advantages and disadvantages of digitalization essay

15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Digitalization

In today’s rapidly evolving world, the concept of digitalization has become increasingly important. With the advancement of technology, businesses and industries are constantly seeking ways to embrace the digital world and leverage the benefits it offers. 

However, with any transformative process, there are both advantages and disadvantages to consider. This article aims to explore the various aspects of digitalization and shed light on its pros and cons.

• Redaction Team
• August 10, 2023
• Business Technology , Entrepreneurship

What is digitalization?

Understanding the concept of digital transformation.

Digitalization refers to the process of implementing digital technology and adopting new digital platforms to transform a business or industry. It involves the integration of digital technologies into various aspects of an organization, including operations, customer experience, and data management.

With business digitalization , companies can automate processes, streamline operations, and access real-time data, leading to increased productivity and improved decision-making.

Fundamental changes brought by digitalization

One of the key advantages of digitalization is the fundamental changes it brings to traditional business models. Digitalization allows businesses to adapt to new technologies, which can enhance efficiency and create new opportunities for growth.

By digitizing processes and adopting digital platforms, companies can reduce the time it takes to complete tasks, improve operational efficiency, and enhance the overall customer experience.

How digitalization differs from digitization

It is important to note that digitalization and digitization are related but distinct concepts. Digitization refers to the conversion of analog information into digital format, whereas digitalization goes beyond conversion and involves the transformation of entire business processes and models.

While digitization focuses on the conversion of physical assets into digital assets, digitalization revolves around the integration and utilization of these digital assets to drive innovation and efficiency.

Advantages of Digitalization

• Efficiency and Productivity : Digitalization enables automation of processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity. Tasks that used to be manual and time-consuming can now be completed quickly with the help of digital tools.
• Access to Information : Digitalization allows easy access to vast amounts of information and knowledge through the internet. This has revolutionized research, education, and information dissemination.
• Cost Savings : Digital processes often reduce the need for physical resources, leading to cost savings. For instance, digital documents and communication can reduce printing and mailing costs.
• Global Connectivity : Digitalization has enabled instant global communication, making it easier for individuals and businesses to connect, collaborate, and reach a wider audience.
• Innovation and Creativity : Digital tools facilitate innovation and creative expression through various platforms, such as digital art, music production, and software development.
• Data Analysis and Insights : Digitalization generates vast amounts of data, which can be analyzed to gain insights and make informed decisions in various fields, such as business, healthcare, and scientific research.
• Flexibility and Remote Work : Digitalization has allowed for more flexible work arrangements, including remote work options, which can improve work-life balance and reduce commuting.

Disadvantages of Digitalization

• Digital Divide : Not everyone has equal access to digital technologies and the internet, leading to a digital divide that can exacerbate existing social and economic inequalities.
• Privacy and Security Concerns : Digitalization can raise concerns about data privacy and security, as sensitive information can be vulnerable to breaches, hacking, and unauthorized access.
• Dependency on Technology : Overreliance on digital tools can lead to technological dependence, making individuals and organizations vulnerable to disruptions in case of technical failures or cyberattacks.
• Job Displacement : Automation and digitalization can lead to job displacement in certain industries, as machines and algorithms take over tasks previously performed by humans.
• Information Overload : The abundance of digital information can lead to information overload and difficulties in discerning credible sources from misinformation.
• Environmental Impact : The production and disposal of digital devices can contribute to electronic waste and environmental concerns.
• Loss of Human Interaction : Increased reliance on digital communication can reduce face-to-face interactions and interpersonal relationships.
• Digital Fatigue : The constant connectivity and information flow can lead to digital fatigue and stress, as individuals struggle to disconnect and find moments of respite.

Weighing the pros and cons of digital transformation

When considering the advantages and disadvantages of digitalization, it is essential to evaluate the specific context and goals of each organization. The benefits of digitalization, such as increased productivity, streamlined processes, and access to real-time data, can significantly contribute to business success.

However, organizations also need to be mindful of potential challenges, such as job displacement and cybersecurity risks. By addressing these concerns proactively and implementing appropriate strategies, businesses can maximize the advantages of digitalization while minimizing the disadvantages.

The role of AI in digitalization

Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in digitalization. AI-powered technologies can automate processes, analyze vast amounts of data, and provide valuable insights to drive decision-making.

By leveraging AI, organizations can enhance operational efficiency, improve the accuracy of predictions, and personalize customer experiences. However, it is essential to ensure ethical AI deployment and address concerns about AI bias and transparency.

How businesses can adapt and adopt digitalization

To adapt and adopt digitalization successfully, businesses need to develop a clear digital transformation strategy. This strategy should encompass the identification of key areas for digital transformation, the selection of appropriate technologies, and the establishment of a roadmap for implementation.

Organizations should also foster a culture of digital adoption, ensuring that employees embrace digital technologies and acquire the necessary skills to leverage them effectively. Additionally, continuous monitoring and evaluation of digital transformation initiatives are crucial to ensure success and identify areas for improvement.

In conclusion, digitalization brings a myriad of advantages and disadvantages for businesses and industries. It offers opportunities for increased productivity, efficiency, and better decision-making through automation, streamlined processes, and access to real-time data. However, concerns about job displacement and cybersecurity risks must be addressed, and investments in digital infrastructure are necessary. By carefully weighing the pros and cons and implementing appropriate strategies, businesses can navigate the digital transformation journey successfully and reap the benefits of a digitalized future.

FAQs about advantages and disadvantages of digitization

Digitalization refers to the process of converting information into a digital format, enabling easy storage, retrieval, and transmission through electronic devices.

There are several advantages of digitalization, such as improved efficiency, reduced costs, increased access to information, streamlined business processes, enhanced data security, and the ability to leverage advanced technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart technology.

Despite its advantages, digitalization also has some disadvantages. These include potential issues with data security, the need for ongoing investments in technology, potential job displacement, and the reliance on electronic systems that could fail or be vulnerable to cyber threats.

Digitalization has a significant impact on businesses by allowing them to streamline their processes, improve customer experiences, reach wider audiences, and gain a competitive advantage. It also enables businesses to collect and analyze vast amounts of data for making informed decisions.

Digital transformation refers to the integration of digital technologies into various aspects of a business. It plays a crucial role in enabling digitalization by providing the tools, strategies, and frameworks to leverage technology effectively for achieving business objectives.

Digitalization can help your business in various ways. It can optimize your operations, reduce costs associated with paper documents and manual processes, enhance data security, improve customer experiences, and provide new opportunities for growth and innovation.

Digital transformation offers numerous benefits, including improved operational efficiency, better decision-making through data analytics, enhanced customer satisfaction, increased agility in responding to market changes, and the ability to stay competitive in a rapidly evolving digital business landscape.

Yes, there can be some disadvantages of digital transformation. These may include the need for significant investments in technology, potential resistance to change from employees, the possibility of cyber threats, and the risk of relying heavily on automated data systems that may be susceptible to human error or technical failures.

Digitalization can impact employee morale positively or negatively, depending on how it is implemented. While digitalization can automate repetitive tasks and provide employees with access to useful tools and information, it can also lead to job uncertainties or changes in job roles that may affect morale. Effective communication and proper training can help address these concerns.

Companies use digitalization in various ways, including digitizing their internal and external processes, adopting cloud-based technologies, implementing data analytics solutions, leveraging mobile and online platforms for customer interactions, and exploring emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain.

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Home > Books > Aspects of Digital Libraries - Digitization, Standards, Open Access, Repositories and User’s Skills

Digitalization: An Overview of the Advantages and Disadvantages

Submitted: 21 May 2023 Reviewed: 28 May 2023 Published: 30 June 2023

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.1002006

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Aspects of Digital Libraries - Digitization, Standards, Open Access, Repositories and User’s Skills

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Collections are the heart of museums, born for anyone’s benefit. In order to ensure people enjoy collections, museums operate as the stewards of items to preserve them for today and future generations. Due to the growing technological improvements and the advent of the Internet, collections have been made available for the audience’s benefit, both offline and online. This paper aims to provide the reader with a general picture of the matter. For this purpose, it illustrates the development of digitization since its first steps, when cultural institutions started approaching the usage of computers in the 1960s. Then, this study focuses on the main advantages and disadvantages of digitization. For instance, this practice contributes to preserving items through digital surrogates. Additionally, collections are made widely accessible-albeit virtually- thereby democratizing them. Nevertheless, it is argued that digital content might trigger the loss of the “aura” typically associated with seeing original items due to their uniqueness. Furthermore, digitization is a resource and time-consuming process whose outcome is prone to incurring the phenomenon of rapid “technological quicksand.” Finally, this study deals with revenue streams from digital content, such as merchandise and image licensing sale.

• digitalization
• digitization
• digital content
• accessibility
• preservation

Author Information

Lara corona *.

• Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

1. Introduction

This chapter deals with the digitization of collections, also referred to as digitization. At first, the relevance of this topic is highlighted. Following that, the most significant contributions made by authors to the field are presented. Then, in order to avoid confusion, some definitions are provided. Later, the various phases of the digitalization’s development are described. Eventually, financial obstacles are encountered, and potential solutions to overcome them are suggested. Ultimately, the chapter illustrates the overriding advantages and disadvantages of digitization as a strategy to increase the accessibility of collections, including those that are stored.

