as well as accurate decisions in business matters.

Experience is the Key Factor:

“the natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.” Sir Francis Bacon

Why and What Kind of Books should We Study?

After describing the importance of study, Francis Bacon gives his own opinions, “read….to weigh and consider”. A person should not read books to win over a debate or to oppose arguments of others; nor should he read to believe on each and everything written in the book; rather he should study books to know the difference between right and wrong. Moreover, not every book is worth reading. He divides books, too, into three categories; “tasted”, “swallowed”, and “chewed and digested”. “Tasted” books are those, which require no special attention. A reader just needs to go through them; books that come in the category of “swallowed” need a little attention. Category, “Chewed and digested” is self-explanatory. These kinds of books need the full concentration of the readers. Each word and every line should be chewed completely and then digested.

Some Subjects and Their Purposes:

Conclusion of “of studies” by sir francis bacon: .

The whole essay proves the intellectuality of Sir Francis Bacon. It is full of wisdom. Every line, written by the author, is philosophically rich. His philosophy is definitely praiseworthy. Moreover, he is called the father of English prose not only because of his deep philosophy but also because of his writing style. He uses exact words to summarize his viewpoint. He tries to demonstrate his thinking in concise words. This essay is well knitted. There is no denying the fact that “Of Studies” is the pure creation of Sir Francis Bacon . In short, this essay is enough to regard him as the father of English prose.

Of Studies | Summary and Analysis

Summary and analysis of of studies by francis bacon.

Of Studies by Sir Francis Bacon, written in 1597 and enlarged in 1625, is an essay written in didactic style – it is intended to inform, or teach a lesson. Here, Bacon discusses the importance of studies, highlighting three main reasons to convince his readers of its necessity. In the end, we are told that merely studying a subject isn’t enough. What’s needed to perfect one’s study is the exercise and practice of the studied subject matter. On the whole, Of Studies is an engaging read from “ The Father of English Essays”.

Of Studies | Summary

Naturally clever men view studies with contempt , those with average wits admire i t, and wise men learn from it. Because studies do not teach how one should use the information- it simply provides it, it is up to the person’s wisdom to utilise it well. One should not study with the intention of contradicting or disproving others, nor should they entirely believe and rely upon everything they read- books should be read to understand and apply, to weigh and consider .

Together, it is reading, writing and discussion that makes a man truly wise. If he only has little of one of these elements, then he must have an overflowing abundance of the other. There are different academic subjects which provide different aspects of intelligence to a person – history for wisdom, poetry for wit, morals for gravity, philosophy for depth. And it is the presence of one that aids the improvement of the other. Bacon then makes a connection between intellectual improvement and physical improvement. Like how bowling is good for the stone and reins, and shooting for the lung and breast and so forth- which each sport aiding a different part of the body- each subject aids a different part of their intellectual capacity. If a man wants to learn to focus, let him study mathematics. If his wit is not up to par, let him study Schoolmen. If he is not up to par in his reasoning and analytical strength, let him study law. Every intellectual capability which one’s mind lacks has an apt solution in the form of a subject of study.

Of Studies | Analysis

In order to convey the importance of studying in a more efficient manner, he created three main reasons – to read for enjoyment , to read for merit , and to read for knowledge . However, it is interesting to note that he also inserts bits of advice, suggestions and explanations which elaborate his statements. Such an essay is termed ‘ didactic ’, as it is written with the intention of conveying a lesson or a point.

 “ To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. ”

He also proceeds to reiterate the link between studied knowledge and experiential knowledge, saying that one embellishes the other . We may understand from this, as well as his emphasis on using what the book teaches, that his idea of studying gives value to the ability to apply it in the real world. He regards studying as a tool, something one should be able to connect to real-world scenarios and consequently use. The following sentence gives an insight to how a person may observe studying based on their natural intellectual capacity:

“ Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.”

Studies are scorned by the shrewd, admired by the simple and observed by the wise.

“R ead not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. ”

One will not receive the same amount of knowledge if their intention is simply to disprove others. This may be because it is not a genuine desire to learn for oneself, but out of pure ambition, and therefore the motivation can disappear quickly. Similarly, Bacon also warns readers against naivety and quick relaxation. Believing everything immediately is equally as dangerous as learning without sincerity. The advice to “ weigh and consider” once more links back to Sir Bacon’s accentuation of application . One must understand what they study, when and how to use it, and the reason behind it. They must consider which information is valid for a given situation. It is only with this ability to think critically and use their book-learned information that they can say they are truly learned.

As this is a didactic essay, Sir Bacon ends it in a rather prescriptive manner- he tells the readers of the importance of different academic subjects, and how they may improve one’s skill and temperament. This advice is put forth in the form of information, with the idea of inspiring curiosity and willpower. He says :

“Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.”

“ Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. ”

Bacon’s main point in his essay Of Studies, is that there is a subject for every aspect of intellectual temperament , and becoming well versed in it will confirm personal growth and improvement. He ends the essay with “So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt. ” However, as he makes clear throughout the essay, it is crucial to maintain a balance. Too much is harmful, too little is purposeless. Too much of one and not enough of the other will work in contradiction. Intent is key, and most importantly, the experience and application of what one has read is what truly proves if they have understood their lesson.

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Of Studies By Francis Bacon | Of Studies Summary & Analysis

Table of Contents

Introduction

   Of Studies is the masterpiece essay nicely written by Francis Bacon. This essay is one of the most attractive essays, which was written on the behalf of Study. In the essay Of Studies, the writer Francis Bacon describes the importance of studies in human life. The essay Of Studies is the first essay in a series of ten essays published in 1597. The title of this essay collection is Essays or Counsels: Civil and Moral . In this essay, the writer has highlighted the importance of reading, writing, and learning in One’s life with experience, reinforcing the three purposes of studies – for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

            Francis Bacon is popularly known as an eminent essayist, thinker, scholar, and philosopher. He belongs to the Elizabethan age. So far as Francis Bacon is concerned, he was one of the greatest men of Literature and is popularly known as the Father of English Essays . Being the essayist of the Elizabethan age, he wrote a galaxy of essays on different issues. His world-famous essay is – Of Studies, Of Love, Of Friendship, Of Hatred, Of Death, Of Truth, Of Philosophy, Of Beauty, Of Ambition, and Of Custom and Education.

Analysis of “Of Studies”

The writer begins this essay by enlisting three purposes of studies which are as follows:

• Studies for delight : Studies for gaining delight or happiness in one’s life.
• Studies for ability : Studies for improving one’s ability in life.
• Studies for Ornament : Studies for ornamenting one’s life.

The first use of studies is that they serve for delight or pleasure. This delight can be found in solitude or leisure after retirement from active life. Secondly, studies serve as an ornament in communication, conversation, and discourse. An educated person talks more attractively than an illiterate person. The third help in decision-making or judgment and disposition of business.

            However, the studies have their own limitation. If too much time, is spent on studies, it is nothing but laziness. If these are used excessively in conversation, they tend to exaggerate and pose a person and if a scholar makes every decision of his life with his knowledge then it is foolish and humorous behavior of the scholar.

According to Bacon “ Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.”

            Men who are hardworking or primitive men hate or condemn studies. However, men with simple intellect admire them. Moreover, intelligent men use them practically . Studies do not teach their own uses. It is the wisdom of a person that teaches him to use them. The author says:

“Some books are to be tasted others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.”

            There are some books which have to be read – only in parts because they are useful to a person only in a certain place. It is not proper to read them word by word. On the contrary. Some books should not be read out of curiosity and some must be read with full attention and diligence as they require the full attention of the reader. Moreover, there are hidden treasures in this category of books that can only be found through the diligence of the reader.

            Bacon says a useful line in favor of reading, and according to him, “Reading maketh a Full Man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”

            It is reading that adds to a man’s knowledge and makes him complete in the sense of his wisdom. Undoubtedly, it is interaction with others that prepares a person practically. Furthermore, it is the skill of extensive or innovative writing that makes a complete person.

            In addition, the author describes some facts about studies. He says that if a man writes less, he needs a great memory to remember all the learned things. If a person interacts less he needs a present and sharp intellect and if one reads a little he must be clever in knowing what he does not.

            Bacon impresses the reader through his comprehensive and great sayings. He says,

“Histories make men wise; Poets, witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.”

            Bacon says that it is the history of the ancestors that makes the new generation wise and witty. These are the rules and regulations laid down by the ancients that make mathematics subtle. It is because of history that philosophy has deep meaning and can be defended through logic and rhetorical arguments. Bacon encloses the essay by saying;

“So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.”

          Bacon’s Of Studies essay deals with the benefits of the study to individuals in their daily lives. From reading books to writing papers, study plays an important role in a person’s life, making him learn, wise and experienced.

            Francis Bacon ‘s essay is rich in intellectual wisdom, practical approach, and practical wisdom. Hence, it is considered the most beneficial essay for students and young people.

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Of Studies by Francis Bacon: Introduction, Summary & Analysis

Table of Contents

Of Studies by Francis Bacon: Introduction

Have you ever felt that magical escape when flipping through the pages of an old book? Read Francis Bacon ’s timeless essay, “ Of Studies ,” a Renaissance masterpiece that continues to captivate minds since 1597.

While some may throw around big words like “epistemological framework,” fear not. “ Of Studies ” is a practical guide, a friendly chat with your worldly uncle, offering wisdom to the curious and ambitious.

Think of it as advice from someone who’s seen bookworms buried in tomes and practical folks scoffing at “fancy talk.” Bacon’s nuggets remind us that studies aren’t just about facts; they’re about enriching our lives in unexpected ways.

In his charmingly blunt way, Bacon reveals that studies are our playground, treasure trove, and even our weapon. They sharpen our conversation skills, improve judgment, and navigate human affairs. Yet, like any good uncle, Bacon warns against excess. Too much bookishness can turn us into lazy recluses, quoting without substance.

This post invites you on a journey through Bacon’s wisdom, exploring the three main uses of studies – for delight, ornament, and ability. Discover how a dose of knowledge can make us not just smarter but better versions of ourselves.

Laugh, learn, and raise an eyebrow or two as we reveal the secrets of “ Of Studies ”!

Text of Of Studies by Francis Bacon

Studies serve for delight , for ornament , and for ability . Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted , others to be swallowed , and some few to be chewed and digested ; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores [Studies pass into and influence manners]. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics ; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen ; for they are cymini sectores [splitters of hairs]. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases . So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

About Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon , born in 1561, is known as the father of English essays . He was also a pioneer in modern philosophy and science. Despite being born into a wealthy family, Bacon chose to study law and excelled in it as his profession. At the age of twenty-three, he entered Parliament in 1584. In 1603, he was knighted and held important positions like Solicitor-General, Attorney-General, and eventually became Lord Chancellor of England in 1618. Unfortunately, his time as Lord Chancellor faced challenges with bribery accusations, leading to his removal. Bacon passed away in 1626, five years after facing disgrace and retiring from public life.

Despite setbacks in his public career, Bacon’s literary contributions were remarkable. His well-known works on science and philosophy include “ Advancement of Learning ” (1605), “ Novum Organum ” (1620), and “ De Augmentis ” (1623). He also wrote “ History of Henry VII ” (1621) and “New Atlantis” (1627), an imaginary dreamland similar to Thomas More’s Utopia. However, Bacon’s primary fame lies in his work “ Essays or Counsels Civil and Moral. ”

Interestingly, Bacon had a low opinion of the English language and believed it would not endure. He wrote his serious works in Latin for greater permanence but used English for his essays, considering them insignificant. He referred to his essays as ‘certain brief notes’ or ‘repositories of dispersed meditation’ and ‘receptacles for detached thoughts.’ He compiled these from random brilliant or suggestive thoughts, constantly adding to them. Ironically, it is his English essays that have brought lasting fame, while his Latin works are now historical curiosities.

Despite his intellectual prowess, Bacon was criticized for lacking moral principles. He didn’t hesitate to use unscrupulous means to rise in life or betray friends who helped him. Perhaps Alexander Pope was right in calling Bacon “the wisest, the brightest, and the meanest of mankind.”

Summary of Francis Bacon’s “Of Studies”:

The benefits of learning:.

Francis Bacon, in his essay “ Of Studies, ” argues that learning, or “studies,” serves three main purposes: delight, ornament, and ability. Each purpose finds its best expression in different settings:

Delight : Studies offer pleasure and enjoyment in private moments of peace and quiet. Ornament : Studies enhance our conversation and public discourse, making us more eloquent and informed. Ability : Studies improve our judgment and decision-making, particularly in managing complex situations and businesses.

Bacon emphasizes that truly learned individuals excel in guiding others and formulating strategic plans. While skilled professionals can handle specific tasks individually, broader perspectives and effective leadership come from those well-versed in various fields.

Moderation and Balance:

However, Bacon warns against extremes. We must avoid:

Excessive study : Too much learning can lead to laziness and withdrawal from the world. Excessive showmanship : Using knowledge solely for self-glorification is foolish and pretentious. Over-reliance on rules : Blindly following academic principles without practical application is a scholar’s folly.

True wisdom lies in balancing theory and experience . Studies refine our natural abilities, just as pruning cultivates plants, but their effectiveness is limited without the grounding of lived experience.

Approaching Learning Wisely:

Bacon identifies different attitudes towards learning:

Crafty men : They dismiss the value of studies, seeing them as impractical. Simple men : They admire studies but lack sufficient understanding of their true use. Wise men : They utilize studies effectively, recognizing their limitations and supplementing them with independent observation and reflection.

Effective Reading Skills:

Bacon advises that we approach reading with a thoughtful and critical mind, not to blindly accept or argue, but to weigh and consider the ideas presented . Different books require different approaches:

Tasted : Some books offer valuable insights in parts, not requiring a full read. Swallowed : Others provide general knowledge that doesn’t demand in-depth analysis. Chewed and digested : A select few deserve thorough and attentive reading for deep understanding.

Delegating reading for summaries can be acceptable for less important or lower-quality works, but relying solely on these “distilled” versions dilutes the richness and nuance of genuine engagement with the text.

The Fruits of Learning:

Bacon emphasizes the value of different learning activities:

Reading : Makes one knowledgeable and well-rounded. Conversation : Enhances quick thinking and wit. Writing : Develops precision and clarity of thought.

