Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville
B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College
Use science to perform some simple water magic tricks. Get water to change colors and forms and to move in mysterious ways.
Anti-Gravity Water Trick
Tim Oram / Getty Images
Pour water into a glass. Cover the glass with a wet cloth. Flip the glass and the water won't pour out. This is a simple trick that works because of water surface tension .
Supercool Water
Momoko Takeda / Getty Images
You can chill water below its freezing point without having it turn into ice. Then, when you are ready, pour the water or shake and watch it crystallize before your eyes.
Bend a Stream of Water
Cause a stream of water to bend by applying an electrical field near the water. How do you do this without electrocuting yourself? Simply run a plastic comb through your hair.
Turn Water into Wine or Blood
Tetra Images / Getty Images
This classic water magic trick involves making a glass of "water" appear to change into blood or wine. The color change may be reversed by blowing into the red liquid through a straw.
You Really Can Walk on Water
Thomas Barwick / Getty Images
Can you walk on water? It turns out the answer is yes if you know what to do. Ordinarily, a person sinks in water. If you change water's viscosity, you can stay on the surface.
Fire and Water Magic Trick
Pour water into a plate, place a lit match in the center of the dish and cover the match with a glass. The water will be drawn into the glass, as if by magic.
Turn Boiling Water Into Instant Snow
Zefram / Creative Commons License
This water science trick is as easy as throwing boiling water into the air and watching it instantly change into snow. All you need is boiling water and really cold air. This is simple if you have access to an extremely cold winter day. Otherwise, you'll want to find a deep freeze or perhaps the air around liquid nitrogen .
Cloud in a Bottle Trick
You can cause a cloud of water vapor to form inside a plastic bottle—like magic. Smoke particles serve as nuclei on which the water can condense.
Water and Pepper Magic Trick
Sprinkle pepper onto a dish of water. The pepper will spread out evenly across the surface of the water. Dip your finger into the dish. Nothing happens (except your finger gets wet and coated with pepper). Dip your finger in again and watch the pepper scatter away across the water.
Ketchup Packet Cartesian Diver
Place a ketchup packet in a water bottle and cause the ketchup packet to rise and fall at your command. This water magic trick is called the Cartesian Diver.
Water and Whiskey Trading Places
Take a shot glass of water and one of whiskey (or another colored liquid). Place a card over the water to cover it. Flip the water glass so that it is directly over the glass of whiskey. Slowly remove a bit of the card so the liquids can interact, and watch the water and whiskey swap glasses.
Trick to Tie Water in Knots
Sara Winter / Getty Images
Press streams of water together with your fingers and watch the water tie itself into a knot where the streams won't separate again on their own. This water magic trick illustrates the cohesiveness of water molecules and the compound 's high surface tension .
Blue Bottle Science Trick
Alice Edward / Getty Images
Take a bottle of blue liquid and make it appear to turn into water. Swirl the liquid and watch it turn blue again.
Wire Through an Ice Cube
Pull a wire through an ice cube without breaking the ice cube. This trick works because of a process called regelation. The wire melts the ice, but the cube refreezes behind the wire as it passes.
Examples of Physical Changes
How to Perform the Pepper and Water Science Magic Trick
Examples of Physical Changes and Chemical Changes
Mood Ring Colors and Meanings
Kitchen Science Experiments for Kids
Anti-Gravity Water Science Magic Trick
How to Make a Ketchup Packet Cartesian Diver
Match and Water in a Glass Science Magic Trick
Trading Places: Liquid Science Magic Trick
Weird Water Facts
Science Projects Photo Gallery
Candle Science Trick to Extinguish Fire with Carbon Dioxide
Simple Chemistry Life Hacks
Easy Science Projects
Two Methods for Supercooling Water
Exploding Mentos Drink Experiment
Candle and Water Trick
As the temperature falls, so does the pressure
◊ Food colour
1. Put a very little water on a plate, and mix in a couple of drops of food colour.
2. Place a candle in the middle of the plate, and light it. Slowly bring a glass down on top of the candle until it is standing in the water, on the plate.
3. Watch what happens next!
The burning candle heats the air above it, including the air that goes into the glass. Once the glass is standing on the plate, the burning candle uses up all the available oxygen in the glass, then goes out. As it does so, the air in the glass cools, and as it cools, the air pressure in the glass falls below atmospheric pressure. Water is drawn into the glass until the pressure is equalised. You can turn this experiment into a competition by placing a small coin on the plate under the water and, offering students a variety of possible tools, seeing who can retrieve the coin without getting their fingers wet.
So how does this relate to atmosphere?
When we measure the air pressure at the surface of the Earth, we are literally measuring how much air is above us. If the air pressure falls, there is less air above us, if the air pressure rises, there is more air above us. The relationship between temperature and pressure is very important – as the temperature falls, so does the pressure and as the temperature rises, so does the pressure. That means that as air moves up in the atmosphere and the pressure falls (because there is less remaining atmosphere above) its temperature has to fall as well. Typically, the temperature of the atmosphere falls about 6°C for each 1000m you go up –so the tops of mountains are always much colder than the valleys below. This experiment also demonstrates how storm surges work – when the air pressure is low over a sea or ocean, the water level can rise. This can have devastating consequences – for example the North Sea flood of 1953.