The topic is crucial due to the significance of collections as the very heart of museums. Reasons such as preservation issues, uncontrolled collections development due to thoughtless acquisitions, and lack of storage space have doomed a substantial portion of cultural objects to remain in storage. Given this context, the digitalization of collections may represent a strategy to increase the accessibility of collections, particularly those that are kept in depots and would otherwise be difficult to access, especially for nonsector people.

According to the International Council of Museums (ICOM), “a museum is a not-for-profit, permanent institution in the service of society that researches, collects, conserves, and interprets and exhibits tangible and intangible heritage. Open to the public, accessible and inclusive, museums foster diversity and sustainability. They operate and communicate ethically, professionally, and with the participation of communities, offering varied experiences for education, enjoyment, reflection, and knowledge sharing” [ 1 ]. This definition does not have a direct reference to the digitization process. Nevertheless, it can be argued that digitization contributes to museum goals. Specifically, digitalization may represent a strategy that combines preservation and accessibility. Preservation of collections can be ensured by adopting appropriate storage for collections. On the other hand, museums maintain collections for the benefit of the public so that collections can be used for education, research, and pleasure. Due to the vast number of potentially conflicting factors, it is not always possible to make them physically accessible. Creating an appropriate local environment to preserve collections, for instance, would be of utmost importance if a low-cost, ready-to-use solution were available. Today, technology is of utmost significance to everyone. Even non-tech-savvy people use the Internet and social media on computers and mobile devices as part of their daily life. Similarly, museums have been impacted by these enhancements and can use this trend to promote their collections. By digitizing the collections, it is possible to make collections visible due to technological advancements. Therefore, the relevance of digitization is related to the fundamental functions of museums.

Numerous authors have considered digitization as a possible tool to increase the accessibility of stored collections. For example, a significant study was conducted on the uses of stored collections in many London museums [ 2 ]. Despite being undertaken approximately 15 years ago, this study revealed that more than half of the museums that responded offered digitalized collections online. Another research examined the use of digital tools by London-based museums to provide online and onsite visitors with access to information [ 3 ]. Another contributor to the field examined the digital world as a personalized interactive experience [ 4 ]. Another study compared an onsite visit to an online visit [ 5 ]. There are also authors who researched museums’ economic profiles [ 6 ]. These concluded that museums operate in a complex environment where the decision-making process of cultural entities (such as the setting of prices) is influenced by multiple factors (such as their governance). Another crucial contribution was provided to shed light on how only 5% of collections are displayed in museum galleries for anyone’s benefit [ 7 ]. Specifically, this study highlights digitization makes 41% of stored collections accessible.

2. Digitization and metadata

In order to gain some understanding of this topic, it is necessary to define specific terms. Digitization refers to creating a digital copy of a physical original, also referred to as a digital surrogate, replica, digital copy, or digitized product of an original analog good [ 8 ]. In order to accomplish this, the original objects are associated with computers via photography, photogrammetry, or scanning to acquire digital images or substitutes. Digital image processing or digital imaging refers to the process of converting a physical object to a digital format. Due to the absence of conversion, there is disagreement regarding the inclusion of digital-born objects as a result of digitization [ 9 ]. In addition to digital surrogates, cultural institutions may also possess born-digital products and metadata.

Metadata are “structured tags indexing or describing the characteristics of an asset, represented in a metadata schema or standard.” They are essential because retrieving content without metadata is difficult. The term “digitized goods” refers to collections housed in libraries, museums, archives, or archaeology locations, and includes both the objects and their documentation. Collections refer to tangible and ethereal cultural artifacts that become intangible upon digitization. Metadata is “structured information associated with an object for the purposes of discovery, description, use, management, and preservation” [ 10 ]. This description suggests the existence of a complementary relationship between digital commodities and metadata, indicating that their production and consumption occur simultaneously [ 11 ]. It can be argued that digital objects “serve no purpose unless metadata are linked to them” [ 12 ]. For example, the Egyptian Museum of Turin in Italy provided fifteen ancient wooden model surrogates and their historical documentation to provide complete information to professionals and nonprofessionals [ 13 ]. Some authors have stated that information is more important than the items themselves [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]: not only are items meaningless if they lack information but information is more important than the items themselves. This relationship affects their value: the value of digital collections depends on the value of their metadata, which is expected to be FAIR so that they do not vanish or become obsolete [ 17 ]. FAIR is an acronym for discoverable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. Briefly, metadata should have a unique universal identifier and be indexed so that they can be found in searchable resources to be discoverable. Reusability implies that data usage licenses are accessible. Accessible metadata are those whose identifiers permit retrieval. Interoperability is the ability of digital content to “be easily shared between services and users; usable without specialist tools; surfaced in a variety of environments, as well as to manage intellectual property rights and privacy and to secure the integrity and authenticity of content and services” [ 12 ].

Metadata should be recorded in accordance with standards so that the same principles are applied universally, regardless of the item, collection, or cultural institution. As reported by NISO, the cultural heritage community employs a variety of metadata standards. Due to its flexibility and simplicity, the Dublin Core [ 18 ] is one of the most popular metadata schemas used for a wide variety of collections.

The use of the same standards contributes to the interoperability of collections, as digital collections can be readily aggregated and accessed through more prominent aggregators. These aggregators are very important because they increase the accessibility of collections by linking together collections from all over the world, including those stored: people can access collections from anywhere via these aggregators rather than searching through the digital contents of numerous museums. Europeana, an initiative of the European Union [ 19 ], is an aggregator that has digitized more than 50 million objects to date. Google Art Project is a second pertinent aggregator.

3. Digitization over time

In the past decade, numerous museums have digitized their collections and made them accessible to the public in various ways. Consequently, the means of appreciating and analyzing them have evolved over time. Collections were made accessible by selling CD-ROMs; eventually, museum content was disseminated via websites. The first commercially available CD-ROM was titled Le Louvre-Peintures et Palais and debuted in 1995. It was a bestseller and included information on 100 masterpieces [ 20 ]. After CD-ROMs, museum collections were displayed on their websites. Later, more prominent aggregators were introduced as a different cultural dissemination tool. Most cultural institutions have made their collections accessible online so that they can be appreciated by a global audience with computer and Internet access. The digitization of museum collections began during the latter half of the twentieth century. National Inventory Programme (NIC) was established in Canada in 1972 to create digital inventories of collections using computers [ 21 , 22 ]. The NIC was renamed CHIN-Canadian Heritage Information after initially consisting of five institutions. The CHIN has assisted museums with documenting and disseminating information about their collections.

In the nineties, however, the most significant shift toward opening them to the general public occurred. In fact, despite being conceived for internal collections management purposes in the form of a digital catalog, museums provided digital content for physical visitors to access high-quality images and information about some items in their collections [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 23 ]. The advent of the World Wide Web in 1991 encouraged museums to create websites so that online visitors could access their collections. This form of accessible collections was described as a natural and inevitable result of the advent of the Internet, and it has been deemed the result of the marriage between the Internet and digital collections, as well as the demand to make them available.

Despite the reluctance of some institutions, digitalization as a means of enhancing the accessibility of collections has been broadly supported. Due to the concept of actual physical experience and its aura, a form of resistance was identified. This unease primarily involved art museums. According to the European Union, digital content and connected services are essential for the development of industries such as culture and education. As a result, starting in 2006, many recommendations regarding the digitization process and online access were issued to support this claim. In addition, numerous nations worldwide have advocated for initiatives involving digitalizing collections. Several European initiatives exist, such as the United Kingdom’s Effective Collections [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].

4. Digitization for preservation and accessibility

The digitization of collections has the great advantage of contributing to preserving objects for future generations. Although it is not a method for directly preserving objects, creating a digital surrogate of an item allows for its preservation because the risks of harm associated with their handling are significantly reduced [ 28 ]. This argument is fundamental for exceptionally fragile items, distinct (hence irreplaceable) or of high value. In addition to the economic profile, the concept of collection value also encompasses social and cultural values. Consequently, the value of collections is contingent on variables such as esthetic, spiritual, social, historical, symbolic, and authenticity factors. Typically, the selection of items to digitize is based on technical criteria (materials’ physical condition), content criteria (uniqueness, significance, and representativeness), and use criteria (materials’ demand). Applying these criteria suggests engaging diverse groups of online users to represent a broad spectrum of digitization demand [ 12 , 29 ]. In addition to preserving objects, digitizing also preserves information when combined with stored administrative metadata, thereby ensuring accuracy and integrity. In the absence of data, integration is expensive and, in some instances, unthinkable. As a result, it can be argued that digitizing collections enables museums to continue to serve as “stewards of cultural material” [ 30 ].

Access to the collections, including the stored ones, is facilitated by the digitization of collections, which represents a further significant advantage. The digital collections are accessible and usable via four primary models: online display, proprietary licensing, open licensing, and user-generated art images. Quantitative and qualitative accessibility to collections has increased due to technological advancements [ 30 ]. This benefit is significant because it implies that the collections held in storage can be displayed and made known. “Virtual Museum” is commonly used to describe “a digital extension of the museum on the Internet, a museum without walls” [ 25 ]. The virtual museum has progressively acquired the connotation of a learning tool [ 31 ].