He cautions that a lack of writing requires a strong memory, while neglecting conversation demands sharp wit, and minimal reading necessitates cleverness to mask your knowledge gaps.

Disciplines and their Impact:

Finally, Bacon highlights the specific benefits of various disciplines:

History : Develops wisdom and understanding. Poetry : Fosters wit and creativity. Mathematics : Sharpens logical reasoning and subtlety. Natural philosophy : Encourages deep and insightful thinking. Moral philosophy : Promotes seriousness and integrity. Logic and rhetoric : Equips one for effective argumentation.

He concludes by stating that learning shapes our character and behavior, and no mental limitation is insurmountable with appropriate studies, just as specific exercises address various physical ailments.

Overall, “Of Studies” offers a timeless perspective on the benefits and pitfalls of learning. By approaching knowledge with balance, critical thinking, and a focus on practical application, we can enrich our lives and develop our intellect to its full potential.

“Of Studies”: A Detailed Analysis

Francis Bacon’s “ Of Studies ” is more than just an essay on learning; it’s a philosophical exploration of the intricate relationship between knowledge and life. To truly appreciate its depth, we need to delve into the specific ways Bacon dissects the “uses” of studies, the pitfalls to avoid, and the ultimate wisdom it imparts.

The Threefold Utility of Studies:

Bacon lays out three primary benefits of pursuing knowledge: delight, ornament, and ability. Delight lies in the inherent joy of learning, the private satisfaction of exploring new ideas and concepts. It’s the pleasure of losing oneself in a good book, a quiet sanctuary from the world. Ornament refers to the enhancement of one’s discourse and social presence. Studies equip us with knowledge and eloquence, allowing us to shine in conversation and impress others. Finally, ability encompasses the practical application of knowledge in business and decision-making. It’s the ability to analyze situations, formulate strategies, and navigate complex challenges.

Finding the Right Balance:

However, Bacon warns against overindulgence in any of these uses. Excessive studies can lead to sloth and isolation, while relying solely on knowledge for ornament can make us pretentious and superficial. Blindly following academic rules without practical experience can turn us into pedantic scholars, divorced from reality. The key is to find a balanced approach, recognizing that true wisdom lies in combining study with experience :

Nature and studies: Our natural abilities are like plants that need pruning through study, but studies themselves require the grounding of experience to avoid becoming overly theoretical. Crafty, simple, and wise: Those who dismiss studies are ignorant, those who blindly admire them are naïve, and those who use them wisely are truly learned. Wisdom lies beyond mere knowledge, gleaned from observation and independent thought.

The Art of Reading:

Bacon goes on to offer practical advice on approaching books. He distinguishes between different types of texts, urging us to read selectively and critically :

Tasted : Some books offer a quick glimpse, like appetizers, to be enjoyed in parts. Swallowed : Others provide sustenance, to be read comprehensively but not obsessively. Chewed and digested : Only a select few merit thorough analysis and deep reflection.

He also emphasizes the importance of active engagement with texts, not merely passive consumption:

Read not to contradict : Approach texts with an open mind, not seeking to prove them wrong. Read not to believe blindly: Question assumptions and analyze evidence. Read not just to talk: Go beyond superficial discussion and engage in thoughtful reflection.

Sharpening the Mind:

Bacon then explores the transformative power of studies on various aspects of our intellect:

Reading makes a full man: Builds a broad base of knowledge. Conference makes a ready man : Develops quick thinking and social skills. Writing makes an exact man : Improves clarity and precision of thought.

He further suggests specific disciplines for honing different mental faculties:

Mathematics : Enhances logical reasoning and problem-solving. History : Cultivates wisdom and understanding of human behavior. Poetry : Develops wit and creativity. Natural philosophy : Fosters depth of thought and critical analysis. Moral philosophy : Inspires ethical reflection and sound judgment. Logic and rhetoric : Equips us with the tools of argumentation and persuasion.

The Final Takeaway:

“ Of Studies ” concludes with a powerful message: there’s no intellectual obstacle that can’t be overcome through targeted study, just as physical ailments can be addressed through appropriate exercises. This emphasizes the transformative potential of knowledge, its ability to reshape our minds and equip us to navigate the complexities of life.

In essence, Bacon ’s essay is not just a guide to studying; it’s a philosophy of lifelong learning. It encourages us to approach knowledge with curiosity, balance, and purpose, recognizing its power to enrich our lives both intellectually and personally. By understanding the various uses and pitfalls of studies, we can cultivate a love of learning that transcends mere academic pursuits and becomes a driving force for personal growth and societal contribution.

This is just a glimpse into the essay “ Of Studies .” Each sentence of the essay deserves careful consideration, and further exploration of specific themes and historical context can reveal even deeper layers of meaning.

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Of Studies, Francis Bacon: Summary & Analysis

"Of Studies" stands as one of the most widely quoted essays by the renowned philosopher Sir Francis Bacon. Within its pages, Bacon meticulously dissects the profound importance of acquiring knowledge, endeavoring to persuade his readers of its inherent vitality. His discourse extends beyond mere bookish knowledge, acknowledging the crucial role that experience plays in conjunction with scholarly pursuits.

Bacon distinguishes between studies and education, asserting that they are distinct yet intertwined. While education encompasses the assimilation of both book knowledge and life experiences, studies delve specifically into the acquisition of knowledge. Bacon deftly addresses common queries that pervade the minds of individuals, offering insights into the reasons behind reading books, the transformative impact of studies on one's life, and the futility of pursuing knowledge without the accompanying richness of experiential wisdom.

Throughout the essay, Bacon bolsters his assertions with references and illustrative examples, lending credence to his arguments. His writing style is marked by simplicity, yet the potency of his arguments remains palpable. Bacon employs concise sentences, similes, and Latin phrases to fortify his stance, lending further weight to his persuasive discourse.

"Of Studies" serves as a timeless repository of wisdom, inspiring individuals across generations to recognize and embrace the profound significance of knowledge. Bacon's compelling arguments, accompanied by his adept use of rhetoric, continue to resonate, reinforcing the indelible impact that studies and experiential learning have on personal growth and intellectual development.

The Threefold Significance of Studies: Insights from Sir Francis Bacon

Within his essay, Sir Francis Bacon classifies studies into three distinct categories, each offering unique benefits and serving a specific purpose. Bacon asserts that studies fulfill the roles of "delight," "ornament," and "ability." While these designations were particularly pertinent in Bacon's era, their relevance can still be observed in contemporary times.

In Bacon's time, the stage was banned, leaving books as the sole medium of entertainment. Consequently, books assumed the role of providing delight, offering a substitute for the forbidden drama. Even from a modern perspective, there are individuals who derive great pleasure and delight from the pages of a book, finding solace and entertainment within their captivating narratives, rivaling the allure of movies and plays.

Bacon further expands upon the notion of "delight," explaining that the chief purpose of books in providing delight lies in their ability to be enjoyed privately and in moments of solitude. Thus, although the terminology may differ, the essence remains the same: studies, whether in the form of books or other sources, continue to offer entertainment and personal enjoyment.

By delineating the multifaceted significance of studies, Bacon underscores their pivotal role in enriching our lives, both intellectually and emotionally. Whether through providing delight, enhancing our knowledge and intellectual capabilities, or adorning our persona with the "ornament" of wisdom, studies remain an invaluable pursuit for personal growth and fulfillment.

The Ornamental and Professional Aspects of Studies: Insights from Sir Francis Bacon

Bacon asserts that studies serve a second purpose: "ornament." Through the acquisition of knowledge, individuals are able to present themselves in a favorable manner, acquiring a refined demeanor and social grace. Studies enable individuals to cultivate etiquettes and manners that leave a lasting impression on society, bestowing upon them a perception of wisdom and sophistication in the eyes of others. While Bacon employs the term "discourse" to explain this purpose, it warrants further exploration.

Discourse, in this context, encompasses various forms of communication, such as professional, religious, romantic, motivational, or debate-oriented. By engaging in studies, individuals enhance their ability to communicate effectively in different spheres of life. They develop the power to express themselves eloquently, whether in their profession, their religious beliefs, or their personal relationships.

Furthermore, studies also serve the third purpose identified by Bacon: the development of judgment and the ability to handle business matters. This aspect aligns more closely with a professional context. By engaging in studies, individuals acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to navigate complex business situations. Studies strengthen their mental acuity, allowing them to make swift and accurate decisions, while also honing their overall judgment and business acumen.

In summary, studies not only enhance a person's ornamental qualities, elevating their social presence and communication skills, but also equip them with the discernment and competence needed to excel in professional endeavors. Bacon's insights highlight the profound impact that studies can have on shaping an individual's intellectual growth and their ability to succeed in various aspects of life.

The Role of Experience in the Pursuit of Knowledge: Insights from Sir Francis Bacon

"The natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience." - Sir Francis Bacon

Bacon emphasizes the indispensability of experience in conjunction with studies, asserting that without it, the three purposes previously discussed become futile. Excessive pursuit of studies for "delight" can lead to laziness, as the individual may become engrossed in the pleasure derived from knowledge acquisition without applying it to practical endeavors. Similarly, focusing solely on ornamentation can result in a mere display of learned knowledge, devoid of genuine understanding and critical thinking. Merely memorizing an array of rules and facts from books does not enhance one's abilities or contribute to the development of their cognitive capacities.

According to Bacon, every individual possesses natural abilities, akin to plants in need of pruning through study. While studies provide valuable directions and guidance, their full potential can only be realized when complemented by the guidance of experience. Experience serves as a guiding force, allowing individuals to discern the most suitable path among the multitude of options that studies present.

Furthermore, Bacon acknowledges that individuals perceive studies differently. Some disregard their value, while others appreciate their significance. However, the truly wise are those who skillfully integrate studies into their lives, harnessing their power to achieve personal growth and success.

In conclusion, studies offer a plethora of paths for individuals to explore, but it is the wisdom gained through experience that enables them to make informed choices and effectively apply their knowledge. Bacon's insights underscore the importance of combining theoretical knowledge with practical experience in order to fully benefit from the pursuit of education and intellectual growth.

The Purpose and Selection of Books: Insights from Sir Francis Bacon

According to Sir Francis Bacon, the act of reading should go beyond mere consumption. He emphasizes that the primary objective of reading should be to weigh and consider the ideas presented in books, rather than using them solely as ammunition in debates or blindly accepting everything written within their pages. The discerning reader engages with books to distinguish between right and wrong, developing a critical mindset.

Bacon further classifies books into three categories: "tasted," "swallowed," and "chewed and digested." "Tasted" books require minimal attention, with the reader simply skimming through their contents. "Swallowed" books demand a bit more attention and engagement from the reader. Finally, "chewed and digested" books necessitate the utmost concentration and thorough examination. Such books demand that every word and line be meticulously chewed, contemplated, and thoroughly digested.

By categorizing books in this manner, Bacon underscores the importance of discernment in choosing what to read. Not all books hold the same value or require the same level of engagement. Readers must exercise judgment to select books that align with their interests, intellectual pursuits, and desired depth of understanding.

In summary, Bacon encourages readers to approach books with a critical mindset, seeking to distinguish between right and wrong. He advises discerning readers to carefully select books that warrant their full attention, recognizing that different books may require varying levels of engagement and contemplation. By engaging with books in this thoughtful manner, individuals can derive the greatest benefit from their reading endeavors.

Subjects and Their Benefits: A Guide by Sir Francis Bacon

Sir Francis Bacon recognizes that different subjects of study offer unique benefits and contribute to the development of an individual's intellectual faculties. By engaging with specific subjects, one can enhance various aspects of their mental capacity and broaden their intellectual horizons.

Here is a list of subjects highlighted by Bacon and their corresponding benefits:

History Studying history increases wisdom, providing valuable insights into past events, human behavior, and the consequences of actions. Poetry Engaging with poetry nurtures and enhances the imagination, allowing one to explore the depths of creativity and appreciate the power of language and artistic expression. Mathematics Delving into mathematics develops the mind's subtlety, sharpening logical reasoning, problem-solving abilities, and analytical thinking. Philosophy Exploring philosophy deepens one's capacity for critical thinking, abstract reasoning, and contemplation of fundamental questions about life, knowledge, and existence. Logic and Rhetoric Engaging with logic and rhetoric cultivates the ability to argue effectively, present ideas persuasively, and engage in logical reasoning, enabling individuals to contend with complex concepts and effectively communicate their thoughts.

It is essential for individuals to choose subjects based on their personal interests, goals, and areas of improvement. By focusing on relevant subjects, one can actively pursue the specific benefits they seek to acquire. Bacon's underlying message is that through the diligent study of various subjects, individuals can strive for continuous self-improvement, exercising and nourishing their minds just as physical exercise strengthens the body.

Conclusion of "Of Studies" by Sir Francis Bacon:

The whole essay exemplifies the remarkable intellectuality of Sir Francis Bacon. It is imbued with profound wisdom, and each line bears the mark of philosophical depth. Bacon's philosophy, encapsulated within this essay, is undeniably praiseworthy. Moreover, his mastery of language and style has earned him the title of the father of English prose. In "Of Studies," he employs precise and concise words to succinctly summarize his viewpoints. The essay is masterfully crafted, showcasing Bacon's unique intellectual prowess. It is an exemplary work that solidifies Bacon's position as the father of English prose.

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Of Studies by Francis Bacon | Of Studies Essay | Francis Bacon | Explanation | Summary | Word Meaning | Questions Answers | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lessons

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• Post published: April 26, 2024
• Post category: ESSAYS / Francis Bacon
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Table of Contents

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores [Studies pass into and influence manners]. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores [splitters of hairs]. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

Essay Analysis

“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”

This line introduces the three main purposes of studies: for personal enjoyment (delight), for enhancing conversation or social interaction (ornament), and for improving professional skills (ability).

“Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.”

This line elaborates on the three purposes mentioned earlier. Studies provide delight when pursued in solitude, serve as an ornament in conversations, and enhance one’s ability to make judgments in professional matters.

“For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned.”

This line suggests that while experts can handle specific tasks, broader strategic decisions are best made by those who have a wide range of knowledge from various studies.

“To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar.”

This line warns against the misuse of studies. Spending too much time in studies can lead to laziness, using them excessively for show can lead to pretentiousness, and relying solely on their rules for judgment can lead to pedantry.