Another experiment
For another experiment looking at the relationship between temperature and pressure, all you need is a plastic syringe (the sort sold in pharmacies for administering medicine to babies). With your finger over the nozzle, pour a little very hot, but not boiling, water into the syringe. There will be a bubble of air at the bottom, so you won’t scald your finger! Now use the plunger to push all but 3ml of the water out, then put your finger over the nozzle again, and pull the plunger out. As the pressure in the syringe falls, the temperature falls but so does the boiling point of water – you should see the water starting to boil!
More experiments and demonstrations
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Match in a glass experiment
Home science experiments are a great way to engage your children in some hands-on learning. This classic match in a glass experiment needs some adult supervision but otherwise just requires simple items you have at home.
What you need:
Blu-tack, playdough or even chewing gum will do
Highball glass
Food colouring (optional)
Number of players : 2+
Use the blu-tack or playdough to stick the unlit match, upright to the plate.
Pour a moat of water around the match (you can colour the water with food colouring to make it more fun if you want!).
Get an adult to light the match for you.
Quickly place the glass over the top of the lit match.
Watch as the water is sucked into the glass.
Why is it so?
The match creates hot air inside the glass. The difference in air temperature between the inside of the glass and outside the glass causes the gas inside the glass to push against the glass. This causes a vacuum effect. When the match starts to go out, the air cools and the pressure is released, sucking the water inside the glass.
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Disappearing Glass Rods
Glass objects are visible because they reflect some of the light that shines on them and bend or refract the light that shines through them. If you eliminate reflection from and refraction by a glass object, you can make that object disappear.
Vegetable oil (we've found that Wesson brand works best; don't use "lite" oil)
One or more Pyrex stirring rods or other small, clear glass objects, such as marbles, lenses, or test tubes
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Rising water experiment
Follow FizzicsEd 150 Science Experiments:
You will need
A clear glass cup that is taller than the candle
Adult supervision
Instruction
Using the playdough, fix the candle to the bowl so that it sits upright inside the bowl.
Pour some water into the bowl.
With the matches, light the candle.
Cover the candle with the glass cup. Watch what happens! If you want, you can add food colouring into the water to make the experiment more visible.
Get the Unit of Work on Pressure here!
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What is happening?
You created an area of low pressure!
When the experiment is run you can see tiny bubbles escaping under the glass which shows that the air pressure increased inside the glass from the heated air as the candle burns. Once the candle runs out of oxygen, the candle burns out and the remaining air inside cools down. Cooling air contracts ( see liquid nitrogen on a balloon! ) which lowers the air pressure inside the glass. This created a pressure difference between the air inside the glass and the air outside the glass. This pressure difference caused the high-pressure air outside the glass to push the water down into the plate… allowing the water to be pushed upwards into the inside of the glass towards the lower-pressure air inside the glass.
Variables to test
More on variables here
hot vs. cold water
Two candles vs. one candle
What happens when you use different liquids?
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6 thoughts on “ Rising water experiment ”
Hi When I was at school 30 years ago the oxygen use causing the rise was taught. Since then, it is my understanding from lots of reading, that the reasons behind the rise are related more to temperature as described nicely by Steve Spangler below.
A common misconception is that the consumption of oxygen by the flame in the container is a factor in the water rising. There may be a slight possibility that there would be a tiny rise in the water from the flame using up oxygen but it’s extremely small compared to the actual reason. Simply put, the water would rise imperceptibly at a steady rate as the oxygen were consumed. You likely saw the level rise almost all at once and pretty much after the flame went out.
At first, the flame heats the air inside the container and this hot air expands quickly. Some of the expanding air escapes from under the vase where you might have seen some bubbles. When the flame fades and goes out, the air in the container cools and cooler air contracts or takes up less space. That contraction creates a weak vacuum – or lower pressure – in the container. Where’s the higher pressure? Right! It’s outside the container pressing down on the water in the dish. The outside air pushes water into the container until the pressure is equalized inside and outside the container. The water stops rising when that pressure equalization is reached. https://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/why-does-the-water-rise/
Hi Angela, You’re right and great spot! It looks like this explanation missed the other half of the answer and it’s been updated now. Thanks for the heads up!
Thanks a lot !!! You saved me …? Tmrw was my science test and I was desparatly searching for this answer …
Great experiment to try i tried it and it failed ):
Oh no! How did you set your experiment up? Usually, the failure happens when the water on plate isn’t high enough. Give it a go again!
Yeah I will(:
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Gilla:
Dela:
1 drinking glass
1 lighter or matchbox
Food coloring (optional)
Safety equipment: 1 fire extinguisher
Step 3 (alternative A)
Step 3 (alternative B)
Short explanation
Long explanation.