Digitalization eliminates numerous barriers. In the past, only curators, researchers, and academics had access to specific collections. However, digitalization has widened the audience for these collections. Therefore, anyone can access the entire collection at any time, from any location, using any method, and at any hour [ 32 ]. Digitization increases the accessibility of the entire collection, including objects that cannot be viewed for various reasons. First, the digital space provides access to items placed in storage for preservation purposes. Secondly, most museum collections are so extensive that the premises are overcrowded and hazardous. Due to these factors, a substantial portion of collections is unseen (or only for research purposes) and destined to be obscure. Another portion of the collections cannot be viewed because it is on loan to other cultural institutions. In addition, digitalization provides widespread access to a global audience comprised of both researchers and the general public, including individuals who would not have had the opportunity to visit collections in person due to their geographical location. Accordingly, it is asserted that digitalization implements the democratization of access and increases the diversity of access opportunities to collections. People cannot view the collections they desire because they are preserved for various reasons and are housed in museums in different countries. In addition, the distribution of collections is not uniform; for instance, the greatest concentration of significant scientific collections is located in the Northern Hemisphere [ 33 ]. In addition, it represents a way to engage a new audience because it eliminates barriers associated with geographical factors, access types, financial concerns, and educational qualifications. Online access reduces the so-called opportunity gap, which refers to the disparity in educational opportunities between individuals from different income brackets [ 34 ]. In a nutshell, digitizing is a tool for achieving inclusiveness and diversity in museums around the globe. There are no items that could remain inaccessible to the public.

Because digitizing collections promotes inclusivity and increases access to collections, it contributes to achieving the United Nations’ (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’s sustainable development goals. Specifically, it achieves the quality education objective because it seeks to reduce unequal access due to socioeconomic factors and educational skills and abilities.

To increase online users’ access to their digital content, museums should develop descriptive metadata with a high level of accessibility, such as through Google [ 10 ]. In addition, it was argued that for museums to make their collections genuinely accessible, they must be willing to abandon their traditional methods of operation to exchange information and operate in virtual spaces. In order to increase accessibility, cultural institutions should adopt policies governing metadata, the true determinants of object interpretation.

Not only does the creation of digital content allow for the display of collections, but it also has the potential to alleviate problems associated with exhibition space requirements. Among other advantages, using technology can reduce the cost of exhibitions [ 35 ].

One of the benefits of digital collections is their widespread accessibility. Digital content is likely a potent tool for disseminating culture to accomplish important objectives such as learning, research, and enjoyment. The educational purpose is met if the digital content is a flexible instrument that can be shaped according to the primary characteristics of the different visitors. It means that if the content is too complex for the average person to comprehend, neither the collections nor their metadata is understood, and no educational purpose is achieved [ 4 ]. In contrast, a superficial representation of the content is meaningless to academics. Museums can make digital content truly accessible by allowing visitors to select the language, level of detail, etc. In addition, digital surrogates allow the reuse of digital collections so that items, such as the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci or other masterpieces, can be reelaborated [ 30 ]. Digital collections enable it! Indeed, digital users can combine, juxtapose, and construct links between digital objects. The reprocessing of digital content produces social benefits through increased public access to information. Due to the accessibility of collections, there may be an increase in requests for loans. This was the case for the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, whose loan requests increased significantly after online accessibility was enhanced [ 36 ]. Digital content is accessible to individuals regardless of their educational background, location, age, or disability [ 37 ].

5. Democratization of collections for everyone’s benefit

The digitization of collections is a vehicle for democratization. Accessibility is potentially available to anyone in the world at any time. The only requirements are a computer and an Internet connection. Due to social and economic issues, it could be argued that not every person in the globe has access to the Internet and has a computer. Furthermore, not all regions have dependable Internet connections, as digital content frequently requires high-speed connections. If, on the one hand, it is argued that digitization is an unequal distribution of knowledge because not everyone can afford their own computer and Internet connection, on the other hand, it can be argued that the number of locations offering free Internet connections has increased over the years, including schools, public libraries, airports, and city halls. Additionally, public authorities may provide some economically disadvantaged students with computers for use at home. In addition, some governments periodically distribute economic bonuses to purchase computers. In addition, technological device prices have decreased over time. Similarly, Internet service providers offer a variety of subscriptions at significantly lower prices than in the past. Then, the Internet is widespread in many previously unconnected nations. Since the digitization process is continuous, the number of objects that are accessible will likely increase.

Regarding online users, the new generation is born-digital; therefore, the debate could entail the older generation and the phenomenon known as the generational gap. However, aging populations have embraced technology over time. They can purchase theater tickets, schedule doctor’s appointments, and explore museum collections. To communicate with their children during the Coronavirus quarantine, most of them learned the language with the assistance of younger relatives, in public classes, or independently. In addition, access is restricted to objects that have been digitized to date. Not all existing collections have been digitized due to the immense size of existing collections worldwide. In addition, the digital collections must be updated over time due to occurrences such as new acquisitions and loans. In light of these constraints, digitization may be viewed as a distant beacon on the path to achieving the objective of universal access to collections. However, digitization is an ongoing process, and more and more museums are increasing the number of online-accessible objects.

Due to the lack of boundaries, digital collections may reduce the distance between cultural institutions and individuals. It was argued that the digital content did not constitute a museum in the conventional sense. In order to support this argument, the difference between the physical experience and the online visit was highlighted: only the physical visit was deemed capable of creating a real experience due to the interaction between visitors and the physical space of the museum and its collections; in contrast, the interaction between online user and a museum was found to be limited to a screen; thus, it was defined as a sort of representation of an experience. In addition, the digital content has been compared to museum pamphlets [ 38 ]. In addition, a study conducted in 2020 revealed that information associated with collections is provided by the collections themselves and is underrepresented on the Internet [ 39 ]. However, there are presently several methods for engaging online users [ 40 ]. For example, Wiki, a content management system where online users can revise data to disseminate knowledge, achieves a high level of engagement. They can also include their personal museum experiences and updated photographs. In addition, numerous museums have joined Wikimedia [ 41 ]. The Archeological Museum of Naples, which introduced the 2D game “Father and Son” in 2021 [ 42 ] illustrates how to increase audience engagement with stored collections. In addition, it was found that the lack of physical space is precisely one of the virtual museum’s strengths. The digitization of collections creates an opportunity for those who will never have the chance to visit a physical museum to view museum collections [ 25 ]. Moreover, it was asserted that onsite museums provide information within a specific space bounded by the museum’s physical borders. In contrast, virtual museums operate in a larger space without boundaries, making accessibility an independent factor from variables such as location, time, and others. The information space provides potentially unrestricted access to information. For this reason, the physical museum is not nearly as effective as a virtual museum. Consequently, it can be stated that technology improves access.

The virtual museum tour overcomes some limitations of the conventional physical visit. Due to the fact that digital collections are displayed in virtual space, many risks to collections are eliminated: not only are items better preserved from physical risks associated with wear and tear and environmental factors such as light and temperature but also security-related risks are eliminated. Moreover, functions such as zoom, illumination control, rotation, etc., enable individuals to observe details that would be difficult to watch during a traditional visit. In addition, digital collections can be viewed when physical access cannot be granted for the reasons outlined previously and during extraordinary events. Despite the outbreak and persistence of the COVID-19 pandemic, some museums, including the Louvre Museum, have seized the opportunity to share their collections online [ 43 ].

Visits onsite and online are effective means of disseminating culture. Therefore, it can be argued that their coexistence would be the optimal scenario. Since an online visit can be followed by an onsite visit and vice versa , the onsite and online content can be evaluated in a manner that is not in conflict. They can form a relationship of complementarity with one another. The two can be combined [ 5 ]. Furthermore, digitization enables museums to better communicate with the public [ 44 ].

6. Digital content versus authenticity of collections

Digital content provides prospective access to the entire collection. It could be argued that digitalized objects lack the authenticity of the originals and debate the irreplaceability of the originals through reproductions. Since the turn of the last century, it has been argued that the copy of original items endangers the uniqueness of products and causes their aura to deteriorate. The concept of “loss of aura” and the resulting loss of cultural value of an object date back to the 1930s and refers to the mechanical reproduction of works of art [ 45 ]. It was argued that original objects were considered singular due to their characteristics and irreplaceable because they contained information unavailable in digital content. Moreover, some authors [ 46 ] state that the value of digital items is lower than that of their physical counterparts. Nonetheless, the concept of aura annihilation was rejected by a different perspective that viewed digital collections not as copies of original items, but as valuable objects in their own right [ 44 , 47 ]. Consequently, if, on the one hand, original items of collections can be viewed as irreplaceable goods, on the other hand, digital reproductions eradicate many disadvantages associated with the physical experience, such as the handling of items [ 4 ]. This argument is crucial for all of the collection’s objects, particularly those whose fragility and light- and temperature-sensitivity make them susceptible to damage during traditional exhibitions. Since most collections are stored, digital surrogates may be able to address their inaccessibility issue. Items destined to remain in storage for preservation purposes could be displayed for the purposes of enjoyment, education, and research. In addition, a broader audience can access digital content while sitting on their sofa at home, as opposed to only those who can appreciate collections through an onsite visit due to the aura of collections. Nevertheless, the digital content does not conflict with the aura because onsite and online visits can be complementary.

7. Financial implications and possible solutions

One of the disadvantages of digitization is its financial viability [ 48 ]. The creation of digital content is still expensive and time-consuming. The problem of balancing the need for accessibility with financial sustainability is not new to museums, and they are attempting to find solutions [ 6 ]. Digitizing collections necessitates adequate funding, but it accomplishes its goal of increasing the accessibility of stored collections while simultaneously preserving them. Additionally, money, staff, and space are required to store and preserve collections housed in depots. However, museums cannot simply store objects because they hold collections in trust for the public. Collections must be utilized. Because digitization offers the chance to increase the accessibility of stored collections, museums must be able to finance it and discover ways to reduce expenses. For this purpose, the digital content could be reduced to those pieces of collections that online users are more likely to find intriguing. According to this theory, numerous museums have decided to restrict the construction of digital collections, including those that are stored, to a subset of their collections. Although not all collections are displayed, it is essential to note that not all items of collections are likely to be of interest to visitors, such as repetitive items: museums can display a few of them; what’s the point of displaying them all? Does the inaccessibility of a thousand identical copies of the same sample render the accessibility of a few insufficient?