“They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.”

This line emphasizes the balance between studies and experience. While studies can perfect natural abilities, they are themselves perfected by experience. It uses the metaphor of a plant that needs pruning to illustrate this balance.

“Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.”

This line suggests that people’s attitudes towards studies reveal their character. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them. It also suggests that the true value of studies is not self-evident but must be discovered through observation and experience.

“Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.”

This line provides advice on how to approach reading. It suggests that the purpose of reading is not to argue, blindly accept, or find material for conversation, but to weigh and consider the ideas presented.

“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.”

This line categorizes books into three types based on how they should be read: some are to be sampled (tasted), some are to be read in their entirety but not in detail (swallowed), and a few are to be read thoroughly and thoughtfully (chewed and digested).

“Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.”

This line suggests that some books can be read indirectly through summaries or extracts made by others, but this should only be done for less important or lower-quality books. Otherwise, the result is like distilled water: lacking in substance.

“Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”

This line suggests that reading, conversation, and writing each contribute to a person’s development in different ways. Reading leads to a well-rounded person, conversation leads to a person who is quick to respond, and writing leads to a person who is precise and accurate.

“And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.”

This line suggests that if a person does not engage in reading, conversation, or writing, they must compensate in other ways: a person who writes little must have a good memory, a person who converses little must be naturally witty, and a person who reads little must be cunning to appear knowledgeable.

“Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.”

This line suggests that different subjects contribute to a person’s development in different ways: history makes a person wise, poetry makes a person witty, mathematics makes a person subtle, natural philosophy makes a person deep, morality makes a person serious, and logic and rhetoric make a person argumentative.

“Abeunt studia in mores [Studies pass into and influence manners].”

This Latin phrase suggests that what we study influences our behavior and character.

“Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.”

This line suggests that just as physical exercises can cure bodily diseases, appropriate studies can remedy defects of the mind.

“Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like.”

This line provides examples of how specific exercises can benefit specific parts of the body.

“So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again.”

This line suggests that if a person’s mind tends to wander, studying mathematics can help because it requires focused attention.

“If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores [splitters of hairs].”

This line suggests that if a person struggles to distinguish or find differences, studying the works of the Schoolmen (medieval theologians and philosophers) can help because they are known for their detailed and meticulous arguments.

“If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases.”

This line suggests that if a person struggles to analyze matters or use one thing to prove or illustrate another, studying law cases can help because they require such skills.

“So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.”

This line concludes the essay by reiterating the idea that every defect of the mind can be remedied by appropriate studies.

“Of Studies” by Francis Bacon, written in 1625, is a timeless essay that explores the multifaceted benefits of studying. Bacon contends that studies serve three primary purposes: delight, ornament, and ability.

Delight is found in the solitude of private study, where individuals can immerse themselves in the joy of learning. Ornament, on the other hand, manifests in eloquent discourse, enhancing one’s ability to communicate effectively. Lastly, studies contribute to ability by honing judgment and facilitating the efficient handling of business matters.

Bacon warns against the extremes of excessive devotion to studies. Spending too much time in studies can lead to sloth, while using them solely for ornamentation becomes affectation. Relying solely on learned principles for judgment is criticized as the folly of a scholar. He emphasizes the need for a balance between theoretical knowledge and practical experience, suggesting that studies, like natural plants, require pruning through practical application.

The essay advocates a discerning approach to reading. Bacon advises against reading merely to contradict or blindly believe but encourages readers to weigh and consider the content critically. He categorizes books into those to be tasted, swallowed, or chewed and digested, depending on their significance and complexity.

Bacon acknowledges the various disciplines that studies encompass, attributing wisdom to observation rather than blind adherence to learned principles. He notes the varied benefits of different fields, such as history making men wise, poets enhancing wit, mathematics fostering subtlety, and natural philosophy delving into the depths of understanding.

The Latin phrase “Abeunt studia in mores” encapsulates Bacon’s belief that studies pass into and influence manners, emphasizing the transformative power of education on character. The essay concludes with the idea that any impediment in the mind can be overcome through suitable studies, drawing parallels with physical exercises tailored to address specific health concerns.

In summary, “Of Studies” promotes a balanced and practical approach to learning, highlighting the diverse benefits of studying while cautioning against extremes. Bacon’s insights continue to resonate, offering timeless guidance on the purpose and application of knowledge in one’s life.

Author Francis Bacon, born in 1561, was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism for his contribution to the scientific method. His works argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature. His dedication to careful observation and empirical method made him the pioneer of modern scientific thought.

Introduction The essay “Of Studies” was written by Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. He is considered the first major English essayist. Bacon wrote a series of essays in the late 1500s to the early 1600s. Each of these essays began with “Of” in the title and followed a specific concept, such as “Of Truth”, “Of Atheism”, and “Of Discourse”.

The word “essay” was borrowed from the French writer Michel de Montaigne. In French, “essai” means an attempt or trial, somewhat like the fragments and proverbs that were popular at the time. This reflects the exploratory and reflective nature of Bacon’s essays.

In “Of Studies”, Bacon forcefully comments on the value of reading, writing, and learning. He uses parallel structures (in particular, tricolons) throughout this concise, aphoristic essay. His essay expresses several comments that can be interpreted in various ways. For example, he suggests that studies serve for delight, ornament, and ability. He also provides advice on how to approach reading.

Bacon’s essays, including “Of Studies”, have had a lasting impact. They continue to be studied and appreciated for their sharp worldly wisdom and their influential ideas about the role of studies in personal and professional development.

Structure The essay is structured as a series of aphorisms that express concise thoughts or principles. Each sentence in the essay can stand alone, with its own bit of wisdom or advice. This structure allows Bacon to cover a lot of ground in a relatively short essay, discussing the value of studies and offering advice on how to read and what to read.

Setting The essay doesn’t have a specific setting as it’s a philosophical exploration of the concept of studying. It’s a reflection on the general nature of study as a pursuit and its impact on the reader. The setting is the reader’s own mind and life, as they apply Bacon’s observations to their own studies.

Theme The main theme of the essay is the importance of studies in personal and professional development. It discusses how studies serve for delight, ornament, and ability. The essay also explores the idea that different types of reading and study have different effects on the mind.

Style Bacon’s style in this essay is concise and direct. He uses parallel sentence structure and clear, straightforward language to present his ideas. His sentences are dense with meaning and require the reader to pay close attention. His use of aphorism – a brief statement that expresses a general truth or principle – is a key feature of his style.

Message The main message of the essay is that studies are essential for personal and professional development. They provide delight in solitude, serve as an ornament in conversation, and enhance one’s ability to make judgments in professional matters. However, studies should be balanced with experience, and their use should be practical rather than ostentatious. Bacon encourages the reader to approach studies with a critical mind and to apply their learning to practical life.

Francis Bacon

Birth and Early Life: Francis Bacon was born on 22 January 1561 in London, England.

Education: He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, but did not receive a degree.

Career: He served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I.

Philosophy and Contributions to Science: Bacon is known as the father of empiricism. He argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature.

Influence on the Scientific Method: His works led to the advancement of both natural philosophy and the scientific method. His ideas about the importance and possibility of a sceptical methodology make him one of the founders of the scientific method.

Literary Contributions: He is remembered for the sharp worldly wisdom of a few dozen essays. He developed a system for cataloguing books under three categories – history, poetry, and philosophy.

Famous Quote: He famously said, “Some books are to be tasted; others swallowed; and some few to be chewed and digested.”.

Death: He died on 9 April 1626.

Word Meaning

Very Short Answer Questions

Q: Who is the author of “Of Studies”?

A: The author of “Of Studies” is Francis Bacon.

Q: What are the three benefits of studies according to Bacon?

A: According to Bacon, studies serve for delight, ornament, and ability.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about spending too much time in studies?

A: Bacon suggests that spending too much time in studies is sloth.

Q: How does Bacon categorize books?

A: Bacon categorizes books into those to be tasted, swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “studies perfect nature”?

A: Bacon means that studies can help improve our natural abilities.

Q: What is the balance that Bacon emphasizes in the essay?

A: Bacon emphasizes the balance between studies and experience.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about reading?

A: Bacon suggests that we should read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, but to weigh and consider.

Q: What does Bacon say about crafty men, simple men, and wise men in relation to studies?

A: Bacon says that crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large”?

A: Bacon means that studies can provide broad guidance that needs to be bounded by experience.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about using studies for ornament?

A: Bacon suggests that using studies too much for ornament is affectation.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “studies pass into and influence manners”?

A: Bacon means that what we study influences our behavior and character.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about reading little?

A: Bacon suggests that if a person reads little, they need to be cunning to appear knowledgeable.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about writing little?

A: Bacon suggests that if a person writes little, they need to have a great memory.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about conferring little?

A: Bacon suggests that if a person confers little, they need to have a present wit.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “Histories make men wise”?

A: Bacon means that reading histories can make a person wise.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “poets witty”?

A: Bacon means that reading poetry can make a person witty.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “the mathematics subtle”?

A: Bacon means that studying mathematics can make a person subtle.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “natural philosophy deep”?

A: Bacon means that studying natural philosophy can make a person deep.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “moral grave”?

A: Bacon means that studying morality can make a person serious.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “logic and rhetoric able to contend”?

A: Bacon means that studying logic and rhetoric can make a person argumentative.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about a man’s wit being wandering?

A: Bacon suggests that if a man’s wit is wandering, he should study mathematics.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about a man’s wit not being apt to distinguish or find differences?

A: Bacon suggests that if a man’s wit is not apt to distinguish or find differences, he should study the Schoolmen.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about a man not being apt to beat over matters? A: Bacon suggests that if a man is not apt to beat over matters, he should study the lawyers’ cases.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “every defect of the mind may have a special receipt”?

A: Bacon means that every defect of the mind can be remedied by appropriate studies.

Q: What is the main message of the essay “Of Studies”?

A: The main message of the essay is that studies are essential for personal and professional development, but they should be balanced with experience.

Short Answer Questions

Q: What are the three main purposes of studies according to Francis Bacon in his essay “Of Studies”?

A: According to Bacon, studies serve for delight, ornament, and ability. They provide personal enjoyment, enhance our conversations, and improve our ability to make judgments in professional matters.

Q: How does Bacon in his essay “Of Studies” suggest we should approach reading?

A: Bacon suggests that we should read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, but to weigh and consider. This means we should approach reading with an open and critical mind.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large” in his essay “Of Studies”?

A: Bacon means that studies can provide broad guidance that needs to be bounded by experience. In other words, while studies can give us a lot of information, this information needs to be tempered and guided by practical experience.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about the misuse of studies in his essay “Of Studies”?

A: Bacon warns against the misuse of studies. He suggests that spending too much time in studies can lead to laziness, using them excessively for show can lead to pretentiousness, and relying solely on their rules for judgment can lead to pedantry.

Q: What balance does Bacon emphasize in his essay “Of Studies”?

A: Bacon emphasizes the balance between studies and experience. While studies can perfect natural abilities, they are themselves perfected by experience. This suggests that both theoretical knowledge and practical experience are important for personal and professional development.

Q: How does Bacon categorize books in his essay “Of Studies”?

A: Bacon categorizes books into those to be tasted, swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. This means that different books require different levels of engagement. Some books are to be sampled, others are to be read in their entirety but not in detail, and a few are to be read thoroughly and thoughtfully .

Q: What does Bacon mean by “studies pass into and influence manners” in his essay “Of Studies”?

A: Bacon means that what we study influences our behavior and character. The knowledge and skills we gain from our studies can shape our attitudes, values, and actions.

Q: What does Bacon suggest about a man’s wit being wandering in his essay “Of Studies”?

A: Bacon suggests that if a man’s wit is wandering, he should study mathematics. This is because mathematics requires focused attention and logical thinking, which can help train the mind to be more disciplined and focused.

Q: What does Bacon mean by “every defect of the mind may have a special receipt” in his essay “Of Studies”?

A: Bacon means that every defect of the mind can be remedied by appropriate studies. Just as different diseases require different treatments, different mental shortcomings can be addressed by studying different subjects.

Q: What is the main message of the essay “Of Studies” by Francis Bacon?

A: The main message of the essay is that studies are essential for personal and professional development. They provide delight in solitude, serve as an ornament in conversation, and enhance one’s ability to make judgments in professional matters. However, studies should be balanced with experience, and their use should be practical rather than ostentatious.

Essay Type Questions

Write the critical appreciation of the essay..

1. Author’s Background and Context:

Francis Bacon, a prominent English philosopher, scientist, and essayist, wrote “Of Studies” in 1625. Bacon’s background as a Renaissance figure deeply influenced his approach to knowledge. His commitment to the empirical method and the advancement of science is evident in his essays. As Lord Chancellor of England, Bacon held a significant position in society, and this might have shaped his perspectives on education and intellectual pursuits.

2. Historical Context and Relevance:

The essay was written during a period of intellectual upheaval and exploration. The Renaissance was marked by a renewed interest in classical knowledge, humanism, and scientific inquiry. Bacon’s essay reflects this intellectual climate, addressing the significance of studies in a changing world. Despite being centuries old, the essay remains relevant due to its timeless insights into the nature and purpose of education.

3. Structure and Organization:

Bacon’s essay follows a structured format, with each paragraph dedicated to a specific aspect of studying. The logical progression of ideas enhances the clarity of his message. The deliberate organization allows readers to navigate through different dimensions of studying, from its purposes to practical recommendations.

4. Clarity of Expression and Style:

Bacon’s writing is characterized by clarity and directness. His sentences are concise, making complex ideas accessible to a broad audience. The use of metaphors, such as comparing studies to pruning plants or tasting books, adds vividness to the prose, making the concepts more relatable. This style aligns with Bacon’s commitment to the advancement of knowledge and the importance of clear communication.

5. Themes Explored:

a. Three Purposes of Studies:

Bacon’s exploration of the threefold purpose of studies – delight, ornament, and ability – demonstrates his nuanced understanding of the multifaceted nature of education.

b. Balanced Approach:

A central theme is the emphasis on balance in studying. Bacon warns against extremes, such as excessive devotion to studies or using them solely for show. This theme underscores the practical wisdom Bacon advocates for.

c. Individual Tailoring of Studies:

Bacon’s recommendation to tailor studies based on individual needs and deficiencies is a significant theme. This personalized approach aligns with the idea that education should not be a one-size-fits-all model.