What happens if you put the glass over the candle very quickly?
What happens if you use a larger glass?
What happens if you use a taller, narrower, glass?
What happens if you use a different type of candle (for example, a small cake candle?
What happens if you use multiple candles (you may need a larger glass or a jar)?
What happens if you use a bowl of water instead (see below)?
Gilla:
Dela:
Imploding soda can
Cloud in a bottle 1
Water sucking bottle
Screaming dry ice
Dry ice in a balloon
Special: Dry ice color change
Dry ice smoking soap bubble snake
Dry ice giant crystal ball bubble
Dry ice in water
Rainbow milk
Gummy bear osmosis
Floating ping pong ball
Rotating Earth
Special: Colored fire
Special: Fire bubbles
Water cycle in a jar
Egg drop challenge
Taking the pulse
Orange candle
Glass bottle xylophone
Warped spacetime
Homemade rainbow
Water implosion
Warm and cold plates
Plastic bag kite
Tamed lightning
Yeast and a balloon
Forever boiling bottle
Moon on a pen
Moon in a box
Inexhaustible bottle
Crystal egg geode
Magic ice cut
Leaf pigments chromatography
Heavy smoke
Popsicle stick bridge
Micrometeorites
Special: Fire tornado
Special: Whoosh bottle
Dancing water marbles
Brownian motion
Flying static ring
Water thermometer
String telephone
Special: Dust explosion
Disappearing styrofoam
Special: Burning money
Special: Burning towel
Salt water purifier
Fish dissection
Hovering soap bubble
Homemade sailboat
Water mass meeting
Plastic bag and pencils
Water sucking glass
Mentos and coke
Aristotle's illusion
Spinning spiral snake
Carbon dioxide extuingisher
Plastic bag parachute
Dental impression
Impact craters
Rolling static soda can
Static paper ghost
Color changing flower
Upside down glass
Shrinking chip bag
Solar system model
Strawberry DNA
Electric motor
Flashy electric motor
Bouncing soap bubbles
Toilet paper roll maraca
Cloud in a bottle 2
Balloon rocket
Water whistle
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Homemade compass
Trash airplane
Wind-up spinner toy
Tea bag rocket
Balancing soda can
Lung volume test
Fireproof balloon
Baking powder popper
Expanding space
Straw propeller
Wooden cutlery
Levitating match
Human reflexes
Electromagnet
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Traveling flame
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Cool Science Experiments Headquarters
Making Science Fun, Easy to Teach and Exciting to Learn!
Science Experiments
Upside Down Glass of Water Science Experiment
Have you ever tried turning a glass of water upside down without spilling it? It seems impossible! Both kids and adults will be amazed by this experiment that appears to defy gravity.
With just a few simple household items, you can try this simple and fun science experiment where kids can get see the effects of air pressure in action. Printable instructions, a demonstration video, and an easy to understand explanation of how it works are included below.
Helpful Tip: Be sure to try this experiment over a sink or large container lest you accidentally make a BIG wet mess!
JUMP TO SECTION: Instructions | Video Tutorial | How it Works
Supplies Needed
Drinking Glass
Thick Sheet of Paper that is long and wide enough to cover the entire mouth of the glass. (We used a piece of poster board)
Large Container or Sink
Upside Down Glass of Water Science Lab Kit – Only $5
Use our easy Upside Down Glass of Water Science Lab Kit to grab your students’ attention without the stress of planning!
It’s everything you need to make science easy for teachers and fun for students — using inexpensive materials you probably already have in your storage closet!
Upsidedown Glass of Water Science Experiment Instructions
Step 1 – Begin by filling the empty glass with water. Ensure that the water is completely to the top of the glass. If there is any space between the water and the paper, the experiment won’t work.
Step 2 – Gently place the paper on the top of the glass.
Step 3 – Move the glass over the container or sink.
Step 4 – Gently place your hand on the paper, then flip the glass over. What do you think will happen if you remove your hand? Write down your hypothesis (prediction) and then follow the steps below.
Step 5 – Remove your hand from the bottom and watch in amazement as the paper stays covering the glass and the water doesn’t spill out. Do you know why this happens? Find out the answer in the how does this experiment work section below.
Upside Down Water Glass Video
How Does the Experiment Work?
The reason this experiment works is because of air pressure! Air pressure is the weight of a column of air pushing down on an area. While we cannot feel it, the air is heavy! The weight of the air pushing down on all objects on Earth is the same as the combined weight of three cars! The reason we don’t feel this extreme weight is that the molecules in air push evenly in all directions – up, down, sideways, diagonally. In this experiment, the air pushing up from underneath the paper is strong enough to overcome the weight of the water pushing down on the paper. Because of the air pressure pushing up on the card, the card will stay on the glass and the water will not spill out.
Do note that while the paper will stay for a while, the paper will become saturated and it will fall eventually.
More Science Fun
If you enjoyed this experiment, then you’ll definitely enough these other cool science experiments that also highlight the power of air.