7.1 Items selection to mitigate costs

A proper selection of items to digitize based on some fundamental criteria can reduce the cost of the process, bringing the stored collections to life through digitization. To save money, museums concentrate their efforts on representing the entirety of their collections. To achieve this objective, providing individuals with digital versions of all items is insufficient. In contrast, it means to select items to provide a representation of the entire collection. Therefore, a museum could represent its entire collection by merely making a small portion of its objects available. To accurately represent the scope of their collections, museums must make an appropriate selection of objects based on some criterion. The selection process itself incurs expenses for activities such as establishing guidelines, handling, storage, and transport. Therefore, the selection process should be conducted with caution.

One of the criteria is the physical criterion, which prioritizes items to be digitized based on the accessibility of content, the physical condition of the material, quality, and postdigitization added value. Therefore, the accessibility of items likely to vanish soon may be a factor in determining which items are selected for the digital process. In contrast, potential causes of future inaccessibility of collections include physical deterioration, a lack of old-generation technological know-how, and the replacement of hardware and software systems due to obsolescence [ 12 ]. As this characteristic is likely to be a critical factor for storing many items, a large portion of the stored collections should be selected for digitization. Similarly, the storage facility houses numerous items whose physical conditions may threaten their continued existence. For example, fragile objects and documents are susceptible to deterioration due to their handling, also for products that are sensitive to light and temperature. As a result, digital surrogates may represent a method for preserving their memory during storage. However, some items may be so fragile that the digitization procedure is likely to result in additional loss or damage. For this reason, museums may opt not to digitize them, or at least postpone the process until innovative, risk-free methods become available. Some museums digitized the damaged objects to illustrate the “before and after” of conservatism.

After deciding which objects to digitize, museums must consider the quality of the digitization and their workflow and financial constraints [ 5 ]. Additionally, the quality of the access content, that is, the digital content, depends on the quality of the associated metadata. Therefore, museums should focus on data entry for both internal and external purposes [ 49 ]. It should be of the utmost importance to avoid financial constraints to provide online consumers with complete, high-quality collections. Due to the impossibility, museums may choose to digitize a few pieces of high quality or many pieces of low quality. In addition, they could employ a compromise solution to produce pieces of both poor and high quality. This alternative may mitigate the so-called “digital-divide” between small and large museums, mainly if renowned museums such as the Louvre, Met, MOMA, and Hermitage adopt it [ 4 ]. Consequently, digital collections, including stored collections, can acquire value due to their improved accessibility and functionality and the possibility of new relationships.

Unfortunately, sizable digital collections may become unmanageable. At that point, a selection of items to delete will be required. It can be argued that, just as any digital item should be selected in accordance with the museum’s collection policy, any decision to delete it should also be ruled by museum policy. Although the selection process raised some concerns regarding the democratization of collections, it could be argued that this presents museums with an excellent opportunity to reconsider the compatibility of objects with their mission [ 40 ].

Appropriate selections of items for digitization can affect both accessibility and expenses. The selection should prioritize items that are easily accessible and manageable to reduce costs. Thus, the number of items that can be made digitally available can increase. In addition, as stated previously, repetitive objects can only be represented by a few examples. Then, items that were digitized elsewhere can be eliminated from consideration. Next, although creating metadata and destaining collections can be difficult, museums could select only items with associated metadata to save money by avoiding spending time and money on those without them. Due to the creation of digital content, museums can attain some economic benefits and cost savings. For this reason, museums should choose items that have the potential to pique the public’s interest to sell in their gift shops [ 12 ].

7.2 Technical solutions

Long-term financial needs are an essential aspect of digitizing collections, as the costs of digitizing include the creation of digital surrogates and the costs associated with their long-term preservation and updating the required expertise [ 50 ]. Despite the benefits of creating digital substitutes, digital content has a limited lifespan or shelf life due to its high fragility rate. In addition, digital content is perpetually threatened by the phenomenon of technological quicksand [ 51 , 52 ]. Due to their susceptibility to degradation or obsolescence, digital collections are vulnerable to loss. Therefore, it is possible to contend that the digital content, designed to preserve collections and make them accessible to anyone at any time, is merely a temporary strategy for making the stored collection accessible. However, museums have adopted migration and emulation as their primary strategies for preserving digital collections and ensuring their accessibility. Migration is the process of transferring data from an obsolete platform to an active platform [ 11 ]. Emulation is sometimes favored because it can result in the loss of data or original functionality. Emulation simulates future hardware and software so that digital content can be read on uncertain future systems.

Museums could implement strategies for three-dimensional objects that require enormous financial resources to save money. For instance, these objects could be reproduced in two-dimensional to reduce the economic impact. Increasing the digital process of natural science collections through centers of excellence could be one approach to overcoming technical obstacles. To develop the DiSSCo, the National Museum of Natural History Luxembourg digitized nearly seventy percent of its herbarium specimens in 2020 [ 33 , 53 , 54 ].

7.3 Volunteers

In countries where it is feasible, museums can utilize volunteer labor to increase their digitization rate and circumvent financial difficulties. Volunteers are not typical employees in terms of their skills and time availability. Despite their limited availability, their contribution helps museums continue the digitization process. Volunteer recruitment assumes the development and management of a well-trained team. In addition to the training provided by museums, the employment of volunteers requires coordination and oversight by professionals with management skills and digital expertise. Volunteering is nonetheless a powerful instrument for involving the community in museum life, as it fosters civic pride and builds stronger communities. In addition, museums may increase the benefits of free collaboration by utilizing specific groups of volunteers, such as museology students, training-ship participants, or previously trained volunteers. In this context, museums promote active engagement by permitting visitors to interact with their collections. To this end, museums have recently shifted their focus from collections to people and increasingly encourage public engagement with collections. The Australian Museum devised a project to digitize its entomology collections with the assistance of volunteers [ 55 ].

7.4 Indirect benefits

Museums can reduce the expense of digitization by focusing on other opportunities. The combination of efforts by museums, libraries, and archives may provide a solution [ 27 ]. Digitization requires substantial resources, but museums can only generate income by selling image licenses. The public disapproves of these operations because they impede the accessibility of collections that museums should hold in trust on behalf of the people. Despite the lack of direct economic revenues, museums can benefit indirectly from their investments in digital technologies, such as increased attendance, public contributions, and bequests [ 5 ]. Due to their positive reputation, museums can benefit indirectly through agreements with other institutions or crowdsourcing initiatives. For instance, museums could turn to technology-leading information providers such as Google that have the financial means to digitize museum collections. In such a scenario, there is a chance that the provider will gain a dominant position over museums, exploit the collections, and produce low-quality content. Therefore, care must be taken in constructing the agreement [ 30 ].

According to the ICOM definition of a museum, museums are non-profit organizations. For this reason, image accessibility is generally free, and museums benefit in various ways, including positive visibility, public funding, donations, membership, etc. More and more museums are expanding the number of works that can be readily viewed and reused online. However, some museums do not offer complimentary admission. In Tate’s case, the revenues were used to pay for a portion of the digitization procedure [ 56 ]. Approximately 800 museums and libraries have open data for online users who desire to access, share, and reuse their collections. Consequently, disseminating collections via open data generates knowledge and culture and is an effective marketing strategy. Museum collections are cultural capital, including their held collections [ 29 ]. As a cultural capital, collections, including those that are stored, can generate cultural value for individuals through their use. Since open data are provided for free, digital content cannot be evaluated based on its monetary worth when considering open data. These are items whose cultural value exceeds their economic value. If it is not feasible to profit from disseminating knowledge provided by image licensing, this does not imply that digital content has no value.

7.5 Revenues from the digital content

The merchandise market allows museums to generate income from digital content. Some museums sell products directly (images, so no). Print-on-demand services such as IMS, which stands for the Infinite Museum Store and are provided at no cost to museums, are another method for generating a financial return. This service lets users obtain the desired product while printing content from books and pamphlets [ 57 ]. Museums do not deal with advance orders or inventory. The printer service provider handles orders directly, from printing to delivery. Visitors are directly involved in creating the product: they select the item, such as a painting; then, they choose the outcome they desire, such as a T-shirt, mobile cover, scarf, or shopper; and lastly, they provide the delivery address. All of these actions are performed on mobile devices by customers. It is advantageous for museums to increase the accessibility of their preserved collections. Therefore, the value of the collections and the visibility of the museums increase. In addition, museums generate revenue from digital collections without incurring initial costs. This system has thus far been evaluated in art museums, but it can be expanded to all museums [ 56 ].

8. Summary of the main advantages and disadvantages of digitization

Digitization of collections is the strategy by which museums actively utilize 41% of their stored collections [ 7 ]. Figure 1 illustrates the primary benefits and drawbacks of this strategy. Specifically, it makes it possible to potentially view the entire collection. In fact, this practice promotes the democratization of collections because it makes them accessible to anyone, anywhere, and at any time (generally financially accessible, with the exception of Internet access), regardless of the current availability of storage space. In addition, making items available in the digital realm may reduce the number of investigation inquiries, resulting in fewer tasks. Reduced exposure to risks, such as handling, light, pollution, security, and so on, contributes to the increased preservation of collections. For these reasons, museums would like to increase their digitalization efforts.