6. Practical Wisdom and Observational Learning:

Bacon’s essay goes beyond traditional academic wisdom. He advocates for practical wisdom gained through observation and experience. The distinction between crafty, simple, and wise individuals emphasizes the importance of applying knowledge in real-life situations.

7. Metaphorical Use of Language:

Bacon employs metaphors effectively to convey complex ideas in a relatable manner. The metaphor of pruning plants to describe the refinement of natural abilities through studies or the analogy of different intellectual activities to physical exercises adds depth and visual appeal to his arguments.

8. Relevance to Modern Education:

Despite being written centuries ago, Bacon’s insights are applicable to contemporary education. His call for a balanced approach, the importance of critical thinking, and the need to tailor education to individual strengths and weaknesses remain pertinent in today’s educational discourse.

9. Impact on Educational Philosophy:

Bacon’s essay has left an enduring impact on educational philosophy. His emphasis on the practical application of knowledge, the integration of theory and experience, and the individualized approach to learning has influenced subsequent generations of educators and scholars.

10. Criticisms and Debates:

While praised for its timeless wisdom, “Of Studies” has faced criticisms. Some argue that Bacon’s emphasis on utility might undervalue the intrinsic value of knowledge. Additionally, the essay’s gender-neutral language reflects the social norms of Bacon’s time and has been criticized for not addressing diverse perspectives.

11. Conclusion and Enduring Significance:

“Of Studies” by Francis Bacon continues to be appreciated for its enduring significance in the realm of education. The essay’s emphasis on balance, practical wisdom, and individualized learning resonates with contemporary discussions on educational philosophy and pedagogy. Its historical context, coupled with its timeless insights, renders it a valuable piece of literature that enriches our understanding of the purpose and nature of education.

Write long note on Francis Bacon as Essayist.

Francis Bacon as Essayist: Master of Wisdom and Wit

Francis Bacon, the renowned polymath of the 17th century, left an indelible mark not just on philosophy and science but also on the realm of literature. His essays, particularly the collection titled “Essays” published in stages between 1597 and 1625, established him as a pioneer and master of the English essay form. This note explores the key characteristics of Bacon’s essays, highlighting his unique style, insightful content, and enduring influence on the genre.

1. Pioneering the Essay Form:

Breaking the Mold: Prior to Bacon, essays were primarily focused on theological or scholarly topics. Bacon, however, ventured into personal reflections, observations on human nature, and practical advice, paving the way for a more personal and wider scope for the essay.

Aphoristic Style: He adopted a concise and pithy style, characterized by short, impactful sentences and memorable phrases. This “aphoristic” approach allowed him to pack a wealth of wisdom into brief passages, making his essays easily digestible and quotable.

Informal Tone: Unlike the formal and pedantic writing of the time, Bacon’s essays employed a conversational and engaging tone, often addressing the reader directly and drawing them into his thought process.

2. Content and Themes:

Worldly Wisdom: The essays delve into a vast array of topics, from politics and morality to education and human relationships. Bacon’s focus is on practical wisdom, offering insights and advice that can be applied to everyday life.

Empiricism and Observation: Drawing from his scientific background, Bacon emphasized the importance of observation and experience over abstract theorizing. This empirical approach lends a sense of groundedness and practicality to his writings.

Balance and Moderation: He advocated for a balanced approach to life, urging readers to avoid extremes and embrace moderation in all aspects, including studies, ambition, and personal conduct.

3. Style and Language:

Metaphors and Similes: Bacon masterfully employs vivid metaphors and similes to illustrate his ideas, making them more relatable and memorable. Comparing natural abilities to plants needing pruning, for example, effectively highlights the need for refinement through learning.

Parallelism and Repetition: He uses parallelism and repetition to emphasize key points and create a rhythmic flow, enhancing the clarity and memorability of his prose.

Precise and Evocative Vocabulary: While maintaining clarity, Bacon selects words that convey specific nuances and leave a lasting impression. His language is rich and varied, yet avoids unnecessary complexity.

4. Legacy and Influence:

Father of the English Essay: Bacon’s groundbreaking contributions are widely recognized, earning him the title of “Father of the English Essay.” His work paved the way for a new generation of essayists like Montaigne and Alexander Pope, who adopted and adapted his style and themes.

Timeless Relevance: Despite being written centuries ago, Bacon’s essays retain their relevance due to their focus on universal human experiences and practical wisdom. His insights on learning, personal conduct, and navigating the complexities of life resonate with readers across time and cultures.

5. Conclusion:

Francis Bacon’s essays stand as a testament to his intellectual prowess, wit, and ability to translate complex ideas into clear and engaging prose. He revolutionized the essay form, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to inspire and influence writers and readers alike. His wisdom and insights remain valuable companions for anyone seeking to navigate the complexities of life and make sense of the world around them.

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"Of Studies" by Francis Bacon

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Francis Bacon, the first major English essayist , comments forcefully in "Of Studies" on the value of reading, writing, and learning.

"Of Studies" is an aphoristic  essay. Notice Bacon's reliance on parallel structures (in particular, tricolons ) throughout. Then, compare the essay to Samuel Johnson 's treatment of the same theme more than a century later in "On Studies".

The Life of Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon is considered a Renaissance man. He worked as a lawyer and scientist throughout his life (1561-1626.)

Bacon's most valuable work surrounded philosophical and Aristotelian concepts that supported the scientific method. Bacon served as an attorney general as well as lord chancellor of England and received his education from several universities including Trinity College and the University of Cambridge.

Bacon wrote over 50 essays beginning with "Of" in the title and following the concept, such as " Of Truth ", "Of Atheism", and " Of Discourse ".

Francis Bacon Facts

Bacon's uncle was the lord keeper for Queen Elizabeth I. He helped symbolize the approvals for key documents. Additionally:

• Bacon is known as the father of the scientific method which was influenced by his own Baconian method based on reason and observation.
• Around 1621, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on charges of bribery.
• He died of bronchitis in 1626 after going in the snow in Highgate, London.

Interpretations of "Of Studies'"

Bacon's essay expresses several comments in "Of Studies" that can be interpreted as the following:

• Studying is helpful for better understanding and provides knowledge that develops experience, as well as a character that grows.
• Reading provides delight and fun, ornament and showing off, and the ability to succeed.
• Bacon expanded upon different fields of study depending on one's goal; for example, to master clarity with language, study poetry.

"Of Studies" Excerpt

"Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores [Studies pass into and influence manners]. Nay, there is no stone or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores [splitters of hairs]. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt."

Bacon published three editions of his essays (in 1597, 1612, and 1625), and the last two were marked by the addition of more essays. In many cases, they became expanded works from earlier editions. This is the best-known version of the essay "Of Studies", taken from the 1625 edition of "Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral".

Version From the First Edition (1597)

"Studies serve for pastimes, for ornaments, for abilities; their chief use for pastimes is in privateness and retiring; for ornaments in discourse; and for ability in judgment; for expert men can execute, but learned men are more fit to judge and censure. To spend too much time in them is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar; they perfect nature, and are themselves perfected by experience; crafty men contemn them, wise men use them, simple men admire them; for they teach not their use, but that there is a wisdom without them and above them won by observation. Read not to contradict nor to believe, but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some are to be read only in parts, others to be read but curiously, and some few to be read wholly with diligence and attention. Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready, and writing an exact man; therefore, if a man write little, he had need of a great memory; if he confer little, he had need of a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not know. Histories make wise men; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend."

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• Of Truth, by Francis Bacon

Literary Yog

Of Studies by Francis Bacon: Easiest Summary, Line by Line Explanation, and Theme

In this blog post on “Of Studies”, I will discuss the following points:

Table of Contents

Of Studies Summary

Studies here mean the collective studies that a person does. The main idea of “ Of Studies ” by  Francis Bacon  is the benefits of studies. Reading helps readers to cope with diverse situations.

Reading also enhances intellect and cures restraints on the minds of readers.

The essay provides the proper method for reading different subjects and discusses their benefits. For instance, history makes men wise; poetry witty; the mathematics subtle; philosophy deep, etc.

In short, the theme of “Of Studies” is how books benefit a reader tremendously in different ways. 

Line by Line Explanation

Three important   uses   of studies.

At the outset, Francis Bacon states the  three beneficial purposes   of studies : delight, ornament, and ability. 

The first utility is reading delights the reader. Reading in privateness and retiring is worthwhile, since it provides immense pleasure. 

For instance, if a reader enjoys fiction like  Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist .  Then the quest for treasure would entertain him. The journey of Santiago from Andalusia to the pyramid is quite delightful. Thus, studies not only compensate for boredom but also provide enormous pleasure to the reader.

The second purpose is it adds ornament to discourse. In a written or spoken discussion, studies help a well-read person to exhibit his knowledge more efficiently than an average person does .

For instance, in  Of Truth ,  Of Love , and Of Friendship , Bacon heavily uses Latin phrases in these essays. It shows his excellence in Latin. Therefore, Bacon uses it for ornament in his writing. 

Studies also improve the judgment ability of a reader and the arrangement of things. One can be an expert without studies. However, there is a distinction between an expert and a learned man. An expert can execute his plan and even judge a situation, but a learned man can perform better by giving advice, making plans, and managing things. Therefore, a learned man is better than an expert. 

I have discussed an example in the video below. 

The Effect of Excessive Studies

In these three ways, studies serve a reader. However, too much study is dangerous. The reason is excessive readers lead a sedentary lifestyle. When a reader sits for long, the immobility makes the body sluggish.

Similarly, using decorated words and knowledge excessively in discourse does the opposite. Too much use of ornaments would show a learned man ostentatious. Bacon also states that making judgments based on bookish knowledge is the humor of a scholar.

Consideration and application of the learning without understanding the practical world are inaccurate. A reader must be able to distinguish between theory and practical application while judging.

In each situation, Bacon emphasizes excess of anything is unwelcome. Therefore, a learner must maintain an equilibrium between studying and other activities, ornament and argument, and theory and practical.

Bacon repeats his principal argument that studies hone human nature and experience perfects it. Bacon draws an analogy between natural plants and the natural abilities of a person.

We cut the plants, which could grow in any direction, for growth. 

Studies nurture the natural abilities of man. It enhances the comprehension of the reader. But that remains unfulfilled until the person gains experience related to the subject of study. It means knowledge and experience make reading complete.

Views of Studies

Studies benefit a reader in diverse ways. However, not all men admire it. For instance, crafty men contempt studies. They think it does not help individuals. They deal with different situations of life without studies. Therefore, for them, studies are of no use.

On the contrary, simple men admire studies. The simple men are aware of the benefits of studies and are amazed to see a knowledgeable man.

On the other hand, wise men take the best out of their studies by using theoretical knowledge practically. Books do not tell readers about their pragmatic aspects. One gains the ability to implement knowledge in learning through observation. Bacon emphasizes that having bookish knowledge is not enough. Our theoretical information is complete only when we use it in real life. 

Real Method of Studies

To get the most out of books, Francis Bacon suggests one method of study. One should not read to prove others wrong. The reader looks for points that he can use in an argument. While reading with this motive, the reader loses what the book offers. 

The reader must not also believe what the book says or take everything every word for granted. This approach is also problematic because instead of using his mind, the reader does nothing except imbibe the knowledge theoretically. 

A reader should not also read just for discourse. He will be concerned about the points that he can use in the discussion. As a result, learning becomes superficial. 

Contrary to these approaches, a reader should try to comprehend the message or argument/s of the writer. For example, while reading  Essays  (1597) by Francis Bacon, we should not read it to confuse someone, blindly follow it, and read it wholly for discourse. The best approach would be to consider what Bacon says on different subjects in  Essays . 

I would like to add here that the best practice of reading is syntopical reading. Mortimer Adler states, in  How to Read a Book , syntopical reading or comparative reading is analyzing a subject based on a man’s studies of books on the same topic.

Not Every Book is Same

However, Bacon reminds us we cannot follow this method everywhere. He says,

“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” Bacon 209

We need to read some books (for entertainment) partially. We can skim the parts of these books.

We need to read some other books plainly. They are necessary for memorization so that we can use them in real life.

There are only a few books that need our complete attention. We need to read the book with constant focus and effort. In these cases, analytical reading is critical.

Bacon also suggests that we can study abridged versions and summaries of unimportant books. These books are like distilled water, which has no significance for later use. Therefore, it is up to the reader to decide the correct method.

Benefits of Studies

Bacon also discusses the effects of reading, discussion, and writing. He says, 

“reading makes a full man; conference leads to a ready man while writing makes an exact man .” (Bacon 1)

Reading provides a reader with knowledge. When one reads books one after the other, knowledge expands. In this way, it fills the reader with wisdom.

Like reading, continuous engagement in the discussion makes a well-read person good at the discourse. In conferences, the practice of using knowledge instantly and constant practice makes one prepared for any topic to talk about.

Furthermore, if the reader notes down his thought or opinion on a book, he can revisit them later without pressuring the memory.

If one does not do any of them, he needs to pretend to know things if he reads little. Otherwise, his lack of knowledge will become apparent. Moreover, if one does not know the topic, he needs to have a presence of mind.

And if a person does not write much, he needs to have significant memory because he must rely on his memory for everything he thinks.

Benefits of studying different subjects

Francis Bacon restates the benefits of reading diverse fields of knowledge. Francis Bacon mentions,

Histories make Men Wise; Poets Witty; The Mathematics Subtill; Natural Philosophy Deepe; Morall Grave; Logick and Rhetorick Able to Contend. (Bacon 210)

For an explanation, watch the video below-

Further, Bacon says that the way a particular physical exercise is appropriate for a distinct disease of the body, similarly proper studies can improve intelligence. 

For instance, for a distracted mind, mathematics would be fit to improve concentration. While doing mathematics, we need to focus. If the mind wanders at the moment, then it would spoil everything. Thus, it is a practice to do a particular task with focus.

If the mind finds it hard to differentiate between matters, then studying the philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages would be beneficial as we consider them for their logical distinctions.

Studying lawyers’ cases would be the right thing to do if one wants to improve their reasoning skills. So, for such flaws of mind, reading has the solution.