Balloon Rocket – Make a balloon that flies across the room like a rocket
Keep Towel Dry Under Water – Use simple science to keep the paper towel dry after submerging it in water
Put a Straw through a Raw Potato – Yes, you can easily stick a drinking straw through a hard raw potato
I hope you enjoyed the experiment. Here are some printable instructions:
Upside down Glass of Water Experiment
Instructions.
Begin by filling the empty glass with water. Helpful Tip: Ensure that the water is completely to the top of the glass. If there is any space between the water and the paper, the experiment won’t work.
Gently place the paper on the top of the glass.
Move the glass over the container or sink.
Gently place your hand on the paper, then flip the glass over.
Remove your hand from the bottom and watch in amazement as the paper stays covering the glass and the water doesn’t spill out.
Reader Interactions
February 18, 2023 at 4:11 pm
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Hands-on Activity Make That Invisible! Refractive Index Matching
Grade Level: 11 (9-12)
(can be split into four 50-minute sessions)
This activity also requires some non-expendable lab supplies and equipment that are all reusable if properly stored after the activity; see the Materials List for details.
Group Size: 4
Activity Dependency: None
Subject Areas: Physics
NGSS Performance Expectations:
TE Newsletter
Engineering connection, learning objectives, materials list, worksheets and attachments, more curriculum like this, pre-req knowledge, introduction/motivation, vocabulary/definitions, troubleshooting tips, activity extensions, additional multimedia support, user comments & tips.
Refractive index is a fundamental optical property of materials, and knowing the accurate value of a material's refractive index enables us to predict the angle that light is bent as it passes through the material, which is important in many real-world applications. Chemical, environmental and biomedical engineers take advantage of refractive index matching to minimize (if not remove) multiple scattering when capturing images to study the properties and behavior of micro- and nano-sized particles (such as bacterial and colloidal systems). Optical engineers use accurate measurements of refractive index to design optical instrument components such as lenses, microscopes, telescopes as well as other equipment that utilize the properties of light. Mechanical engineers must know the refractive index of fluids and other materials to build efficient and affordable machines. These examples illustrate the importance of knowing and understanding the concept of refractive index. Numerous methods and modern instruments are available to accurately measure the refractive index of various materials.
After this activity, students should be able to:
Determine the relationship of the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction between two different media.
Measure the refractive index of a given liquid using Snell's law.
Determine the refractive index of an unknown material using percent light transmission.
Educational Standards Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN) , a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g. , by state; within source by type; e.g. , science or mathematics; within type by subtype, then by grade, etc .
Ngss: next generation science standards - science.
NGSS Performance Expectation
HS-PS4-1. Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media. (Grades 9 - 12)
Do you agree with this alignment? Thanks for your feedback!
This activity focuses on the following aspects of NGSS:
Science & Engineering Practices
Disciplinary Core Ideas
Crosscutting Concepts
Use mathematical representations of phenomena or design solutions to describe and/or support claims and/or explanations.
Alignment agreement: Thanks for your feedback!
The wavelength and frequency of a wave are related to one another by the speed of travel of the wave, which depends on the type of wave and the medium through which it is passing.
Alignment agreement: Thanks for your feedback!
Empirical evidence is required to differentiate between cause and correlation and make claims about specific causes and effects.
Alignment agreement: Thanks for your feedback!
Common Core State Standards - Math
View aligned curriculum
Do you agree with this alignment? Thanks for your feedback!
International Technology and Engineering Educators Association - Technology
State standards, texas - science.
For the teacher-led class demonstration:
Disappearing Glass Demo Instructions
two 500-ml clear glass beakers
glycerin (or vegetable oil, such as Wesson; glycerin is preferred; see note below)
2 Pyrex stirring rods, such as the 12-inch clear glass stir rod available for $1.75 each at The Science Company website at https://www.sciencecompany.com/Clear-Glass-Stir-Rod-12-inch-P17256.aspx
Each group needs:
poster board and writing utensils (or a small white board and a dry erase marker)
Refractive Index Lab Worksheet
(optional, for activity extension assignment) Refractive Index Application Research Questions
For Part 1, each group needs:
laser pointer
print out of a polar graph; such as the example graphs found at the University of South Florida's Florida Center for Instructional Technology ClipArtETC website at http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/43000/43018/polar_24-4l_43018.htm
(optional but recommended) plastic sheet protector to protect the paper polar graph from spills
semicircular hollow acrylic block, 12 cm diameter x 2.5 cm high, available (part# RCSC01) at Nova-Tech International at http://www.novatech-usa.com/RCSC01
~50 ml water
~50 ml glycerin (or vegetable oil, such as Wesson), such as ACS grade, 4-liter bottle of glycerin (catalog # S25342D) from Fischer at https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/glycerin-4l-acs-grade/s25342d ; glycerin is preferred because it is the same color as water so students will not realize at first that the two liquids are different, and it is soluble in water, making clean-up easier
For Part 2, each group needs:
LED lights/semiconductors (matching the color of the laser used), such as the LED semiconductors from Sargent Welch for a pack of five at https://sargentwelch.com/store/product/8887114/led-semiconductors
4 containers (cuvettes are preferred, but small test tubes also work)
~6 ml water
~6 ml glycerin (or vegetable oil, such as Wesson)
2 Pyrex glass tubes (~6 cm in length each) that fit in the sample container, as shown in Figure 2; such as "Rod, glass, Pyrex, 3 mm OD (outer diameter)," catalog # 239430, page 193 in University of Houston's Research Stores 2013 Catalog, for ~$1 per piece (~1.5 meter) at http://researchstores.nsm.uh.edu/catalog , Pyrex brand is necessary to get the desired results
sample container rack or holder to securely hold vials of four samples, such as the one shown in Figure 2 made with cardboard, clear tape and two packing foam pieces
electronic breadboard and electrical wire (optional but recommended to ensure the stability of the detector), such as the five mini solderless prototype breadboards with 170 tiepoints available for $6.67 at http://www.ebay.com/itm/5x-Transparent-Mini-Solderless-Prototype-Breadboard-170-Tie-points-for-Arduino-/231242048856?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item35d719a558 or www.amazon.com.