Main advantages and disadvantages of digitisation (Corona).

Despite the benefits associated with the decision to increase digitization, there are certain constraints that discouraged the adoption of this strategy to some extent. The lack of sensory accessibility [ 58 , 59 ], loss of the aura that could affect emotional accessibility [ 39 , 45 , 46 ], and people’s social currency due to their status for social meetings [ 60 ], are some of the reasons why some people prefer physical visits to museums. People’s digital illiteracy may also be a deterrent, limiting the intellectual accessibility of collections [ 61 ]. Another argument is that the absence of resources is the most significant barrier to increasing the use of stored collections through digitization. This refers to the insufficient workforce, quantity, knowledge, and budget.

9. Conclusions

According to the ICOM’s definition of a museum, museums serve multiple purposes, none of which should be pursued at the expense of another. Equally important are accumulating, preserving, researching, exhibiting, and interpreting. It is essential that all museum collections are accessible to the general public, as they are the museums’ very essence.

The majority of museum collections around the globe are stored. A catastrophe in terms of accessibility, considering there are over 95,000 museums worldwide. Even though the majority of museum collections are not accessible to the general public, collections must be viewed, utilized, or at least actively available for use, as they provide no value to the modern public if they are not. Preservation for future generations is essential, but it must be balanced with the benefit to the current generation, which pays for the collections and is responsible for generating interest among future generations. In the past, museums prioritized the preservation and conservation of artworks and other objects over their use. As some curators have been preoccupied with the preservation aspect of their mission, some museums have been preoccupied with the objects in their collection, thereby disregarding the public’s access to the objects. It was restricted since public access was considered a threat to preservation. In addition, museums have implemented a dynamic improper storage policy over the years. In addition, curators did not adhere to a valid storage policy. They had the propensity to acquire ( via purchase or donation) new works simply because they had space in their reserves to store them. In addition, it was said that a museum that ceased adding to its collection was in decline. This conduct has delayed addressing the issue of lack of access until later. Nonetheless, it should be mentioned that an acquisitions policy without a storage collection policy could suffocate the museum to death. As time has progressed and the earliest museums have aged, the congestion of the invisible stored collections has led to a dynamically improper storage system. This policy has suffocated the storage space and rendered the collections inaccessible. The earlier method impacted storage and consequently became a widespread problem over time. Museums had to find solutions for their storage problems. The collections must be administered so that preservation, collecting, accessibility, and all museum purposes do not conflict. This constitutes a challenging objective for collection management professionals. To reach this objective, the entire collection must be viewed as something to be relished by the audience, not as a burden.

Due to museums’ social and cultural function, the stored collections have sparked public debate, and their monetary worth has been brought up. Museum professionals must deal with the increasing financial pressure, exacerbated by the fact that a significant portion of the collections are maintained with public funds. Museums should focus their efforts on finding solutions that consider the long-term cost of keeping objects, including those that are not actively used.

Museums are making attempts to incorporate diverse functions. The digitization of collections provides the opportunity to realize this objective so that collections can be preserved and utilized for future generations. This argument is significant for collections that contain vulnerable or light-sensitive items more susceptible to damage. For example, fragile ancient books require careful handling. They can only be viewed, and their pages are turned due to their digitization. The physical access would impact its ability to survive. Many items likely to be stored in a depot can be made accessible due to the digitization process. In addition, due to overcrowding, storage spaces are frequently hazardous for both collections and individuals. Due to a shortage of storage space, many items are stored in distant facilities. Consequently, the cached collections cannot be accessed. Similarly, cultural items on loan to other institutions are inaccessible to nontraveling individuals who reside in a different region.

The digitization of collections contributes to their democratization. The digital content makes collections available to anyone, including professionals. It contributes to the dissemination of culture and knowledge and inspires the creation of new content. It appears that this strategy to enhance collection accessibility enables individuals to appreciate collections. Regardless of where they reside, when they want to see them, their educational background, history, or physical conditions. Therefore, it is a tool accessible to everyone in the world. Modern technologies have increased the accessibility of collections and their associated data.

Digital content is a viable alternative to physical travel. For the above reasons, the digital content reaches visitors who could not visit the actual physical museum. Additionally, it makes collections accessible regardless of the user’s location or ability level. Despite claims that physical visits are irreplaceable, digital content provides access to collections even when physical visits are not permitted. This excellent point has been validated since the first phase of the COVID-19 virus outbreak. Consequently, it contributes to expanding a virtual museum beyond the physical confines of conventional museums. The future challenge for museums that wish to preserve collections and make them more accessible for educational, recreational, and research purposes may be to balance digital and physical space to reap both benefits. In addition to researchers and academicians, casual visitors can access collections. It can reach an unlimited worldwide audience who can access the entire collection. Although cultural objects are irreplaceable, they serve museum missions according to the ICOM definition of a museum. In essence, it signifies that digitizing collections enables people to access collections even when they are not physically present.

Digital content embodies the significance of museum collections. Due to financial and time constraints imposed by the vast number of objects, digitizing the entire collection is impossible. Therefore, museums must implement criteria for selecting items to digitize. It implies that the significant components are typically objects of the procedure and are displayed. It could be argued that not all collections are currently digitized and, therefore, accessible. Nonetheless, collection digitization is an ongoing process. Consequently, museums now provide more digital content, which is expected to increase over time. Additionally, it could be emphasized that the number of items accessible through digital content is irrelevant. In contrast, what is essential is that all collections are represented. This objective could be accomplished with a few items from the entire collection; therefore, the appropriate selection determines the degree of accessibility. For example, museums contain many items that are unlikely to be of interest to many people: repetitive items, for instance, can be reproduced from a small sample. Therefore, museum collections could be better represented by a small number of pieces that comprise the whole, as opposed to a large number of pieces of the same type. Occasionally, less is more, depending on the value of the less.

According to the previous considerations, digitizing collections is a satisfactory, albeit imperfect, solution for museums and individuals to preserve collections while making them accessible. It is said that museums store knowledge in the form of objects and that the physical experience cannot be replicated. In addition, the issue of inadequate space within depots due to overcrowding persists. Therefore, digitizing collections is likely to be viewed as a half-measure for the storage issue. The digital content, however, finds a balance between preservation and accessibility. Without digitization, stored collections would not be accessible at all, and they would remain unseen. Although this solution does not increase depot space or reduce the extent of stored collections, it improves their uses. Why are collections maintained if they are not utilized? Therefore, even in the half-measure assumption, it could be argued that a small outcome is preferable to none.

In conclusion, digital resources, including the museum industry, are expanding throughout society. The digitization process is essential for internal museum purposes and represents a crucial solution to the historical dilemma between the preservation and accessibility of museum collections. Thus, digitizing collections represents an excellent opportunity for museums and online users, as cyberspace is an infinite space that can potentially make unlimited collections accessible to anyone.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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The Advantages and Disadvantages of Digitalisation

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This new digital era can be daunting and worrisome for some, especially the older generation who often disapprove of this new way of doing things.

But how beneficial really are these digital developments? Here, we take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of digitalisation.

• The digital era brings all kinds of information to our very fingertips thanks to the centralisation and accessibility of data. For example, people now rely heavily on computers and mobile phones with internet, which give you an immediate answer to any questions you might have.
• Digitalisation has also transformed our ability to communicate, with numerous apps which allow us to send messages to each other immediately and in many different formats. For example, mentioning someone’s name on a social media  post or doing a video call.
• We are also better able to communicate new ideas thanks to digitalisation, which helps them to spread more quickly. We no longer only have access to the thoughts of the wealthiest, most powerful members of society; anybody has the ability to get their message out there now.
• Digitalisation has opened up a new world of opportunity when it comes to jobs, due to the remote working that the internet has allowed for. There are now completely new job roles like internet technology specialists, stock trading and anyone can open their own online business which is an amazing new advantage.
• Lastly, it has increased commercial competition so much that consumers now have so many more options to choose from, which is a positive as it means that we are no longer dictated to by the biggest companies and the prices they decide to charge. The digital era is also bringing digital currency which makes financial exchanges faster and easier, which is especially advantageous for international trade. There are some consumers that believe cryptocurrency may become the most popular type of currency soon. Consumers that wish to buy and sell cryptocurrency can setup a free account in a matter of minutes.

Disadvantages

• The benefits of digitalisation have a flip side. The centralisation of control over our wealth and personal information means that we are putting all of our eggs in one basket. While technology eradicates human error, it is not immune to failure so by relying on something that is not 100% reliable, we are running the risk of losing control of our assets. Handing control over also opens us up to digital crime like hackers, who have unknown destructive potential.
• The ease of communication can have a negative impact on our real-life social skills and weakens the strength of the community.
• Easy access to information increases the chance of its misuse, for example, incorrect self-diagnosis for health conditions, and allows the spread of false information which can be used for manipulative purposes.
• Finally, the fast-paced, shallow nature of digital exchanges could create a more passive society that is unable to consider ideas on a deeper level or with any passion.