Of Studies Theme

The theme of “Of Studies” is the  benefits of reading . I have made a video where I have focused on the theme of the essay. You can watch the video below.

In the essay, Bacon mainly discusses the benefits of reading. He also discusses the benefits of reading different subjects. However, he does not support idle sitting. He makes his arguments balanced by focusing on the experience. For Bacon, we complete studies only with experience.

Bibliography

• Adler, Mortimer J and Charles Van Doren. How to Read a Book . Simon & Schuster, 2014.
• Bacon, Francis. “Of Truth.”  Francis Bacon: The Essays , edited by John Pitcher, Penguin Books, 1985, pp. 209, 210.
• Coelho, Paulo. The Alchemist . Harper Collins, 2012.

I'm a PhD research scholar & MPhil degree holder from DU, Assam and also a budding blogger. I have cracked CBSE NET (July 2018), NE-SLET (July 2018), and UGC-NTA-NET (June 2019).

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Of Studies by Francis Bacon: Ultimate Guide

Ever questioned the me a ns to use the profound insights into human nature and society that can be gleaned from the studies by Francis Bacon ? Delve into the timeless wisdom and thought-provoking perspectives offered by one of history’s most influential philosophers. Explore the wealth of knowledge waiting to be uncovered within Bacon’s writings, offering a unique lens through which to view the world around us. Join us on a journey through the intellectual landscape shaped by Bacon’s groundbreaking works, question and use, and discover the enduring relevance of his ideas in today’s context.

Table of Contents

Key takeaways.

Value of Education: Francis Bacon emphasizes the importance of studies as a pathway to knowledge and personal growth.

• Practical Application: Apply Bacon’s insights by dedicating time to learning, reading widely, and reflecting on acquired knowledge.
• Academic Significance: “Of Studies” by Francis Bacon remains relevant in academia, highlighting the timeless relevance of education and scholarship.
• Enhancing Learning: Connect with the text by exploring how Bacon’s ideas on studies can enhance your own educational journey.
• Effective Study Habits: Incorporate study tips such as creating a conducive study environment, setting goals, and maintaining a balance between study and relaxation.
• Continuous Learning: Embrace a mindset of continuous learning, curiosity, and questioning to expand your knowledge and intellectual horizons.

Importance of Studies

Goal for students.

Studying plays a crucial role in personal development, helping individuals grow intellectually and emotionally. Engaging in studies allows students to broaden their knowledge and understanding of various subjects. By following Francis Bacon’s advice on balancing studies for delight , ornament, and ability, students can enhance their learning experience.

Implementing Bacon’s principles means finding joy in the process of studying, viewing it as a source of pleasure rather than a chore. students should aim to make their studies not only informative but also aesthetically pleasing – adding an element of beauty to their academic pursuits.

Moreover, students should focus on developing practical skills and abilities through their studies. This involves applying what they learn in real-world situations, honing their problem-solving skills and critical thinking abilities. By incorporating these three aspects into their daily academic endeavors, students can maximize the benefits of their studies.

About Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon, a renowned essayist and philosopher, played a significant role during the Elizabethan age. Known as the Father of English Essays, Bacon is celebrated for his profound contributions to literature and philosophy. His works continue to inspire generations with their timeless wisdom.

During the Elizabethan era, Bacon stood out for his intellectual prowess and innovative thinking. His essays delved into a wide range of topics, reflecting his deep understanding of human nature and society. Through his writings, Bacon provided valuable insights that transcended his time.

As the Father of English Essays, Bacon left an indelible mark on literary history. His collection titled “Essays or Counsels: Civil and Moral” showcases his diverse perspectives on life, ethics, and knowledge. Bacon’s unique style and eloquent prose captivate readers even today, making him an iconic figure in English literature.

• Published in 1597, “Of Studies” remains one of Bacon’s most famous essays. This timeless piece explores the importance of education and intellectual pursuits.
• “Of Studies” is part of the collection “Essays or Counsels: Civil and Moral,” where Bacon shares his reflections on various aspects of human life.
• In “Of Studies,” Bacon outlines three main purposes of studying: for delight, ornament, and ability enhancement. These principles underscore the value he placed on education.

Overview of “Of Studies”

Francis Bacon’s essay “Of Studies” emphasizes the multifaceted benefits of engaging in scholarly pursuits. Bacon argues that studying serves three main purposes: for delight, ornament, and ability. Studies bring joy to individuals as they delve into various subjects, enhancing their knowledge and understanding of the world around them. Furthermore, Bacon highlights how studies act as a form of decoration, enriching one’s intellect and character. Lastly, studies equip individuals with the necessary skills and capabilities to excel in different aspects of life.

Engaging in excessive studies, however, comes with its own set of limitations and benefits. While deepening one’s knowledge is crucial, becoming too engrossed in studies can lead to neglecting other essential aspects of life. On the flip side, intensive studies can also result in significant personal growth and intellectual development . Therefore, striking a balance between academic pursuits and practical responsibilities is key to reaping the full rewards of studying.

First Edition Insights

The initial edition of “Of Studies” provides valuable insights into the significance of intellectual exploration. When first published, Bacon’s essay was met with both curiosity and acclaim. Readers were captivated by his novel approach to discussing the role of studies in human life. Over time, the essay’s enduring impact became evident as it continued to resonate with audiences across generations.

Subsequent editions of “Of Studies” saw minor revisions and additions aimed at further refining Bacon’s ideas. These changes primarily focused on enhancing clarity and coherence within the text while preserving the original essence of his arguments. Despite these modifications, the core message remained intact: that studies are integral to personal growth and intellectual enrichment.

Deep Dive into “Of Studies”

Francis Bacon, in his essay “Of Studies,” outlines three main purposes of studying: delight, ornament, and ability. Studying for delight involves enjoying the process of acquiring knowledge. For ornament, it means enhancing one’s intellect and character through education. Lastly, studying for ability focuses on gaining practical skills that can be applied in real-life situations.

Excessive indulgence in studies can lead to potential drawbacks such as neglecting other important aspects of life. When individuals become too absorbed in studying, they may overlook social interactions, physical activities, or personal well-being. It is crucial to maintain a balance between academic pursuits and other facets of life to lead a holistic lifestyle.

Bacon famously stated, “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.” This quote emphasizes the multifaceted benefits of studying. It highlights how education can bring joy, enhance one’s character and skills, and ultimately contribute to personal growth and success. Bacon’s perspective underscores the practical value of knowledge acquisition in various aspects of life.

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Interpretations

Different interpretations exist regarding Bacon’s views on studies. Crafty individuals may see studying as a tool for gaining knowledge to achieve specific goals or manipulate situations to their advantage. Simple individuals might view studying as a means of broadening their understanding of the world and nurturing their curiosity. Wise individuals recognize the transformative power of education in shaping one’s perspectives and decisions.

The value of studies extends beyond academic achievements; it influences reading habits and intellectual development. Bacon’s emphasis on the significance of studying encourages individuals to engage with diverse sources of information and expand their knowledge base continuously. By cultivating a habit of regular reading and learning, people can enhance their critical thinking skills and adaptability in an ever-changing world.

Extract and Application

Key extracts.

Francis Bacon, in his essay “Of Studies,” emphasizes the importance of reading as a critical aspect of learning. He famously stated, “ Reading maketh a full man ; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.” This quote highlights the significance of diverse learning methods for intellectual growth. Bacon’s words underscore the value of comprehensive knowledge acquisition through reading, discussion, and writing.

Another significant extract from Bacon’s essay is his assertion that “ Crafty men condemn studies , simple men admire them, and wise men use them.” This statement underscores the different perspectives on education held by individuals based on their intellect and understanding. Bacon suggests that wise individuals not only appreciate studies but also actively apply them to enhance their wisdom.

Bacon’s views on studies can be encapsulated in his statement, “Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.” This quote highlights how various fields of study contribute to different intellectual attributes. It showcases Bacon’s belief in the diverse benefits of engaging with a wide range of academic disciplines for holistic development.

Applying Insights

Applying Bacon’s insights on studies can greatly benefit individuals in their academic pursuits. For example, balancing studies for delight could involve exploring different genres of literature for personal enjoyment. By incorporating this approach, students can cultivate a love for reading while expanding their knowledge base simultaneously.

In real-life scenarios, balancing studies for ornament could entail incorporating creative pursuits such as painting or music alongside academic learning. This integration allows individuals to nurture their artistic abilities while enhancing their overall cognitive skills. By embracing this balance, students can experience holistic growth beyond traditional academics.

To cultivate ability through studies, individuals can focus on practical applications of theoretical knowledge in various fields. For instance, applying mathematical concepts to solve real-world problems or utilizing historical insights to understand current societal issues can enhance one’s practical skills. By actively engaging with practical applications, students can develop a well-rounded skill set essential for success in diverse endeavors.

Understanding Bacon

Francis Bacon, a renowned philosopher, emphasized the significance of education in shaping individuals’ perspectives. His philosophical views highlighted the transformative power of knowledge and continuous learning. Exploring Bacon’s motivations reveals a deep-rooted belief in the potential of studies to drive personal growth.

Delve into the historical context surrounding Francis Bacon to comprehend the origins of his educational ideologies . His era , marked by intellectual revolution and societal transformation, greatly influenced his stance on the value of education. By understanding Bacon’s background, one can grasp the essence of his teachings on studies.

Leveraging “Of Studies”

Unlock the practical wisdom embedded in Bacon’s essay “Of Studies” by implementing actionable strategies into your study routine. These teachings advocate for a balanced approach to learning, emphasizing both breadth and depth in one’s educational pursuits. By aligning with Bacon’s principles, students can enhance their academic performance and cultivate a well-rounded knowledge base.

Integrate Bacon’s insights into your study habits by incorporating dedicated time for reading, reflection, and experimentation. By embracing his emphasis on curiosity and exploration, learners can foster a deeper engagement with their subjects and develop critical thinking skills. Maximizing the benefits of studying involves applying Bacon’s advice on discipline and intellectual curiosity to achieve holistic learning outcomes .

Additional Resources

Customized notes.

Create personalized study notes based on the key points from “Of Studies.” Tailor the notes to suit individual learning styles and preferences. Offer concise summaries and actionable steps for effective studying.

• Summarize Bacon’s emphasis on the importance of reading, writing, and critical thinking.
• Highlight the significance of balancing different types of studies for intellectual growth.
• Provide practical tips on organizing study materials and managing study time efficiently.

Further Reading

Recommend additional resources for readers interested in exploring Bacon’s works further. Provide a list of related essays and writings by Francis Bacon. Suggest scholarly articles or books for in-depth study on Bacon’s philosophy.

• List recommended readings such as “Essays” by Francis Bacon.
• Recommend exploring Bacon’s other notable works like “The Advancement of Learning.”
• Suggest academic journals or publications that delve into Bacon’s contributions to philosophy.

Incorporating Bacon’s insights into your study routine can enhance your academic journey significantly. By valuing the importance of studies and implementing practical tips derived from “Of Studies,” you can elevate your learning experience and improve your overall performance. Remember, consistent application of these strategies is key to unlocking your full potential.

As you delve deeper into the world of academia, don’t underestimate the power of effective study habits. Take the time to reflect on Bacon’s wisdom, adapt it to suit your needs, and witness the positive impact it can have on your educational pursuits. Embrace the art of studying with purpose and dedication, and watch as your academic endeavors flourish.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the significance of studying the works of francis bacon.

Studying the works of Francis Bacon provides valuable insights into his philosophical thoughts and contributions to various fields. It helps in understanding his views on education, knowledge, and critical thinking, which are still relevant today.

How can “Of Studies” by Francis Bacon be applied in academia?

“Of Studies” emphasizes the importance of education, reading, and critical analysis. In academia, this text can be applied to promote a culture of continuous learning, research, and intellectual development among students and scholars.

What are some key study tips inspired by Francis Bacon’s ideas?

Study tips inspired by Francis Bacon ‘s philosophy include maintaining a balance between reading different subjects, organizing study materials effectively, engaging in active learning through discussions or debates, and applying practical knowledge gained from studies.

Why is it essential to understand the chief use and means of “Of Studies” by Francis Bacon?

Understanding the overview of “Of Studies” helps grasp the central themes and key messages conveyed by Bacon. It enables readers to appreciate his perspectives on the value of education, self-improvement through learning, and the role of knowledge in personal growth.

Where can one find additional resources related to the studies of Francis Bacon?

For further exploration on Francis Bacon’s studies and related topics, individuals can refer to academic journals, online libraries, scholarly articles analyzing his works, as well as books focusing on his life, philosophy, and contributions to various disciplines.

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Of Studies | Francis Bacon |Summary and Analysis | Questions

Table of Contents

Of Studies – Summary

Francis Bacon’s classic essay “Of Studies” explains how and why study—knowledge—is important. In this essay, he discusses some of the benefits of studying and offers some sound ideas on the subject.

Bacon is regarded as the “Father of the English Essay”. Bacon envisioned the essay as an opportunity to offer advice. The title of his essay collection: “Essays or Counsels: Civil and Moral,” suggests that didactic intent.

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In “Of Studies,” Bacon explains the practical value of knowledge. Bacon considers how studies might be put to use. He is more interested in their practical utility than in their theoretical promise, a proclivity that is perhaps more English than French. In “Of Studies,” Bacon’s writing is direct and pointed. It avoids Montaigne’s essays’ meandering, find-your-own-way free form. Bacon gets right to the point in his first sentence: “Studies serve for delight, ornament, and ability.” He then goes on to explain how studies can help in these three ways. And he doesn’t mince words when describing the use of “studies” for a Renaissance gentleman.

Studies are a source of pleasure. They have ornamental value and also improve one’s ability.

Studies allow you to easily develop your skills and abilities. Studies provide guidance on their own, but this is abstract without practical experience. The studies are disliked by cunning men, but they are admired by simple men. Men who are fundamentally wise use studies to advance in life.

Studies are a treatment for mental illness. Mathematics is good for wondering wits in the same way that bowling is good for kidneys, shooting is good for lungs, walking is good for digestion, and riding is good for the head. Every mental defect in a man can be cured through studies

This essay discusses various types of books and their effects on the reader. Bacon divides the uses of studies into three categories: the use of studies for delight, the use of studies for ornament, and the use of studies for ability. Bacon also provides some excellent advice on why and how to read. He claims that different studies have different effects on the human mind.