To share with the entire class:
(optional but recommended if available) lux meter, to verify the reliability of the results from the homemade LED-multimeter light intensity detector; such as Mastech's light meter LX1010B, 50,000 Lux Luxmeter with LCD display for $15 (MSRP $50) at https://www.amazon.com/Light-Meter-LX1010B-Luxmeter-display/dp/B000JWUT6O
Student are expected to know:
The basic properties of light, such as reflection, refraction, absorption, transmission and scattering.
How to plot data points and determine the slope from the graph.
The basic trigonometry (that is, the use of sine) for the calculation of refractive index using Snell's law.
(In advance, prepare to conduct a class demonstration, using the Disappearing Glass Demo Instructions as a guide, so the setup looks like Figure 1, with a stirring rod submerged in a beaker of water [left] and a stirring rod submerged in glycerin [right]. Write the challenge question on the classroom board. Then start by asking students the pre-assessment discussion questions, as described in the Assessment section. Then divide the class into groups of four and give each group a poster paper or small white board to write down its answers.)
What is the difference between transparent and invisible materials? (Listen to student answers.) Transparent material permits light to pass through it so that objects behind can be directly seen but the material itself is still visible to the naked eye. On the other hand, invisible material allows light to pass through as well, but it is not visible to our eyes.
Today, this is our challenge question : How can you make half of this stirring rod invisible without breaking it?
(Let students brainstorm and write down their final answers. Have each group share its answer and explain why. Summarize the answers on the classroom board.)
Let me show you one way of making half of the stirring rod disappear. (Demonstrate how to make half of the stirring rod disappear using two beakers, one with water and one with liquid glycerin.) What do you observe? (Students see examples of transparent and invisible materials, noticing that part of the rod submerged in glycerin appears to be invisible!)
(Expect some students to be fascinated. Others may have seen the demo but do not know the science behind it. Others may not believe it and examine the demo more carefully. Let students think about it and explore it for a few minutes. Then explain it.) If two materials have exactly the same refractive index (n), you cannot see the difference between the materials. Water has an n =1.33 while glycerin has n =1.47. A Pyrex stirring rod has n =1.47.
Light is very important in our lives. It travels in waves and has several unique properties—reflection, refraction, absorption, transmission and scattering. Light is the reason that we can see everything around us. However, have you ever thought that the unique properties of light could enable us to make something disappear? Before we get into making something "invisible," it is important for us to refresh our memories on what we mean by the refraction of light.
(Either introduce or review the concept of refraction.) Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. This behavior occurs because light changes speed when it travels into a different medium. Since light is used in a lot of research in science and engineering, it is important know how much light is refracting (or how much it changes its speed) in a given medium. Refractive index is one of the light optical properties that can be used to study the bending of light.
where c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 x 10 8 m/s) and v is the speed of light in a certain medium. In other words, n is simply a way to know the speed of light in a medium relative to its speed in a vacuum. Based on current knowledge, we know of nothing faster than the speed of light in a vacuum.
(Give students a chance to think about their answers and then share what they are thinking).
For Part 1 of today's activity, we are going to use Snell's law to determine the index of refraction of an unknown liquid. A semi-circular hollow block is the container of your unknown liquid and you are going to change the angle of incidence of the laser beam at 5 o increments. Our first medium is the liquid and the second medium is the air. We will measure and record the angle of refraction in air. Then we will use the following relationship to determine the refractive index of the liquid ( n 1 ).
Snell's law is:
n 1 sinθ 1 = n 2 sinθ 2
If the second medium is air, we can assume that n 2 = 1:
n 1 sinθ 1 = sinθ 2
x = sin θ 1
n 1 sinθ 1 = sinθ 2 becomes y=n 1 x
Once you plot your data and the slope is determined, you can predict the identity of your unknown sample by referring to a list of known refractive indices of materials (Table 1).