Digitalisation has many obvious advantages such as accessibility to information, easy and immediate communication and ability to share information, new jobs, and increased commercial competition.  However, there are also downsides to this such as dependence on an unreliable source, the risk of being hacked, the weakening of social skills and the sense of community, and the misuse of information. So, overall, is it really beneficial to us? For more discussions on the latest technology, take a look at here .

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Digitalization in Education: Challenges, Trends and Transformative Potential

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Digitalization is transforming all facets of society, not just work environments, and in terms of educational contexts, the transformation is occurring with or without strategic initiatives that ensure ongoing quality of teaching and learning environments. Integration of technology into teaching and learning is not new, but the rapid rate and pace of technological advancement is new, especially regarding new Internet, ICT and digital technologies. The field of education is mainly reactive, as new disruptive technologies develop in other industries and are then applied and accommodated into existing educational cultures and systems. This chapter provides an overview of technology integration in education from computers to other more advanced forms of digital technologies. The transformative potential of digitalization in education is exciting and presents many opportunities and challenges, given new trends and developments in digital technologies.

“Kids are rockets… which makes educators rocket scientists!” (Marc Prensky)

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Digitalization of Education

Technology Transformation in Education: Consequences of Digitalization

Digital Technologies and Emerging Educational Objectives: The Need for Transformational Changes in Teacher Education and Training

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Schmidt, J.T., Tang, M. (2020). Digitalization in Education: Challenges, Trends and Transformative Potential. In: Harwardt, M., Niermann, PJ., Schmutte, A., Steuernagel, A. (eds) Führen und Managen in der digitalen Transformation. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-28670-5_16

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The digital economy – Pros and Cons

What is the digital economy.

The digital economy refers to economic activity that uses electronic communication and digital technologies to provide goods and services. The main building blocks of the digital economy are

• The internet. This enables firms to offer goods for sale and enables consumers to browse for goods that they need.
• E-mail. Electronic communication enables very cheap, instantaneous communication across the world. It can be used to send information and requests very quickly.
• Digital automation. Firms can use the processing power of computers to make decisions on output, prices and how to reach consumers.
• Digital payments – credit cards, Apple Pay, Google pay, bitcoin, bank transfer. A digital economy is moving us towards a cashless society.
• Automation. Increasingly the digital economy relies on AI, mass use of electronic data and automated technology
• Social media. To a lesser extent, social media is an aspect of the digital economy. With individuals using it share recommendations about business.

The traditional economy is based on physical shops, goods and cash payments. Over time, the traditional economy has adopted aspects of the digital economy, e.g. traditional firms taking debit cards, then selling online. As the digital economy evolved, some firms missed out on having a physical shop altogether, and selling straight from an e-commerce site, delivered to consumers homes. Some digital services now have no physical goods. For example, Netflix and Spotify do not need to use any physical goods but has everything streamed through the internet.

Examples of the digital economy

• Airbnb – This enables tourists to book online. It has also made it possible for individual households to let our their house/room to tourists. Before the digital economy it was not practical.
• Amazon market place/Ebay.
• Netflix – This enables consumers to purchase tv-series and films over the internet, without need for any physical good.
• E-commerce site – E.g. Economics help, selling e-books for economics revision.

Advantages of the digital economy

• Greater information . The internet has enabled consumers to have greater information and choice. For example, it makes it easier to compare prices between firms. It also brings information to a person’s fingertips. This is particularly important for tourists going on holiday. Before the digital economy, it might not be possible to find the prices of hotels and bus timetables.
• Saves time . Before if you needed office supplies, you would have to make a journey into town and purchase. Now, you can make an order over the internet and it will arrive the next day. This saves business labour costs.
• Reduced costs . Firms can save on renting expensive buildings by running most of business through the internet. A digital economy enables firms to cut out an aspect of the retail chain and send personalised goods direct from factory or warehouse to people’s goods, rather than through shops. This enables lower costs and lower prices.
• Personalisation . A digital economy allows greater personalisation than would be possible under traditional economy. For example, a traditional shop would only have room to stock a certain number of colours and sizes, but with the digital economy, a consumer can choose any preference and then the product can be custom-built e.g. 3D printer. For example, custom clothes that have particular sizes and colours to match individual preferences.
• Lower barriers to entry . In some markets, aspects of the digital economy make it easier for new firms to enter. If an entrepreneur has an innovative idea that catches on, they can create a new product which challenges traditional firms. The digital economy has brought many new services which were inconceivable before, such as online home deliveries for grocery to dating apps.
• Creates significant data which can give new insights . The mass production of data can help inform governments and charities about what is happening in the economy. For example, in tracking of COVID-19 spread, the use of an app on mobile phones may indicate where local hotspots emerge.
• Benefits for developing world . The digital economy is opening up opportunities for the developing world. For example, computer programmers in India can easily underbid western counterparts, leading to new job opportunities and higher income in India.
• Enables people to work from home . The digital economy has been a huge asset during the COVID lockdown. Without digital technologies, the decline in economic activity would have been even greater. The digital economy gives greater scope for people working from home and having greater flexibility in their hours (which may suit parents with children). Working from home can reduce contact and spread of a virus. It can also help reduce traffic congestion and pollution.

Problems of digital economy

• Monopoly power . Despite the potential for new start-ups, many aspects of the digital economy have become dominated by firms with monopoly power. For example, Amazon has cornered the market for online sales, meaning many firms have to go through the Amazon market place to reach consumers who go to Amazon out of habit. Similarly, Google and Facebook have all developed very strong brand loyalty and market share in their respective markets. This has made a few tech giants very profitable. WIth monopoly power, Google are able to charge high prices for online advertising and Amazon have the market power to undercut traditional booksellers.
• Less community. A traditional bookshop can act as a focal point for local community. It may hold events, book signings and individuals may enjoy the experience of browsing physical books. With the digital alternative undercutting traditional firms, old fashioned bookshops are forced out of business. Although books may be cheaper, we have lost physical interaction between sellers and buyers which was an important aspect of the buying experience.
• Addictive nature of technology . Whilst, in theory, the internet can save time, e.g. finding bus times is much easier with internet than paper copies, this time saved may be outweighed by the time we waste checking Facebook, twitter, internet searches. Also, the sheer volume of information can cause us to drown in information and lose sight of what we actually need. More choices do not necessarily lead to better outcomes. When faced with a bewildering range of outcomes, we can take time to decide and it becomes easier to procrastinate.
• Privacy issues. Harvesting and using data has become big business. Facebook collects a large range of data on its users and this has been bought by political interests who can give very targetted political ads to its users.
• Bypassing of labour laws. The digital economy has created a trend towards using self-employed freelancers, who are not protected by the same labour laws. For example, delivery drivers for Deliveroo and Uber drivers have often been employed on zero-hour contracts . This enables firms to cut labour costs, be more flexible, but it can leave workers without sick pay or employment protections.
• Social media has led to more graphic content. The anonymous and distant nature of social media has exacerbated trends to personal attacks and the posting of conspiracy theories or posting of violent/sexual images. The digital economy has enabled the proliferation of content that is damaging to human well-being.
• Disruption patterns. The economy has always faced disruption from new technology – from the period of the Luddites to the assembly line. However, the digital economy is increasing the pace of change, causing many traditional firms (high street retailers) to go out of business. The rise of AI may threaten jobs in a whole new range of service sector industries. In theory, new technology will lead to changing patterns of activity, but no increase in overall unemployment. However, the pace of digitalisation can lead to structural unemployment , with some unskilled workers increasingly losing out to skilled workers. Combined with the monopoly power of big tech firms, it is causing an increased inequality in society, which may lead to feelings of alienation and unfairness.
• Environmental costs. It is a mistake to think that the digital economy implies a ‘green solution.’ Data centres use electricity and cause CO2 emissions. In the US, data centres account for around two per cent of U.S. electricity use in 2014. ( link ) A bigger potential cost is how the digital economy encourages a ‘throw-away’ culture. E.g. the planned obsolescence of mobile phones and computers, encouraging consumers to buy new models, leading to greater use of raw materials.
• Automation – benefits and costs
• Sectors of the economy
• Costs and benefits of globalisation

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The pros and cons of Digital education in schools

Digital Education, the way forward?

"Technology can never replace great teachers but technology in the hands of great teachers is transformational" George Couros

It is a digital world out there. And technology has penetrated every aspect of our lives. Schools aren't far behind, from digital classrooms to online learning, the education sector is making digital happen. But, do schools, students and most importantly the society perceives digitalization as a threat or do we actually see it as a boon.

Did you know?

"By 2020 it's estimated there will be 1.5 million new digitised jobs across the globe.

"Another Research by the World Economic Forum estimates that 65% of children entering primary school will find themselves in occupations that today do not exist. It is imperative, therefore, for the education sector to prepare the talent needed for the digital economy, by adapting as fast as the increasing demand for IT skills."

This has always been a debate. Technology has its pros and cons is the most evident explanation we hear. While traditionally, the teacher-student relationship is seen as a most inspiring form of learning, technology as a facilitator has evolved well into the modern century. Education and learning aren't all about curriculum and academics. Teacher-student interactions, peer interaction, and the informal experience of a classroom is something a digital classroom lacks. However, given the times we live, technology has made an impact on all.

To see both sides and for a complete view of how technology is viewed in schools, let us have a look at some of the advantages of digital education. Here's why digital education is the way forward.