But ideas aren’t the only thing that matters in this essay. Bacon demonstrates his talent for expressing his ideas with the least amount of words possible. The essay is a masterwork of concision and brevity. His sentences have a proverbial feel to them.

Bacon’s essays abound in very appropriate and original similes. We have one such simile here when Bacon says that “distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things”.

Questions and Answers

Exercise – 1.

Now answer the following questions by choosing the correct answer from the three alternatives given below each question.

(iii) studied thoroughly Answer: i) chewed and digested

(iii) proper use of books Answer: (ii) vain display of his learning

(iii) remedial books Answer: (ii) meaner sort of books

5. Logic and rhetoric develops :

Exercise – 2

1. What type of books are to be chewed and digested? Answer: The books which have knowledgeable contents should be read thoroughly and understood properly.

2. What do you think is the proper use of study? Answer: We study for personal enjoyment and for cultivation of social charm through the cultivation of the power of Exposition <em><strong>Exposition</strong></em>: background information at the beginning of the story, such as setting, characters and conflicts. In a short story, the exposition appears in the opening paragraphs; in a novel, the exposition is usually part of the first chapter. " data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex=0 role=link>exposition in speech and to develop ability for judgment of facts and circumstances.

5. For what we should not read books? Answer: One should not read books to contradict others.

Now try to answer the following questions :

3. Comment on the theme of this essay. Answer: Bacon tries to discover fundamental principles of conduct influence and actions of men.

5. Discuss the main qualities of Bacon’s style. Answer: The essay of Bacon is compressed, full of condensed thought and utterly devoid of ornamentation. The sentences in the paragraph run smooth.

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Of Studies – Francis Bacon – Complete Explanation

by Francis Bacon

Complete explanation of the essay alongside the original text

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

Explanation

Study as an activity, in whatever form, brings us joy and enhances our thinking, speaking and writing ability adding charm to our personality.

Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.

Study is always a private activity which people engage in when they are alone or in the privacy of their homes. It helps them in relaxation after a strenuous routine, when the body and mind need to slow down. It sharpens our intellect helping us to judge things soundly. It helps us to go about our life’s business in a more capable way.

For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned.

It enables the learned men, who have studied extensively, to critically examine issues, and arrive at the right conclusion. They can garner data, facts and arguments or against a particular view rationally. Such intelligent analysis of facts improves the soundness and quality of their judgment.

To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar.

However, over-indulgence in studies leads to undesirable consequences. Setting aside long hours in a day to study will make a man indolent. Overuse of the wisdom to analyze ordinary commonplace issues may make the man appear pretentious and vainglorious. Sticking too much to rules to asses situations and decide on action may invite derision from others.

They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.

Studying adds finesse and perfection to human nature. Experiences in life supplements such honing of nature. A person’s abilities inherited by birth are raw. Only when they are carefully worked upon and honed, the in-born abilities yield the best benefits to us. Studying is the whetstone that we use to sharpen our abilities. But inferences from study may lead to imprecise and misleading conclusions. In such situations, one’s experience in life comes in handy to arrive at the right conclusion. So, experience is very valuable as it supplements studies.

Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.

People who are cunning and deceitful have no appreciation for studies as they accomplish their objectives through many crooked ways. Simple folks, however, greatly value the role of studies in human life. Wise people inherently draw upon the ideas obtained from their studies while solving life’s myriad problems.

Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

The aim of reading and acquiring knowledge must not be to aggressively refute other’s views or accept the writer’s views as gospel truth. It should also not be to engage in pointless discussion and argumentation. Studying should enable us to weigh facts and analyze them rationally.

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.

Books of varying content and genre are to be made use of differently. Some may be given a cursory reading, some others can be quickly sifted through. Other important books are to be read slowly and minutely so as to truly fathom the meaning and underlying sense.

Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.

One can ask an assistant to read a book and prepare a short summary of it. But such practice should be followed for obtaining guidance on matters of lesser importance. There are some books which are, in fact, shortened already.

Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. Reading adds perfection to a man’s personality.

Discussing with others about the contents of a book imparts special practical skills to the reader. Writing removes all the residual weaknesses and ignorance from the person and enables him to remember the contents of a book.

And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.

So, writing helps to memorize facts. If a person is bashful so as not to discuss his reading with others, he will not be able to improve his wit. If he does not read, he will remain a somewhat stupid person.

Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.

Studying history makes a man wiser, studying poetry makes a man wittier: mathematics gives sound logical sense, and philosophy imparts valuable lessons on morality.

Abeunt studia in mores [Studies pass into and influence manners]. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.

Wit is a god-given gift. It is present in everybody. However, it can be sharpened by selective studying. This is akin to the way certain weaknesses of the human body are cured by appropriate physical exercises.

Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. They cure many ailments.

So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again.

If a person is unable to concentrate, he will do well to study mathematics to focus his wavering mind. In mathematics, a slight loss of concentration leads to grave error.This makes the man to start all over again to do it. Thus, studying mathematics restrains the mind from darting off elsewhere.

If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores [splitters of hairs].

If a person does not have the ability to discern, he will be benefited by studying Schoolmen as it trains mental ability and develops the art of expression.

If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases.So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

If a person is unable to garner facts and manipulate them to put across his views convincingly, studying law will help him. Thus, every deficiency of mind can be addressed by appropriate reading.

Click here for explanations of more essays by Francis Bacon.

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Very helpful …..lot of thanks

Thank you for your kind comment.

This way of explanation is very useful

Thank you, Nageswari.

It’s too helpful Thanks for this… Small request Plz do upload ‘of friendship’ by Bacon

Click on this. https://www.englishcharity.com/of-friendship-by-bacon/

Where is simulation and dissimulation

very helpful…….thank you.

Is great. Thanks a lot

How according to francis bacon studies provide wisdom won by obserwation

Question for all essays sir ji prose subject ka subjective paper kia type ka hota h mid term ka or final ka

It is amazing the way you explained the way I am now a follower of this website

The Works of Francis Bacon/Volume 1/Essays/Of Studies

L. OF STUDIES.

Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business; for expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one: but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies, is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar: they perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man; and, therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend "Abeunt studia in mores;" nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises; bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head, and the like; so, if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again; if his wit be no apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen, for they are "Cymini sectores;" if he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call upon one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyer's cases: so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.

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Of Studies: Analysis

In the essay , Of Studies , Francis Bacon expresses that studies “serve for Delight, for Ornament and for Ability”. For delight he means once personal private education; for ornament he means in conversation between and among others, which Bacon labels as “ discourse ”. Studies for ability lead one to judgement in business and related pursuits. From Bacon ‘s perspective man with skilled experience can carry out plans and understand particular circumstances, but man who study are better able to understand Important political matters and know how to deal with problems according to their severity like “marshalling of affairs”.

Francis Bacon encourages studies but at the same time, he wants that (i) too much study leads to laziness (i) if one uses once knowledge too often in conversation with others, then one is is showing off and (iii) to be guided solely by ones studies one becomes a a scholar rather than a practical man. Francis Bacon’s argument about the value of studies is that studies are wonderful only if influenced by experience because a person’s natural abilities are enhanced by studies, but studies without experience lead to confusion.

According to Francis Bacon ‘s tricky man condemn education; stupid man admire education; but wise men use education as their real-world experience dictates. He wants the educated man not to use his education to argument unnecessarily with others not to assume that education always leads to the correct behaviour or understanding; not to use education merely to force on conversation with others. Rather Francis Bacon argues, education “some books are should be tested” should be read but their advice ignored; other books should be swallowed meaning ignored completely; and a few books are to be chewed and digested”, that is is understood perfectly and used to guide behaviour. In addition Francis Bacon advises that some books can be read but others, who take notes, and the notes can be substitute for reading an entire book but these books should be those that cover less important subjects.

Bacon comes back to addressing the effects of reading conversation and writing. He also says that if a man writes very little then he must have a huge memory to compensate for what he is not writing. If a man cannot converse properly then he must be very quick witted and if he doesn’t read much he needs to be able to fake it to pretend that he knows more than the others.

History Francis Bacon argues makes man wise, poetry, clever mathematics intellectually sharp, logic and rhetorics, skilled in argument . Farther Bacon believers that there is no problem that cannot be fixed by the appropriate study just as the the right physical experience cures physical illnesses. Every disorder of the mind has a cure for example if a man cannot use one set of facts to prove or illustrate the truth of an unrelated set of facts. Francis Bacon advises the study of law. Every defect in thinking can be cured by a form of study. Overall it was an excellent piece of writing I think the most interesting part is the way its constructed with a rhythm . I think it’s important to follow the patterns and sometimes do a little deviation from it to bring the curiosity into the readers mind. Even though it is a little too elaborative about the various exercises to prevent diseases was not actually effective.

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51 Francis Bacon: Essays

Introduction

by Mary Larivee and Rithvik Saravanan

Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the English philosopher, was instrumental in the development of the Scientific Revolution in the late 18th century even though he had passed away centuries before.  The “Scientific Revolution” was an important movement that emphasized Europe’s shift toward modernized science in fields such as mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry (Grant). It was an extension of the Renaissance period, which then led to the Enlightenment which brought advances across all areas of human endeavor. Francis Bacon, in particular, is remembered today primarily for the “scientific method” as a way of establishing what is true from what is false perception (a method that still lies at the heart of modern science). Bacon’s primary focus in his writings revolved around the practice of inductive reasoning, which he believed to be a complement to practical observation (Grant). Most people before this period followed the Aristotelian methodology for scientific arguments. This idea maintained that “if sufficiently clever men discussed a subject long enough, the truth would eventually be discovered” (“History – Francis Bacon.”). However irrational this sounds, the Scientific Revolution helped replace this outdated system of thinking with Bacon’s scientific method. Bacon argued that any proper argument required “evidence from the real world” (“History – Francis Bacon.”). His revolutionary ideas about empirical information helped propel him toward political and societal importance and fame.

Literary Context

Francis Bacon had a passion for metaphors, analogies, and vivid imagery. He was a rhetorical writer and his essays highlight his wisdom and incisive mind. His first book was released in 1597 followed by later editions with added essays that were released in 1612 and 1625. Each essay that Bacon wrote reveals his knowledge of Latin and draws on ancient Roman wisdom through axioms and proverbs. Additionally, Bacon uses wit as a way of getting his point across to his audience and this indeed causes the reader to reflect on his or her own beliefs and values. A key aspect of Bacon’s literature is its “terseness and epigrammatic force” (De). By managing to pack all of his thoughts and ideas into quick, brief statements, Bacon deepens the reach and impact of his work. His writing deviated from the typical Ciceronian style of the time, which was characterized by “melodious language, clarity, and forcefulness of presentation” (“Ciceronian.”). His statements are meaningful particularly because they are straight and to the point. The brevity of his ideas also facilitates the communication of his arguments, which is significant because, at the time, a solid, meaningful education was hard to come by. As such, Bacon’s work helped spread the notions that would eventually bear fruit with the discoveries of the Scientific Revolution.

Historical Context

Francis Bacon’s Essays cover a wide variety of topics and styles, ranging from individual to societal issues and from commonplace to existential. Another important aspect of the appeal of Bacon’s essays are that they weigh the argument at hand with multiple points of view. Bacon’s essays were received at the time with great praise, adoration, and reverence (Potter). He was noted for borrowing ideas from the works of historical writers such as Aristotle (Harmon), and, as such, he represents a continuation of this philosophical school of thought. Another important impact of the Scientific Revolution and Bacon’s literature is that it allowed common people of the era to question old, traditional beliefs. They began to consider everything with reason, which led to a greater sense of self as well as moral and ethical standards. By having the opportunity to judge for themselves, the people were able to advance society a step closer to a form of democracy.

Francis Bacon Essays is a collection of eight of the famous philosopher’s many essays. Each dissertation contains words of wisdom that have proven to be enlightening for many generations that followed. From “Truth” to “Of Superstition” and “Marriage and Single Life”, Bacon covers a wide range of intriguing topics in order to challenge the human mind to think deeply; as he himself writes: “Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider” (Bacon). The philosopher not only provides a framework for the genre of the modern essay but also provides his readers a code to live by.

Works Cited

“Ciceronian.” Dictionary.com , n.d., www.dictionary.com/browse/ciceronian. 23 Oct. 2020.

De, Ardhendu. “Rhetorical Devices as Used by Francis Bacon in His Essays.” A.D.’s English Literature: Notes and Guide , 07 Apr. 2011, ardhendude.blogspot.com/2011/04/rhetorical-devices-used-by-francis.html. Accessed 23 Oct. 2020.

Grant, Edward. The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts . Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Harmon, William. The Oxford Book of American Light Verse. Oxford University Press, 1979.

“History – Francis Bacon.” History , British Broadcasting Corporation, 2014, www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bacon_francis.shtml. Accessed 24 Oct. 2020.

Potter, Vincent G. Readings in Epistemology: from Aquinas, Bacon, Galileo, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant. Fordham University Press, 1993.

Discussion Questions

• Why do you think Francis Bacon chose to enlighten and inspire his readers as opposed to other writers of his time who focused more on classic folklore tales?
• Why do you think Francis Bacon choose the topics that he did? Who or what do you think had a major influence on his writings?
• What are the goals and intentions behind Bacon’s use of rhetorical questioning?
• What are some common themes and ideas from Francis Bacon’s Essays that can be applied to general situations and contemporary society?
• From the ideas presented in this reading, how do you think Francis Bacon’s work affected government policies throughout history, including modern day governmental standards?