Part 2 of the activity involves the refractive index matching of a material (a Pyrex glass tube) with two different liquids (water and glycerin). Refractive index matching is used by science and engineering researchers, such as in the analysis of colloidal system using imaging. The study of colloidal particle behavior has been important in the development of efficient and eco-friendly solutions to many energy and environmental challenges such as enhanced oil recovery, flow assurance, water management, and clean and efficient engines. Observing these systems in a micro- or nano-scale dimension using microscopes is not easy since they usually scatter light in all direction because the particles are so close to each other. Too much scattering makes the microscopic images blurry and unclear. (One way to minimize this is to reduce the concentration of the particles in a medium. However, lowering the concentration can reduce the signal being detected to observe the particles.) If the particles and the solvent have the same refractive index, light scattering is not a problem. Thus, refractive index matching is a significant tool enabling researchers to better observe what happens in experiments.
Refractive index matching is tested by determining the percent light transmission. The refractive index of the glass tube is matched to the refractive index of two different liquids. Recall what you observed in the "disappearing glass" demo. The stirring rod submerged in glycerin appeared to be invisible! In theory, if two materials have exactly the same refractive index, the light passes through without any (or minimal) scattering or refraction. The light travels straight because it cannot detect any difference in the two materials, hence the speed of the travelling light does not change (bend). Related to this, the higher the percent transmission of light in the sample with a glass tube in a liquid, we can assume that the glass tube has the same or close n of that liquid. In this activity, we will use an inexpensive and easy-to-build homemade detector for measuring the light intensity (in milliwatts).
Before the Activity
Set up activity stations around the room with prepared samples for each team. The sample setup is shown in Figure 2, and an example station is shown in Figure 8. At each station, you may want to do steps 1 and 2 of Part 1 in advance of students arriving to conduct the activity.
To ensure accurate data collection for Part 1, use clear tape to secure the semi-circular hollow block on the center of the polar graph. This minimizes movement of the block. Refer to Figures 5 and 7.
For Part 2, set up the LED-multimeter detector as shown in Figure 6.
If a lux meter is available, refer to the Refractive Index Lab Worksheet (Part 2, Analysis question #2) for information about the setup. This optional setup replaces the LED-multimeter detector with the lux meter. The percent transmission may not be the same since you are detecting light intensity in different units, but the trend will be similar.
With the Students—Part 1: Refractive Index Using a Hollow Cell
Assign each group an "unknown" liquid. (Since students do not know that only samples of water and glycerin are available, give half of the class water and the other half glycerin.)
Place the hollow semi-circular acrylic block filled with the group's assigned liquid at the center of the polar graph, as shown in Figure 4. If the polar graph is not protected by a plastic sheet, be careful not to get the paper wet!
Use clear tape to secure the block to the graph. (Steps 1 and 2 may have already been done by the teacher.)
Make sure that the laser pointer is working and lay it on the table so that the laser beam passes across the polar graph paper lying on the tabletop.
Starting with the 0 o angle of incidence from normal (the line that is perpendicular to the flat edge of the block), rotate the graph paper at 5 o increments until the refracted ray totally disappears. (Refer to the setup in Figures 5 and 7.)
Continue to change the angle of incidence by rotating the graph paper with the block, making sure that the light is always passing through the center point of the polar graph.
Each time, record the angle of incidence ( θ 1 ) and angle of refraction ( θ 2 ).
Take note of the angle at which the refracted ray totally disappears. This is called the total internal reflection. Teacher note: The critical angle (start of the total internal reflection) of light passing through water and air is 48.8° and for glycerin is 42.9°.
Plot your data in terms of sin θ 2 vs. sin θ 1 . Determine the slope, which is the average refractive index. (Note: Recall Snell's law; n air = 1.00).
With the Students—Part 2. Refractive Index Matching Using Percent Light Transmission Measurement
Your goal is to approximate the index of refraction of the glass tube based on the percent light transmission using a LED light and multimeter as the detector .
Turn on the laser and the multimeter. Make sure that the laser beam is passing through the LED light. The light from the laser is converted to an electric signal that is read by the multimeter. Adjust the laser position and light height until you can detect the maximum signal in volts (V). Light intensity is directly proportional to the voltage you are reading. The LED light has a maximum output of ~1.0 V. After this step, DO NOT MOVE the laser or the detector while gathering data. Misalignment may give different results.
Put the W1 sample container in between the laser and detector. Make sure the light is passing through the center of the sample container and the LED light.
Determine the light intensity (in volts) after the laser passes through the sample. Record your data.
Repeat steps 3-5 for samples W2, G1 and G2, recording the data.
Calculate the percent transmission of light using the equation provided in Figure 8.
Determine the refractive index of the glass tube based from the known data. For teacher reference, two methods are described below.