• Easy process in delivering the material to the students.
• Easy access to students: students can easily access different resources without any trouble.
• Gives students and teachers the premise to experiment and innovate
• Connects students, teachers, parents across different geographies
• Technology is an inevitable tool that helps engage the students, given the visuals and the ease
• With the innumerable software available, learning and research is fun.
• There is no monotony or boredom, as one could get innovative as well as reduce tasks of printing

With the advantages listed above, there are also drawbacks to the technology used in education. Here are a few listed below:

• Technology is distractive, the attention span of a child and even an adult gets diminished with digital tools.
• Personal interaction between teachers and students or peer discussions reduces
• Not affordable for all
• Digital tools increase the scope for malpractices during examinations.
• The credibility of information available online is questionable at times
• Inappropriate content, video games, especially violence can impact the mind and health of young adults

While technology can enable a lot of learning, a good monitoring system, collaboration amongst parents, teachers and schools can really help the group. When teachers deliver quality and affordable materials suitable for the students, they augment the learning with technology.

To sum up in the words of Brian Greenberg "Technology is important, but it's really just the means to an end. The real magic is in giving great educators freedom and license into how school works."

A futuristic school that aims at high academic excellence, and a sound value system, is what is needed. Navigating in the global world with technology and shaping students into responsible citizens is what makes the difference.

At Epistemo Vikas Leadership School, we believe that education is the process of facilitating learning skills, values, beliefs, and habits and also equipping one with knowledge. Our team of committed faculty, nurture students holistically so that the learning is not just about books but beyond.

Epistemo Vikas Leadership School has always had its roots and beliefs in holistic education. A pioneer in innovative learning, complete with values and co-curricular, Epistemo Vikas Leadership School is the preferred school by most parents. The numerous awards presented to our students is a perfect testimony of how strong presence is made across various verticals of education including academics, sports, literary and cultural.

The school provides a unique platform for students to "explore, discover, learn, apply, analyze and create." The infrastructure, technology in education, teaching method, and approach is of high quality. With assimilated learning, and a global perspective the school is surely a notch-up giving an edge over the rest.

For more information about online learning and the digitalizing of education, and any other queries, contact the Epistemo Vikas Leadership School at +91 7702800800 or at [email protected] or visit our website at https://epistemo.in/

Strategies for Building a Productive and Positive Learning Environment

Essay on The Era of Digitalization

The digitalization is considered as the third industrial revolution or the digital revolution which began in the 20 th century. Now we are shifting towards the digital era where everything is turned digitalized. The applications of digital technology are spread everywhere, in every aspect of human life. Moreover, today it is very rare to point out any sector which is out of reach of any kind of digital technology.

Short and Long Essay on Digitalization in English

Here, I’m providing an essay on The Era of Digitalization. It would be helpful for you to understand different aspects of digitalization. You can use this essay in schools as well as for self-knowledge.

10 Lines Essay on Digitalization (100 – 120 Words)

1) Digitalization refers to the adoption of digital means to enhance the existing process.

2) It helps in the social and economic growth of the country.

3) Digitalization saves our time and money.

4) Digitalization offers more job opportunities.

5) Digitalization increases business productivity.

6) It increases efficiency of the business with reduced cost.

7) Privacy and security issues are major concerns.

8) Many programs like Digital India, Make in India, etc are proposed by the Indian government.

9) It played an important role during Covid pandemic.

10) Digitalization has flourished in the fields of banking, education, healthcare, etc.

Short Essay on Digitalization (200 – 250 Words)

Digitalization is the process of converting existing processes into digital forms. After the emergence of the internet, digitalization has set its foot in the world. India is also influenced by the impact of digitalization and hence the government has adopted the “Digital India” campaign in the year 2015. This was done to promote and enjoy the applications of the internet throughout the country. Digitalization plays an important role in the social and economic growth of the country. Many fields like banking, healthcare, education, etc have adopted the significance of digitalization to a great extent.

Digital means are much faster than humans with nearly zero error rates. Hence, it makes our job simple and time-saving. Digitalization is profitable as it saves our money and efforts. Today most of the work can be done easily and efficiently with the help of digital technologies. Mobile phones with the internet are like power in our hands. Different applications of digitalization are now a part of our daily lives.

However, this modern era of digitalization is separating us socially. People who don’t have much knowledge of emerging technology have been badly affected by digitalization. Also, depending on digital means is reducing human job opportunities as modern technology requires highly skilled workers. Privacy and security concerns reflect the bad side of digitalization. With the increasing applications of digital technologies, the rates of cybercrimes are also rising.

Long Essay on – 21 st Century: The Era of Digitalization (1400 Words)

Introduction

On 1 July 2015, the government of India launched the “Digital India” campaign. The main motive of this campaign is to ensure that all the government facilities should reach the rural areas electronically. The digital revolution aims to reduce corruption and settle transparency in the government system.

What is Digitalization/ History

Digitalization refers to the process of enhancing existing business processes with the help of new digital technologies. Digitalization began in the 20 th century after the emergence of computers.

The first instance of digitalization was seen in the banking system. Keeping all the records digitally instead of noting down in papers proved very useful. After that, the emergence of ATMs (Automated Teller Machines) was a revolutionary introduction in banking sectors.

Then various online trading platforms come into play. There have been notable developments in the field of payment networks, internet banking, etc.

By 2019, most of the companies had adopted digital transformation. Technologies like Google, Facebook, amazon, etc become part of our day-to-day life.

The healthcare sectors have increased their fields using various digital appliances. Now, digitalization can be seen in every field whether it is the financial sector, automotive sector or business processes.

Digitalization vs Digitization vs Digital Transformation

Many people get confused with these terms and think that all of these are the same but are different terms connected to each other.

Digitization is the prerequisite for digitalization as it makes use of digitized information in its process.

For example, writing an article in a digital document is referred to as digitization but uploading it to the network so that everyone can use it, is referred to as digitalization.

Digital transformation is the superset of digitalization. The complete transformation or conversion of any firm or business process into digitalization is termed as digital transformation.

Digitalization upgrades the existing process. However, it does not change the process. But the complete shift of the existing non-digital process to digital process is termed as digital transformation.

Purpose of Digitalization

The main purpose of digitalization is to turn non-digital applications to digital applications. Some purpose of digitalization includes:

• Increase efficiency of the system
• Reduced cost and higher productivity
• Automation for human ease
• Reduce unwanted risk

Applications of Digitalization

• Digitalization in Banking: Digitalization has increased the efficiency of the banking sector. Now, banks provide us the facility to send money to anyone from anywhere. We need not to go to banks to check the balance. Digital currency and digital payments are taking the world to a new direction. The RBI is trying to settle cashless India.
• Digitalization in Education: Education became interesting for the students only due to the emergence of digital technology. Learning with the help of videos and animations make it easier for children to grasp the topic quickly. Various online courses along with digital textbooks are available to modify the education sector.
• Digitalization in Agriculture: A huge advancement is seen in the field of agriculture. It also increased agricultural productivity. Farmers can seek help from technologies for soil analysis or to check favorable weather for crops.
• Digitalization in Business: Digitalization has increased the efficiency of business processes in many ways. It helped to increase productivity with less operational cost. It also helped people to set up local businesses with great profit.
• Digitalization in Healthcare: Healthcare facilities are improved with the use of digital technologies. Patients are treated with high technological devices. It also helped doctors to do research, explore the disease and cure. However, it also helped in keeping proper patients and doctors’ records. Wearable devices like Fitbit bands are helpful in minor health control.

Advantages and Disadvantages/ Challenges of Digitalization

Some advantages of digitalization are as follows:

• Quick Access to Information: With the help of newer technologies, it is easy to access information through the internet anytime from anywhere.
• Saves Time: Most of the work can be done online through mobile phones. In fact, we need not to go to banks or any physical stores, everything can be done online.
• Saves Money: Since humans can do everything by sitting at their home therefore, the travelling money is saved.
• Ease to Communication: Now, we can communicate with people sitting in any corner of the world. Video callings are very common these days.
• However, we all are well aware of the famous saying “most good things come with bad thing”. And so is digitalization. Some disadvantages are listed below:
• Required Skilled Workers: Due to advancement in things, skilled workers are required to operate the devices and also to rectify the problem.
• Privacy: Digital technology keeps the record of different individuals and organizations on the network. All the data and information are managed on the network therefore; it is very difficult to protect the privacy.
• Security Threat: Networks are the hub for cyber-crimes. Security threats like hacking are a major concern while using digital technologies.
• Addiction: Some digital technologies like social media, online games, etc are very addictive. This results in wastage of time.
• Less Social Interaction: Today everyone is using digital means to communicate with each other. The physical interaction is decreasing day by day. Due to which humans can feel isolation and are easily prone to depression.

Impact of Digitalization in Indian Economy

The impact of digitalization has proved fruitful for the economy of India. The government of India is taking various steps to digitalize the country, so that people enjoy its various services.

Digitalization is also responsible for the development of the country. Digitalization also affects the growth of the economy in various ways. Setting up new job opportunities for youths successfully helped in flourishing the economic growth.

The government of India has taken many steps to digitalize India. The Indian government came up with the concept of e-Governance, in order to digitalize and improve the government services. In 2006, the government proposed the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP). But the results were not very significant.

In 2015, the government of India proposed “Digital India”. The concept of “Cashless India” was pushed forward and is working very well. According to the government it could be helpful in reducing the case of terrorism and money laundering in the country.

Digitalization during Covid Pandemic

During the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, there has been a massive shift toward digitalization. It protected the safety and well-being of humans to a great extent. More human gathering is responsible for more spread of the virus. Therefore, in order to save oneself from the pandemic, everyone needs a contactless medium to lead a peaceful life. This was greatly fulfilled by digital technologies.