Further Resources

• Detailed biography of Franics Bacon’s life
• Analytical article of Francis Bacon’s impact on the Scientific Revolution
• List of Francis Bacon’s most significant accomplishments
• Compilation of Francis Bacon’s literature
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Francis Bacon
• Discussion video of Francis Bacon’s “Of Studies”

Reading: From Essayes

I. of truth..

What is truth? said jesting Pilate; and would not stay for an answer. Certainly there be that delight in giddiness; and count it a bondage to fix a belief; affecting free-will in thinking, as well as in acting. And though the sects of philosophers of that kind be gone, yet there remain certain discoursive wits, which are of the same veins, though there be not so much blood in them as was in those of the ancients. But it is not only the difficulty and labour which men take in finding out of truth, nor again, that when it is found, it imposeth upon men’s thoughts, that doth bring lies in favour, but a natural though corrupt love of the lie itself. One of the later schools of the Grecians examineth the matter, and is at a stand to think what should be in it, that men should love lies; where neither they make for pleasure, as with poet; nor for advantage, as with the mer chant, but for the lie’s sake. But I cannot tell: this same truth is a naked and open daylight, that doth not show the masks, and mummeries, and triumphs of the world, half so stately and daintily as candlelights. Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl, that showeth best by day, but it will not rise to the price of a diamond or carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights. A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure. Doth any man doubt, that if there were taken out of men’s minds, vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men, poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves? One of the fathers, in great severity, called poesy “vinum dæmonum,”; because it filleth the imagination, and yet it is but with the shadow of a lie. But it is not the lie that passeth through the mind, but the lie that sinketh in, and settleth in it, that doth the hurt, such as we spake of before. But howsoever these things are thus in men’s depraved judgments and affections, yet truth, which only doth judge itself, teacheth, that the inquiry of truth, which is the love-making, or wooing of it, the knowledge of truth, which is the presence of it, and the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it, is the sovereign good of human nature. The first creature of God, in the works of the days, was the light of the sense: the last was the light of reason; and his Sabbath work ever since, is the illumination of his Spirit. First, he breathed light upon the face of the matter, or chaos; then he breathed light into the face of man; and still he breatheth and inspireth light into the face of his chosen. The poet that beautified the sect, that was otherwise inferior to the rest, saith yet excellently well: “It is a pleasure to stand upon the shore, and to see ships tossed upon the sea: a pleasure to stand in the window of a castle, and to see a battle, and the adventures thereof below: but no pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of truth, (a hill not to be commanded, and where the air is always clear and serene,) and to see the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests in the vale below:” so always that this prospect be with pity, and not with swelling or pride. Certainly, it is heaven upon earth, to have a man’s mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth.

To pass from theological and philosophical truth, to the truth of civil business; it will be acknowledged even by those that practise it not, that clean and round dealing is the honour of man’s nature, and that mixture of falsehood is like alloy in coin of gold and silver, which may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it. For these winding and crooked courses are the goings of the serpent; which goeth basely upon the belly, and not upon the feet. There is no vice that doth so cover a man with shame as to be found false and perfidious; and therefore Montaigne saith prettily, when he inquired the reason, why the word of the lie should be such a disgrace, and such an odious charge, saith he, “If it be well weighed, to say that a man lieth, is as much as to say, that he is brave towards God, and a coward towards men. For a lie faces God, and shrinks from man.” Surely the wickedness of falsehood and breach of faith cannot possibly be so highly expressed, as in that it shall be the last peal to call the judgments of God upon the generations of men: it being foretold, that when “Christ cometh,” he shall not “find faith upon the earth.”

VIII. OF MARRIAGE AND SINGLE LIFE.

He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which, both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason that those that have children should have greatest care of future times, unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges. Some there are, who, though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences; nay, there are some other that account wife and children but as bills of charges; nay more, there are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer; for, perhaps, they have heard some talk, “Such an one’s a great rich man” and another except to it. “Yea, but he hath a great charge of children;” as if it were an abatement to his riches: but the most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think heir girdles and garters to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives are of that condition. A single life doth well with churchmen, for charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the generals commonly, in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage among the Turks maketh the vulgar soldier more base. Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted, (good to make severe inquisitors,) because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, “vetulam suam prætulit immortalitati.” Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous. Wives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men’s nurses; so as a man may have a quarrel to marry when he will: but yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question when a man should marry:—”A young man not yet, an elder man not at all.” It is often seen, that bad husbands have very good wives; whether it be that it raiseth the price of their husband’s kindness when it comes, or that the wives take a pride in their patience; but this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends consent, for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.

XI. OF GREAT PLACE.

Men in great place are thrice servants; servants of the sovereign or state, servants of fame, and servants of business; so as they have no freedom, neither in their persons, nor in their actions, nor in their times. It is a strange desire to seek power and to lose liberty; or to seek power over others, and to lose power over a man’s self. The rising unto place is laborious, and by pains men come to greater pains; and it is sometimes base, and by indignities men come to dignities. The standing is slippery, and the regress is either a downfall, or at least an eclipse, which is a melancholy thing: “Cum non sis qui fueris, non esse cur velis vivere.” Nay, retire men cannot when they would, neither will they when it were reason; but are impatient of privateness even in age and sickness, which require the shadow: like old townsmen, that will be still sitting at their street door, though thereby they offer age to scorn. Certainly great persons had need to borrow other men’s opinions to think themselves happy; for if they judge by their own feeling, they cannot find it: but if they think with themselves what other men think of them, and that other men would fain be as they are, then they are happy as it were by report, when, perhaps, they find the contrary within; for they are the first that find their own griefs, though they be the last that find their own faults. Certainly men in great fortunes are strangers to themselves, and while they are in the puzzle of business they have no time to tend their health either of body or mind: “Illi mors gravis incubat, qui notus nimis omnibus, ignotus moritur sibi.” In place there is license to do good and evil; whereof the latter is a curse: for in evil the best condition is not to will; the second not to can. But power to do good is the true and lawful end of aspiring; for good thoughts (though God accept them,) yet towards men are little better than good dreams, except they be put in act; and that cannot be without power and place, as the vantage and commanding ground. Merit and good works is the end of man’s motion; and conscience of the same is the accomplishment of man’s rest; for if a man can be partaker of God’s theatre, he shall likewise be partaker of God’s rest: “Et conversus Deus, ut aspiceret opera, quaæ fecerunt manus suæ, vidit quod omnia essent bona nimis;” and then the sabbath. In the discharge of the place set before thee the best examples; for imitation is a globe of precepts; and after a time set before thine own example; and examine thyself strictly whether thou didst not best at first. Neglect not also the examples of those that have carried themselves ill in the same place; not to set off thyself by taxing their memory, but to direct thyself what to avoid. Reform, therefore, without bravery or scandal of former times and persons; but yet set it down to thyself, as well to create good precedents as to follow them. Reduce things to the first institution, and observe wherein and how they have degenerated; but yet ask counsel of both times; of the ancienter time what is best; and of the latter time what is fittest. Seek to make thy course regular, that men may know be forehand what they may expect; but be not too positive and peremptory; and express thyself well when thou digressest from thy lure. Preserve the right of thy place, but stir not questions of jurisdiction; and rather assume thy right in silence, and “de facto,” than voice it with claims and challenges. Preserve likewise the rights of inferior places; and think it more honour to direct in chief than to be busy in all. Embrace and invite helps and advices touching the execution of thy place; and do not drive away such as bring thee information as meddlers, but accept of them in good part. The vices of authority are chiefly four; delays, corruption, roughness, and facility. For delays give easy access: keep times appointed; go through with that which is in hand, and interlace not business but of necessity. For corruption, do not only bind thine own hands or thy servant’s hands from taking, but bind the hands of suitors also from offering; for integrity used doth the one; but integrity professed, and with a manifest detestation of bribery, doth the other; and avoid not only the fault, but the suspicion. Whosoever is found variable, and changeth manifestly without manifest cause, giveth suspicion of corruption; therefore, always when thou changest thine opinion or course, profess it plainly, and declare it, together with the reasons that move thee to change, and do not think to steal it. A servant or a favourite, if he be inward, and no other apparent cause of esteem, is commonly thought but a by-way to close corruption. For roughness, it is a needless cause of discontent; severity breedeth fear, but roughness breedeth hate. Even reproofs from authority ought to be grave, and not taunting. As for facility, it is worse than bribery; for bribes come but now and then; but if importunity or idle respects lead a man, he shall never be without; as Solomon saith, “To respect persons is not good, for such a man will transgress for a piece of bread.” It is most true that was anciently spoken, “A place showeth the man; and it showeth some to the better and some to the worse;” “omnium consensu capax imperii, nisi imperasset,” saith Tacitus of Galba; but of Vespasian he saith, “solus imperantium, Vespasianus mutatus in melius;” though the one was meant of sufficiency, the other of manners and affection. It is an assured sign of a worthy and generous spirit, whom honour amends; for honour is, or should be, the place of virtue; and as in nature things move violently to their place and calmly in their place, so virtue in ambition is violent, in authority settled and calm. All rising to great place is by a winding stair; and if there be factions, it is good to side a man’s self whilst he is in the rising, and to balance himself when he is placed. Use the memory of thy predecessor fairly and tenderly; for if thou dost not, it is a debt will sure be paid when thou art gone. If thou have colleagues, respect them; and rather call them when they looked not for it, than exclude them when they have reason to look to be called. Be not too sensible or too remembering of thy place in conversation and private answers to suitors; but let it rather be said, “When he sits in place he is another man.”

XVII. OF SUPERSTITION.

It were better to have no opinion of God at all than such an opinion as is unworthy of him; for the one is unbelief, the other is contumely; and certainly superstition is the reproach of the Deity. Plutarch saith well to that purpose: “Surely,” saith he, “I had rather a great deal men should say there was no such man at all as Plutarch, than that they should say that there was one Plutarch, that would eat his children as soon as they were born:” as the poets speak of Saturn: and, as the contumely is greater towards God, so the danger is greater towards men. Atheism leaves a man to sense, to philosophy, to natural piety, to laws, to reputation: all which may be guides to an outward moral virtue, though religion were not; but superstition dismounts all these, and erecteth an absolute monarchy in the minds of men: therefore atheism did never perturb states; for it makes men wary of themselves, as looking no further, and we see the times inclined to atheism (as the time of Augustus Cæsar) were civil times: but superstition hath been the confusion of many states, and bringeth in a new “primum mobile,” that ravisheth all the spheres of government. The master of superstition is the people, and in all superstition wise men follow fools; and arguments are fitted to practice, in a reversed order. It was gravely said, by some of the prelates in the council of Trent, where the doctrine of the schoolmen bare great sway, that the schoolmen were like astronomers, which did feign eccentrics and epicycles, and such engines of orbs to save phenomena, though they knew there were no such things; and, in like manner, that the schoolmen had framed a number of subtle and intricate axioms and theorems, to save the practice of the church. The causes of superstition are, pleasing and sensual rites and ceremonies; excess of outward and pharisaical holiness; over great reverence of traditions, which cannot but load the church; the stratagems of prelates for their own ambition and lucre; the favouring too much of good intentions, which openeth the gate to conceits and novelties; the taking an aim at divine matters by human, which cannot but breed mixture of imaginations; and, lastly, barbarous times, especially joined with calamities and disasters. Superstition, without a veil, is a deformed thing: for as it addeth deformity to an ape to be so like a man, so the similitude of superstition to religion makes it the more deformed: and, as wholesome meat corrupteth to little worms, so good forms and  orders corrupt into a number of petty observances. There is a superstition in avoiding superstition, when men think to do best if they go furthest from the superstition formerly received; therefore care would be had that (as it fareth in ill purgings) the good be not taken away with the bad, which commonly is done when the people is the reformer.

XXXIII. OF PLANTATIONS.

Plantations are amongst ancient, primitive, and heroical works. When the world was young, it begat more children; but now it is old, it begets fewer; for I may justly account new plantations to be the children of former kingdoms. I like a plantation in a pure soil; that is, where people are not displanted to the end to plant in others; for else it is rather an extirpation than a plantation. Planting of countries is like planting of woods; for you must make account to lose almost twenty years profit, and expect your recompense in the end: for the principal thing that hath been the destruction of most plantations, hath been the base and hasty drawing of profit in the first years. It is true, speedy profit is not to be neglected, as far as may stand with the good of the plantation, but no further. It is a shameful and unblessed thing to take the scum of people and wicked condemned men, to be the people with whom you plant; and not only so, but it spoileth the plantation; for they will ever live like rogues, and not fall to work, but be lazy, and do mischief, and spend victuals, and be quickly weary, and then certify over to their country to the discredit of the plantation. The people wherewith you plant ought to be gardeners, ploughmen, labourers, smiths, carpenters, joiners, fishermen, fowlers, with some few apothecaries, surgeons, cooks, and bakers. In a country of plantation, first look about what kind of victual the country yields of itself to hand; as chestnuts, walnuts, pineapples, olives, dates, plums, cherries, wild honey, and the like, and make use of them. Then consider what victual, or esculent things there are which grow speedily and within the year: as parsnips, carrots, turnips, onions, radish, artichokes of Jerusalem, maize, and the like: for wheat, barley, and oats, they ask too much labour; but with pease and beans you may begin, both because they ask less labour, and because they serve for meat as well as for bread; and of rice likewise cometh a great increase, and it is a kind of meat. Above all, there ought to be brought store biscuit, oatmeal, flour, meal, and the like, in the beginning, till bread may be had. For beasts, or birds, take chiefly such as are least subject to diseases, and multiply fastest; as swine, goats, cocks, hens, turkeys, geese, house-doves, and the like. The victual in plantations ought to be expended almost as in a besieged town; that is, with certain allowance: and let the main part of the ground employed to gardens or corn, be to a common stock; and to be laid in, and stored up, and then delivered out in proportion; besides some spots of ground that any particular person will manure for his own private use. Consider, likewise, what commodities the soil where the plantation is doth naturally yield, that they may some way help to defray the charge of the plantation; so it be not, as was said, to the untimely prejudice of the main business, as it hath fared with tobacco in Virginia. Wood commonly aboundeth but too much: and therefore timber is fit to be one. If there be iron ore, and streams whereupon to set the mills, iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth. Making of bay-salt, if the climate be proper for it, would be put in experience: growing silk likewise, if any be, is a likely commodity: pitch and tar, where store of firs and pines are, will not fail; so drugs and sweet woods, where they are, cannot but yield great profit; soap-ashes likewise, and other things that may be thought of; but moil not too much under ground, for the hope of mines is very uncertain and useth to make the planters lazy in other things. For government, let it be in the hands of one, assisted with some counsel; and let them have commission to exercise martial laws, with some limitation; and, above all, let men make that profit of being in the wilderness, as they have God always, and his service before their eyes; let not the government of the plantation depend upon too many counsellors and undertakers in the country that planteth, but upon a temperate number; and let those be rather noblemen and gentle men, than merchants; for they look ever to the present gain: let there be freedoms from custom, till the plantation be of strength; and not only freedom from custom, but freedom to carry their commodities where they may make their best of them, except there be some special cause of caution. Cram not in people, by sending too fast, company after company; but rather hearken how they waste, and send supplies proportionably; but so as the number may live well in the plantation, and not by surcharge be in penury. It hath been a great endangering to the health of some plantations, that they have built along the sea and rivers in marish and unwholesome grounds: therefore, though you begin there, to avoid carriage and other like discommodities, yet build still rather upwards from the stream, than along. It concerneth likewise the health of the plantation that they have good store of salt with them, that they may use it in their victuals when it shall be necessary. If you plant where savages are, do not only entertain them with trifles and gingles, but use them justly and graciously, with sufficient guard nevertheless; and do not win their favour by helping them to invade their enemies, but for their defence it is not amiss: and send oft of them over to the country that plants, that they may see a better condition than their own, and commend it when they return. When the plantation grows to strength, then  it is time to plant with women as well as with men; that the plantation may spread into generations, and not be ever pieced from without. It is the sinfullest thing in the world to forsake or destitute a plantation once in forwardness; for, besides the dishonour, it is the guiltiness of blood of many commiserable persons.