Method 1: Refractive Index Matching: Based on the percent light intensity equation, I is the light intensity that the multimeter is reading with the liquid and glass tube, while I o is the reading with pure liquid. If the glass tube has the same refractive index as the liquid in which it is submerged, the light passes through it without any refraction or scattering; thus, its percent light intensity is almost 100%. This method is commonly called "refractive index matching" and is typically used in situations in which it is hard to measure the refractive index of a certain substance, such as colloidal and bacterial systems.
Method 2: Another way to determine the refractive index is by using two sample containers, each with a different liquid. Measure the light intensity after the light passes through the container with liquid only. Then, submerge the Pyrex glass tube, then measure the light intensity passing through the sample container (now with glass tube and liquid). Follow with the same equation.
Conclude the activity by having students answer the three lab reflection questions. Then collect the completed lab worksheets. If time permits, have students research and present to the rest of the class examples of real-world applications of refractive index applications used in science and engineering, as described in the Activity Extensions section.
absorption: A process in which light (energy) is transferred to a medium in which it is passing through.
angle of incidence: The angle measured between the normal and the incident light.
angle of refraction: The angle measured between the normal and the refracted light.
colloidal system: A system in which fine particles are dispersed within a continuous medium. A colloidal system may be solid, liquid or gas.
detector: A device that recovers or measures information.
normal: An imaginary line perpendicular to a surface.
reflection: The bouncing of light when it strikes a boundary between different media through which it cannot pass.
refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
refractive index: A number (optical property) that describes how light propagates through a medium.
scattering: The dispersal of rays of light when the light reflects from an unsmooth surface.
transmission: When light passes through a material and is not absorbed by that material.
Pre-Activity Assessment
Discussion Questions: To help students recall the common behaviors of light, give student pairs some time to discuss answers to the following questions. After the allotted time, have groups share their answers with the rest of the class. Answers to the following example questions are provided in the Pre-Activity Discussion Questions Answer Key .
What is light?
Light has the following behaviors when it is interacting with a certain boundary: reflection, refraction, absorption, transmission and scattering. For each, draw an example and use arrows to show how the light behaves.
What is the difference between transparent and invisible?
Activity Embedded Assessment
Worksheets: During the course of the activity, have students complete the Refractive Index Lab Worksheet to show their understanding of the material as well as participation.
Post-Activity Assessment
Reflection Questions: At activity end, have students answer the three lab reflection summary questions and then turn in their completed lab worksheets. Review their answers to assess what they learned in the activity.
Safety Issues
To keep the laser pointer from being pointed at people's eyes, use masking tape to secure the laser pointer in the setups before the activity begins.
To prevent breakage and spills, place the activity glasses and liquids in a secure rack or container, such as the one shown in Figure 2 made from cardboard, tape and foam.
For Part 1, make sure that 1) the laser beam passes through the polar graph so students can see the incident and refracted beam clearly, 2) the light passes through the center point of the graph, and 3) the block is at the center of the polar graph.
For Part 2, make sure the LED-multimeter detector is stable during data collection. Moving any part of the detector after step 2 of Part 2 may give erroneous results. The electronic breadboard is helpful to avoid moving any detector part during the activity.
Knowing the refractive index of a material enables us to predict the angle that light is bent as it passes through the material, which is important in many real-world applications, such as the imaging of nano-sized particles by minimizing the scattering due to refraction, as well as the design of optical instruments and equipment that use light. Assign student teams to research real-world applications of refractive index matching in science and engineering. Hand out the Refractive Index Application Research Questions as a guide for their research. Give each group five minutes to present what they have researched in class in the form of a PowerPoint and/or poster presentations. Note: With so many applications to research, guide student teams to focus on one application as their topic, so as to not be overwhelmed with too much information.
For more information about total internal reflection (TIR):
Applications of total internal reflection http://regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys04/captotint/
Fiber Optic Cables: How They Work (5:35 minute video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MwMkBET_5I
Students learn about the basic properties of light and how light interacts with objects. They are introduced to the additive and subtractive color systems, and the phenomena of refraction. Students further explore the differences between the additive and subtractive color systems via predictions, ob...
Students learn about the science and math that explain light behavior, which engineers have exploited to create sunglasses. They examine tinted and polarized lenses, learn about light polarization, transmission, reflection, intensity, attenuation, and how different mediums reduce the intensities of ...
Contributors
Supporting program, acknowledgements.
Developed by the University of Houston's College of Engineering under National Science Foundation RET grant number 1130006. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the NSF and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government.
Secure the match so that it is upright by setting a quarter or other small heavy object on the end of the matchstick. Use the second match to light the match that you placed on the plate. Immediately invert a glass over the burning match. The water will flow into the glass and will remain in the glass even after the match has been extinguished.
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COMMENTS
Secure the match so that it is upright by setting a quarter or other small heavy object on the end of the matchstick. Use the second match to light the match that you placed on the plate. Immediately invert a glass over the burning match. The water will flow into the glass and will remain in the glass even after the match has been extinguished.
This video shows you how to do a classic bar trick: match in a glass sucks in all the surrounding water. A great kitchen science experiment for kids (adult s...