Huge transformation is seen in the field of education. Students can carry out their studies without going to schools. Online schooling helped children to continue their class from home. 

The new technologies helped researchers to “track and trace” the outbreak of pandemic. In order to fight this pandemic, it was very important to have complete knowledge of the outgoing in the country. People were well aware of the rising cases and dangers of this pandemic.

New devices helped doctors in understanding the effects of Covid-19. They were working hard with the help of various digital technologies to stop the spread of the pandemic. However, the process of vaccination was held easily due to digitalization.

Contactless banking and payments methods helped people to carry out their tasks. Online grocery, online pharmacies, online recharge and bill payments would help to control the wide spread of Corona virus in the country.

Future of Digitalization

After noticing the importance of digital technologies in our daily life, we can say that digitalization has become the need of the hour. The live example is the Corona pandemic. The battle with this virus was possible only because of digitalization.

The modern public requires modern techniques. Humans are addicted to the taste of technologies; therefore, they are expecting more new technologies to simplify their job. New technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) are considered as the future of the nation.

However, the era of digitalization is bringing a promising future for the world.

Digitalization is all about the internet. Therefore, it is considered as the backbone of digitalization. In order to shift India from developing country to developed country the adoption of Digitalization is important. However, it does involve some risks, challenges and disadvantages but we cannot neglect its importance in our day-to-day life.

I hope the above given essay on digitalization would be helpful for you. I have tried to keep the language easy for your better understanding.

Related Link :

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• Essay on Blockchain
• Essay on Internet of Things (IoT)
• Essay on Hyperloop

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions on Digitalization

Ans. Belgium, Canada, Norway, etc are considered as the most cashless countries in the world.

Ans. Prime Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi proposed the Digital India campaign.

Ans. The United States is considered as the most digitalized country in the world according to the 2021 report.

Ans. Data security, insufficient skills and knowledge, lack of capital, etc. can act as barriers in the process of digitalization.

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Digitalization: An Overview of the Advantages and Disadvantages

2024, LARA CORONA

Collections are the heart of museums, born for anyone's benefit. In order to ensure people enjoy collections, museums operate as the stewards of items to preserve them for today and future generations. Due to the growing technological improvements and the advent of the Internet, collections have been made available for the audience's benefit, both offline and online. This paper aims to provide the reader with a general picture of the matter. For this purpose, it illustrates the development of digitization since its first steps, when cultural institutions started approaching the usage of computers in the 1960s. Then, this study focuses on the main advantages and disadvantages of digitization. For instance, this practice contributes to preserving items through digital surrogates. Additionally, collections are made widely accessible-albeit virtually-thereby democratizing them. Nevertheless, it is argued that digital content might trigger the loss of the "aura" typically associated with seeing original items due to their uniqueness. Furthermore, digitization is a resource and time-consuming process whose outcome is prone to incurring the phenomenon of rapid "technological quicksand." Finally, this study deals with revenue streams from digital content, such as merchandise and image licensing sale.

Related Papers

Enrico Bertacchini

Trilce Navarrete Hernandez

"It is the responsibility of the museum library to enhance the understanding of the museum collection and the role of museum objects as cultural documents. For many reasons, this role is only partially fulfilled, if at all. This is because in practice the library and its museum are insufficiently integrated to perform effectively together. We argue that in a digital world, the library and the museum can and should be re-integrated into a single cultural information system. However, since in practice digitization of the library and the museum follow different paths, museums and their libraries will have to change their thinking about how to proceed. Keywords: museum libraries, museums, digitization."

Kamani Perera

In this modern electronic era museum objects of both conventional and digital help us to understand our past and relevant for teaching and learning. Access of these objects is different in many ways. Therefore, it becomes a crucial task to handle these items for learning and teaching purposes. To fulfill these task museums, cultural heritage institutions pay more attention on museum objects to provide better understanding of them. Hagedorn-Saupe (2012) stated that digital medium and the digital reproduction of the objects in it open up completely new possibilities for users, both experts and general public, to work with the digital objects: the digital object reproduction can be adapted into one’s own digital-work space and can be studied, analyzed, commented and to some degree even “changed” (eg. when working and drawings). Hagedorn-Saupe clearly described the close relationship among digital objects and the user and how digital objects facilitate users to study them in user’s own work –places though they are expert or not. This gives a clear vision of future museums in digital environment. International Committee of Museums (ICOM) has defined that a museum is a non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of its environment for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment (ICOM, 2007). This definition has unpacked by Geser & Niccolucci (2012). According to them the application of digital technologies is widely recognized to be helpful in fulfilling its function in novel and effective ways. Further they described the conceiving a museum that does not avail of some of the technologies that are such a great part of our everyday life would be as anachronistic as thinking of a museum without electricity or heating. It is crystal clear that digital technologies have become a dynamic part of the museums and future museums have no life without that.

Museum International (ISSN: 1350-0775)

Luis Walias Rivera

Social media is a prime communication tool for museum management. When properly developed, it allows for the establishment of a strong relationship between the community and its history, resulting in vital inter-generational dialogue and helping museums distance themselves from a reputation as boring or elitist institutions. Communication based on the digitisation of objects and collections represents and effort to interact with as many users as possible, increasing their attractiveness and ability to create connections and positioning them within a competitive framework. The experience in a number of European countries has proved different. In this sphere of influence, certain methodological inconsistencies associated with a somewhat conservative and erroneous amalgamation of communication and dissemination have interrupted the communication process. Ultimately, the dual objectives of diffusion and communication clearly converge in the background but differ in form, defining various spheres of development and differently affecting digital assets, communications tools and inter-generational dialogue.

Chelsea Erin Graham

Museum and Society

Konstantinos Arvanitis

The editorial provides a broad contextualization of recent and developing theoretical and empirical examinations of digital materiality in museums. This Special Issue includes seven papers, which cover a range of theorizations, issues and challenges that arise in the intersection of digital and materiality in museum and heritage contexts.

Natxo Rodriguez Arkaute

Not so long ago, before we all knew the impact that new technologies were going to have on museums, there was a lot of speculation about a promising new future. As we analyse in this text, however, copyright has curbed that promise, promoting a culture of “scarcity” rather than fostering a culture of affluence.

Lara Corona

lara corona

This study aims to highlight to what extent museums with archaeological collections and those with historical items have embraced the digitalizing process to improve the accessibility of collections. Data was collected in 31 countries by disseminating a survey to the offices of ICOM and direct invitations to museums. Finally, the study underlines different channels through which collections are made accessible. Amidst them, social media (70%) prevails over the others, thereby allowing people to participate and interact with museums actively.

Marjorie Schwarzer

The Future of Museums

Zsofia Ruttkay

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Advantages & disadvantages of digitalisation

Today, digitalisation is a must for a company or any type of organization. Indeed, it applies to all areas and ensures the optimization of time and money. By automating increasingly complex tasks. It can even become a competitive advantage. In areas where the digital shift has not been fully achieved by companies.

But then what are the significant advantages and disadvantages of digitalization?

It is a competitive advantage in the sense that not all companies have yet gone digital. It enables opportunities to be developed in all sectors. The notion of distance no longer exists, just like the notion of borders or limits: the field of possibilities is unlimited ( cross border ).

A greater number of people can be reached. Collaboration between people and sharing of content is simplified and above all, this is done within very short deadlines (better communication, faster, more informal), real-time modification is now possible. A better employee experience and a new customer relationship.

The automation of tasks allows better optimization of working time. And therefore rendering with short deadlines. It limits errors. Advantages of having a long-term strategy. Digitalisation is done in stages.

Disadvantages

The main disadvantage of digitalization and dehumanization, automating tasks and using tools for management and monitoring. Is that it neglects the human side. People are always behind these machines. But they no longer distinguish between individuals and their own situations.

The other disadvantage is that there may be a loss of knowledge or a lack of knowledge in terms of human resources. You think that if the machine does it, I don’t have to do it anymore. But in this case, what do I do when the machine breaks down?

Moreover: Multiplying communication channels also increases the risk of information loss. Faced with the constant improvement of tools and the development of instant messaging. It is important to include a disconnection guide in your internal charter. To make the right balance between salary and private life.

Also pay attention to the infobesity : the overload of information via the social networks, in particular. More and more information which, paradoxically, we are finding harder and harder to assimilate.

Last but not least: Adblockers. An ad blocker is a small piece of software or module incorporated into an Internet user’s browse. That prevents the display of banners or other advertising formats. Ad blockers pose a threat to publishers’ advertising revenues. But are considered by users as a response to the perceived intrusiveness of Internet advertising.

This process is used by customers who feel attacked by all Internet advertising. It is a break on companies because there is no way to be controversial about this process.

The advantages and disadvantages of digitalisation are numerous. Here you have read only the most important ones. However, it is important to keep in mind that digitalisation represents the world of tomorrow. And above all a major asset when it is well implemented. By taking into account the disadvantages, you can find solutions to overcome them. In this way you are sure to develop a healthier model.

Feel free to contact us or leave a comment if you liked this article.

You will find all articles related to digitalisation in this category . We publish regularly so stay up to date with what is being done.

6 Replies to “Advantages & disadvantages of digitalisation”

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Home / Essay Samples / Information Science and Technology / Digital Era / Advantages and Disadvantages of Digitalization of Cultural Heritage

Advantages and Disadvantages of Digitalization of Cultural Heritage

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