XLVII. OF NEGOTIATING.

It is generally better to deal by speech than by letter; and by the mediation of a third than by a man’s self. Letters are good when a man would draw an answer by letter back again; or when it may serve for a man’s justification afterwards to produce his own letter; or where it may be danger to be interrupted, or heard by pieces. To deal in person is good, when a man’s face breedeth regard, as commonly with inferiors; or in tender cases, where a man’s eye upon the countenance of him with whom he speaketh, may give him a direction how far to go; and generally, where a man will reserve to himself liberty either to disavow or to expound. In choice of instruments, it is better to choose men of a plainer sort, that are like to do that that is committed to them, and to report back again faithfully the success, than those that are cunning to contrive out of ether men’s business somewhat to grace themselves, and will help the matter in report, for satisfaction sake. Use also such persons as affect the business wherein they are employed, for that quickeneth much; and such as are fit for the matter, as bold men for expostulation, fair-spoken men for persuasion, crafty men for inquiry and observation, froward and absurd men for business that doth not well bear out itself. Use also such as have been lucky and prevailed before in things wherein you have employed them; for that breeds confidence, and they will strive to maintain their prescription. It is better to sound a person with whom one deals afar off, than to fall upon the point at first; except you mean to surprise him by some short question. It is better dealing with men in appetite, than with those that are where they would be. If a man deal with another upon conditions, the start of first performance is all; which a man can reasonably demand, except either the nature of the thing be such, which must go before: or else a man can persuade the other party, that he shall still need him in some other thing; or else that he be counted the honester man. All practice is to discover, or to work. Men discover themselves in trust, in passion, at unawares; and of necessity, when they would have somewhat done, and cannot find an apt pretext, if you would work any man, you must either know his nature and fashions, and so lead him; or his ends, and so persuade him; or his weakness and disadvantages, and so awe him; or these that have interest in him, and so govern him. In dealing with cunning persons, we must ever consider their ends, to interpret their speeches; and it is good to say little to them, and that which they least look for. In all negotiations of difficulty, a man may not look to sow and reap at once; but must prepare business, and so ripen it by degrees.

XXXVII. OF MASQUES AND TRIUMPHS.

These things are but toys to come amongst such serious observations; but yet, since princes will have such things, it is better they should be graced with elegancy, than daubed with cost. Dancing to song, is a thing of great state and pleasure. I understand it that the song be inquire, placed aloft, and accompanied by some broken music; and the ditty fitted to the device. Acting in song, especially in dialogues, hath an extreme good grace; I say acting, not dancing, (for that is a mean and vulgar thing;) and the voices of the dialogue would be strong and manly, (a base and a tenor, no treble,) and the ditty high and tragical, not nice or dainty. Several quires placed one over against another, and taking the voice by catches anthem-wise, give great pleasure. Turning dances into figure is a childish curiosity; and generally let it be noted, that those things which  I here set down are such as do naturally take the sense, and not respect petty wonderments. It is true, the alterations of scenes, so it be quietly and without noise, are things of great beauty and pleasure; for they feed and relieve the eye before it be full of the same object. Let the scenes abound with light, especially coloured and varied; and let the masquers, or any other that are to come down from the scene, have some motions upon the scene it self before their coining down; for it draws the eye strangely, and makes it with great pleasure to desire to see that it cannot perfectly discern. Let the songs be loud and cheerful, and not chirpings or pulings: let the music likewise be sharp and loud, and well placed. The colours that show best by candle-light, are white, carnation, and a kind of sea-water green and ouches, or spangs, as they are of no great cost, so they are of most glory. As for rich embroidery, it is lost and not discerned. Let the suits of the masquers be graceful, and such as become the person when the vizards are off; not after examples of known attires; Turks, soldiers, mariners, and the like. Let anti-masques not be long; they have been commonly of fools, satyrs, baboons, wild men antics, beasts, spirits, witches, Ethiopes, pigmies turquets, nymphs, rustics, Cupids, statues moving and the like. As for angels, it is not comical enough to put them in anti-masques; and any thing that is hideous, as devils, giants, is, on the other side as unfit; but chiefly, let the music of them be recreative, and with some strange changes. Some sweet odours suddenly coming forth, without any drops falling, are, in such a company as there is steam and heat, things of great pleasure and refreshment. Double masques, one of men another of ladies, addeth state and variety; but all is nothing except the room be kept clean and neat.

For jousts, and tourneys, and barriers, the glories of them are chiefly in the chariots, wherein the challengers make their entry; especially if they be drawn with strange beasts; as lions, bears camels, and the like; or in the devices of their entrance, or in bravery of their liveries, or in the goodly furniture of their horses and armour. But enough of these toys.

L. OF STUDIES.

Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business; for expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one: but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies, is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar: they perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man; and, therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend “Abeunt studia in mores;” nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises; bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head, and the like; so, if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again; if his wit be no apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen, for they are “Cymini sectores;” if he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call upon one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyer’s cases: so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

Source Text:

Bacon, Francis. Bacon’s Essays and Wisdom of the Ancients . Little, Brown, and Company, 1884, is licensed under no known copyright.

An Open Companion to Early British Literature Copyright © 2019 by Allegra Villarreal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Francis Bacon: Essays and Major Works

By francis bacon.

• Francis Bacon: Essays and Major Works Summary

Many of Francis Bacon ’s works were based on learning: the mind’s inherent faults hampering it, how we as people make mistakes in learning, and effective ways of gathering knowledge. All his works were linked to the critique, advancement, and improvement of knowledge and learning in some form. This section will cover the major propositions found in Bacon’s works, namely the idols of the mind, the distempers of learning, classification of knowledge, and Baconian induction.

Idols of the Mind

Bacon believed that by virtue of being human, the mind had some inherent faults, which must be corrected if we are to engage in any sort of true and meaningful learning. The word "idol" derives from the classical Greek term “eidolon” which means phantom or image, just as Bacon believed that the idols of the mind would create false or phantom images of the world and of nature. There are four idols of the mind:

1. Idols of the Tribe: The “tribe” referred to here is the tribe encompassing all of humanity. As human beings, we are born with innate faults in the mind. These innate faults are of the tribe, because they come to us at birth, and are common to all humans, not necessarily acquired through exposure to a given set of experiences. These idols include sensory defects, tendencies to make premature decisions, engagement in wishful thinking and overthinking phenomena, and creating more complications than actually exist.

2. Idols of the Cave: This set of idols is not common to the “tribe” but rather specific to each individual and the “cave” they live in, which is their mind. Depending on each person’s unique experiences, relationships to the world and to others and their exposure to particular disciplines, they develop these idols resulting as a sum of their life’s experiences. These idols involve a tendency to view things with regard to the discipline we have been trained in, and use this narrow understanding of the world to reduce all phenomena down to their own perception. For example: a philosopher will see all of nature’s phenomena as questionable and will attempt to find purpose.

3. Idols of the Marketplace: The marketplace refers to the communications between men, or as Bacon puts it, “association of men with each other” (47). The tools that contribute to the existence of these idols are words and language. We either assign abstract terms or give name to things that exist only in our minds. This leads to a faulty and vague understanding. Ironically, words were created so humans could express themselves, but this distemper prevents us from doing so.

4. Idols of the Theatre: This is again a set of idols, which are learned by us through our respective culture, a practice acquired by humans through socialization and cultural exposure. It refers to the theatricality and sophistry in knowledge, but instead of being true knowledge, it is mere imitations. Hence, this phenomena is described using a metaphor of the theatre. Bacon accuses philosophers of engaging in this particular set of idols.

Distempers of Learning

Bacon originally identified the three distempers of learning as “vanities.” The distempers are simply methods and forms of learning that Bacon believed were ineffective and led to no real advancement. There were three main distempers identified:

1. Fantastical learning (or vain imaginations): Fantastical learning is simply beliefs, ideas, and arguments without strong basis in practical and scientific reality. Being a man with a strong belief in the scientific principles of observation and experimentation, Bacon did not believe in what he called “pseudo sciences.” This kind of learning may be found amongst magicians and astrologers in Bacon’s time and amongst religious leaders and fundamentalists today.

2. Contentious learning (or vain altercations): Contentious learning refers to excessive contestation amongst those deeply entrenched in a particular academic discipline, including arduous arguments about the most minute, inconsequential details, which ultimately lead to no fruitful gain. Bacon lashed out at classical philosophers such as Aristotle for engaging in such learning which ultimately benefits no one.

3. Delicate learning (or vain affectations): Bacon named this particular learning as “delicate” because in his opinion, it lacked true academic rigor. The rigor was missing because those engaging in this type of learning merely focused on form and not content, or “style over substance.” Such emphasis leads to beautifully worded prose, which lacks any kind of depth. No new discoveries or recoveries of knowledge are made, and therefore, such learning is delicate and not true and rigorous. Bacon believed that engaging in these three kinds of learning would lead to two main ill effects, namely “prodigal ingenuity” (waste of talent and mental resources) and “sterile results” (no fruitful outcome beneficial to the wider world).

Induction is the inference of the general from specific instances. Classically, philosophers had a method wherein they would jump to general conclusions after examining only a few specific instances, and then work backwards for a thorough verification processes.

Bacon’s approach to induction was rather different. He believed in going from very specific to general, over a rigorous period of research to confirm a hypothesis. Instead of directly drawing a conclusion, a researcher following Bacon’s method would first examine a large number of subjects or variables. Bacon’s approach, according to him, is foolproof. This is because it enables the researcher to build "a stable edifice of knowledge" (135).

However, there were criticisms to this method, with contemporary thinkers questioning just how much research is needed before making a general conclusion. Moreover, such an approach completely ignores the role of imagination and theorizing a hypothesis. Many great discoveries in history were made by those who imagined a particular idea and proceeded to test it, and not vice versa. Either way, Bacon provides a unique picture of rigorous academic research and induction.

Classification of Knowledge

Not only did Bacon have strong ideas about how knowledge should be collected, he also held strong ideas about how existing knowledge must be classified for optimum benefit to human learning. In his expanded version of the Advancement of Learning ( De Dignitate ), he proposed a threefold classification of knowledge: History, Poesy (poetry), and Philosophy. These three disciplines represent memory, imagination, and reason respectively. He believed that these three disciplines would lead to true advancement, and that the importance of philosophy must be greatly elevated in order for academics to truly progress. As a scientific thinker, he denounced and looked down upon the humanist subjects, namely literature and history. To him, history was a mere collection of facts and poesy was an expressive device; it was philosophy that had to take center stage.

"Of Studies"

Bacon's essay "Of Studies" shows his abilities of persuasion. He creates a metaphor between literature and medicine, stating that as medicine can cure the problems of the body, literature can heal the defects of the mind. The essay has a clear structure, and it groups elements in groups of three. Indeed, Bacon exposes his opinion, but its structure and a formal philosophical language make it appear as the truth in order to convince the audience of what he is saying: studying different genres helps to cure different defects of the mind.

Other Works

Bacon did publish a great number of works that were not, at the surface level, of a philosophical nature. Some of his historical and biographical works include the History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh and a subsequent volume about Henry the Eighth. These were a product of Bacon’s prolonged involvement in British political life as a statesman. He also authored A Natural History in Ten Centuries or Sylva Sylvarum . This was a work divided into ten parts (each roughly designed to represent one century) and each part was divided into an impressive one hundred subparts. In this work, Bacon covered anything and everything that caught his attention, from bodily processes to geographical phenomena by chronicling experiments and observations as well as penning down his own personal thoughts on this varied range of subjects. His science fiction novel, The New Atlantis , was published only after his death. It tells the story of a group of researchers in Salomon’s House (a research institution) who conduct experiments and attempt to gather knowledge.

These academic endeavors of Bacon's are both useful and practical for society, providing valuable insight into Bacon’s vision for what true academia must aim to accomplish. Bacon did not end up publishing a Magnum Opus work, but his work Magna Instauratio or the Great Instauration was in progress, and parts of it were published after his death. He decided back in 1592 that he would devote himself to the field of learning, and restructuring and even “rehabilitating” it. The Magna Instauratio was visualized by Bacon to be an all-encompassing work, consisting of his views on learning to logic to science. Bacon’s wide body of work was created in an astonishingly short period of time. His contributions to learning and the classification of knowledge make him one of the pioneering scientists and philosophers of early modernity.

Francis Bacon: Essays and Major Works Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Francis Bacon: Essays and Major Works is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

why baccon used OF before starting his essays

becose it is used to mention the things particular

What is Sir Francis Bacon’s main purpose in the text?

In this essay Bacon states his ideology about education and learning. He argues that, "studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability." Bacon felt that people should delight in knowledge for its own sake rather than a means to an end...

Part A: which statement best summarizes the text

A. Learning is personal and focuses on improving weaknesses and enhancing strengths.

Study Guide for Francis Bacon: Essays and Major Works

Francis Bacon: Essays and Major Works study guide contains a biography of Francis Bacon, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis of select works.

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Essays for Francis Bacon: Essays and Major Works

Francis Bacon: Essays and Major Works essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Francis Bacon's quotes and writings.

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• Introduction