Science experiments can be cool magic tricks! This kids' science video gives you step by step instructions for our match in a jar science experiment. Enterta...
The Experiment1. Fill a plastic cup up with water.2. Add 2 or 3 drops of food colouring to the water. This will make the movement of the water easier to see ...
ThoughtCo. Take a shot glass of water and one of whiskey (or another colored liquid). Place a card over the water to cover it. Flip the water glass so that it is directly over the glass of whiskey. Slowly remove a bit of the card so the liquids can interact, and watch the water and whiskey swap glasses. 12.
A glass Matches Candle Food colour Water Saucer or plate. Method. 1. Put a very little water on a plate, and mix in a couple of drops of food colour. 2. Place a candle in the middle of the plate, and light it. Slowly bring a glass down on top of the candle until it is standing in the water, on the plate. 3. Watch what happens next!
Highball glass. Water. Food colouring (optional) Number of players: 2+. Activity: Use the blu-tack or playdough to stick the unlit match, upright to the plate. Pour a moat of water around the match (you can colour the water with food colouring to make it more fun if you want!). Get an adult to light the match for you.
This is an experiment about the water cycle. Fun and easy science experiments for kids and adults. Cloud in a bottle 1. ... Light a match, and throw it in the bottle. Do the same with a second match, and then with a third. ... Cool the air in a glass and suck water. About pressure and temperature. Mentos and coke. Chemistry.
Fill your measuring cup with water and add a couple drops of food coloring. Place the tea light in the pie plate. Pour water into the pie plate so that it just covers the bottom. You don't want the water to be very deep. Light the candle, and then cover it with a jar. Watch the water carefully.
Experiment with a variety of glass objects, such as clear marbles, lenses, and odd glassware. Some will disappear in the oil more completely than others. ... Karo can be diluted with water to match some types of glass. Other light-colored corn syrups may also work—you may want to experiment and find out. Related Snacks. Disappearing Act.
Using the playdough, fix the candle to the bowl so that it sits upright inside the bowl. 2. Pour some water into the bowl. 3. With the matches, light the candle. 4. Cover the candle with the glass cup. Watch what happens! If you want, you can add food colouring into the water to make the experiment more visible.
Place the tealight on the surface (it floats) and light it. Then take the glass, place it directly above the tealight, and push the glass straight down to the bottom. Since there is air in the glass, the tealight and water surface will be pushed down to the bottom. For a while, the candle will burn well below the water surface, trapped inside ...
The flames from the matches are heating the air inside the glass. The heated air expands and quickly comes out from under the glass. As soon as the flames di...
Step 1 - Begin by filling the empty glass with water. Ensure that the water is completely to the top of the glass. If there is any space between the water and the paper, the experiment won't work. Step 2 - Gently place the paper on the top of the glass. Step 3 - Move the glass over the container or sink.
Students determine the refractive index of a liquid with a simple technique using a semi-circular hollow block. Then they predict the refractive index of a material (a Pyrex glass tube) by matching it with the known refractive index of a liquid using the percent light transmission measurement. The homemade light intensity detector uses an LED and multimeter, which are relatively inexpensive ...
Place the candle in the middle of the plate or bowl. 2. Optional: If your candle can't stand by itself, use some playdough to help it stand upright. 3. Optional: Mix water with food coloring in a separate container. The food coloring helps you see the rising water better. 4. Pour the colored water into the plate (to about 1 cm in depth). 5.
Determine the mass of 10 mL of DI water by dispensing measured volumes of water (using each glass device) into a tared plastic cup. Repeat this at least three times and then calculate an average mass. DENSITY Learn how to use a hydrometer. Use a hydrometer to find the density of water and the density of a salt solution.
Amazing Experiments that will show ou how to simply light a match inside a glass inserted in a glass full of water. It is simple and practical life hack wit...
Tequila Sunrise. Fuzzy Navel. Zombie. 4. Rocks Glass. Also called an old fashioned or lowball glass, the rocks glass is short and wide with a sturdy bottom. Unlike the glasses above, which are designed to hold large amounts of ice and mixers, the rocks glass holds drinks made with mostly spirits.
Instructions. Add 3-4 cubes of ice to an Absolut Copper Mule Cup. Carefully add the Absolut Elyx Vodka, ginger beer, hard apple cider and lime juice. Mix well with a stirring rod or cinnamon stick. Garnish with fresh sliced apples and cranberries.
In our experiments "microbial catalyst-transmutator" with mass about 1 g was placed in the glass flasks with 10 ml of water from the atomic reactor. In control experiments the same radioactive water but without "microbial catalyst-transmutator" was used. The cultures were grown at the temperature 25º C. Activity of all flasks has been
This video is Matchstick and plastic Glass Amazing science experiment by (Experiment Hacker)Because the water absorb the heat like share and subscribe the ch...
Water glass Experiment 🤪💯 Fake or Real | #shorts #diyprojects #science #shorts #viral@DEVKeExperiment your queries:#how to make a water tornado#battery wat...