We have heard of many hypotheses which have led to great inventions in science. Assumptions that are made on the basis of some evidence are known as hypotheses. In this article, let us learn in detail about the hypothesis and the type of hypothesis with examples.
A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis:
Following are the sources of hypothesis:
There are six forms of hypothesis and they are:
It shows a relationship between one dependent variable and a single independent variable. For example – If you eat more vegetables, you will lose weight faster. Here, eating more vegetables is an independent variable, while losing weight is the dependent variable.
It shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables. Eating more vegetables and fruits leads to weight loss, glowing skin, and reduces the risk of many diseases such as heart disease.
It shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome. The relationship between the variables can also predict its nature. For example- children aged four years eating proper food over a five-year period are having higher IQ levels than children not having a proper meal. This shows the effect and direction of the effect.
It is used when there is no theory involved. It is a statement that a relationship exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.
It provides a statement which is contrary to the hypothesis. It’s a negative statement, and there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables. The symbol is denoted by “H O ”.
Associative hypothesis occurs when there is a change in one variable resulting in a change in the other variable. Whereas, the causal hypothesis proposes a cause and effect interaction between two or more variables.
Following are the examples of hypotheses based on their types:
Following are the functions performed by the hypothesis:
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
What is hypothesis.
A hypothesis is an assumption made based on some evidence.
What are the types of hypothesis.
Types of hypothesis are:
Define complex hypothesis..
A complex hypothesis shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables.
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What to Know A hypothesis is an assumption made before any research has been done. It is formed so that it can be tested to see if it might be true. A theory is a principle formed to explain the things already shown in data. Because of the rigors of experiment and control, it is much more likely that a theory will be true than a hypothesis.
As anyone who has worked in a laboratory or out in the field can tell you, science is about process: that of observing, making inferences about those observations, and then performing tests to see if the truth value of those inferences holds up. The scientific method is designed to be a rigorous procedure for acquiring knowledge about the world around us.
In scientific reasoning, a hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done. A theory, on the other hand, is supported by evidence: it's a principle formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated by data.
Toward that end, science employs a particular vocabulary for describing how ideas are proposed, tested, and supported or disproven. And that's where we see the difference between a hypothesis and a theory .
A hypothesis is an assumption, something proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true.
In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done, apart from a basic background review. You ask a question, read up on what has been studied before, and then form a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is usually tentative, an assumption or suggestion made strictly for the objective of being tested.
When a character which has been lost in a breed, reappears after a great number of generations, the most probable hypothesis is, not that the offspring suddenly takes after an ancestor some hundred generations distant, but that in each successive generation there has been a tendency to reproduce the character in question, which at last, under unknown favourable conditions, gains an ascendancy. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species , 1859 According to one widely reported hypothesis , cell-phone transmissions were disrupting the bees' navigational abilities. (Few experts took the cell-phone conjecture seriously; as one scientist said to me, "If that were the case, Dave Hackenberg's hives would have been dead a long time ago.") Elizabeth Kolbert, The New Yorker , 6 Aug. 2007
A theory , in contrast, is a principle that has been formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated by data. It is used in the names of a number of principles accepted in the scientific community, such as the Big Bang Theory . Because of the rigors of experimentation and control, its likelihood as truth is much higher than that of a hypothesis.
It is evident, on our theory , that coasts merely fringed by reefs cannot have subsided to any perceptible amount; and therefore they must, since the growth of their corals, either have remained stationary or have been upheaved. Now, it is remarkable how generally it can be shown, by the presence of upraised organic remains, that the fringed islands have been elevated: and so far, this is indirect evidence in favour of our theory . Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle , 1839 An example of a fundamental principle in physics, first proposed by Galileo in 1632 and extended by Einstein in 1905, is the following: All observers traveling at constant velocity relative to one another, should witness identical laws of nature. From this principle, Einstein derived his theory of special relativity. Alan Lightman, Harper's , December 2011
In non-scientific use, however, hypothesis and theory are often used interchangeably to mean simply an idea, speculation, or hunch (though theory is more common in this regard):
The theory of the teacher with all these immigrant kids was that if you spoke English loudly enough they would eventually understand. E. L. Doctorow, Loon Lake , 1979 Chicago is famous for asking questions for which there can be no boilerplate answers. Example: given the probability that the federal tax code, nondairy creamer, Dennis Rodman and the art of mime all came from outer space, name something else that has extraterrestrial origins and defend your hypothesis . John McCormick, Newsweek , 5 Apr. 1999 In his mind's eye, Miller saw his case suddenly taking form: Richard Bailey had Helen Brach killed because she was threatening to sue him over the horses she had purchased. It was, he realized, only a theory , but it was one he felt certain he could, in time, prove. Full of urgency, a man with a mission now that he had a hypothesis to guide him, he issued new orders to his troops: Find out everything you can about Richard Bailey and his crowd. Howard Blum, Vanity Fair , January 1995
And sometimes one term is used as a genus, or a means for defining the other:
Laplace's popular version of his astronomy, the Système du monde , was famous for introducing what came to be known as the nebular hypothesis , the theory that the solar system was formed by the condensation, through gradual cooling, of the gaseous atmosphere (the nebulae) surrounding the sun. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club , 2001 Researchers use this information to support the gateway drug theory — the hypothesis that using one intoxicating substance leads to future use of another. Jordy Byrd, The Pacific Northwest Inlander , 6 May 2015 Fox, the business and economics columnist for Time magazine, tells the story of the professors who enabled those abuses under the banner of the financial theory known as the efficient market hypothesis . Paul Krugman, The New York Times Book Review , 9 Aug. 2009
Since this casual use does away with the distinctions upheld by the scientific community, hypothesis and theory are prone to being wrongly interpreted even when they are encountered in scientific contexts—or at least, contexts that allude to scientific study without making the critical distinction that scientists employ when weighing hypotheses and theories.
The most common occurrence is when theory is interpreted—and sometimes even gleefully seized upon—to mean something having less truth value than other scientific principles. (The word law applies to principles so firmly established that they are almost never questioned, such as the law of gravity.)
This mistake is one of projection: since we use theory in general use to mean something lightly speculated, then it's implied that scientists must be talking about the same level of uncertainty when they use theory to refer to their well-tested and reasoned principles.
The distinction has come to the forefront particularly on occasions when the content of science curricula in schools has been challenged—notably, when a school board in Georgia put stickers on textbooks stating that evolution was "a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things." As Kenneth R. Miller, a cell biologist at Brown University, has said , a theory "doesn’t mean a hunch or a guess. A theory is a system of explanations that ties together a whole bunch of facts. It not only explains those facts, but predicts what you ought to find from other observations and experiments.”
While theories are never completely infallible, they form the basis of scientific reasoning because, as Miller said "to the best of our ability, we’ve tested them, and they’ve held up."
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Exercise’s positive effect on depression is well-known, but not how it produces its anti-depressant effects. After reviewing a broad range of studies into how depression and physical activity affect motivation, researchers have now come up with a hypothesis.
People suffering from depression can experience apathy, a lack of enthusiasm, and anhedonia, the inability to derive joy or pleasure from activities that they’d usually find pleasurable. Both contribute to a decrease in motivation that can prevent people from engaging in things like work and social activities.
It’s known that physical activity , especially aerobic exercise, can reduce or even prevent depressive symptoms, but how it does so remains unclear. Researchers from University College London (UCL) reviewed a broad range of human and animal studies that explored the mechanisms underpinning depression and exercise and have proposed a novel hypothesis for exercise’s antidepressant effects.
“The antidepressant effect of aerobic exercise has been convincingly demonstrated through randomized controlled trials, but its mechanism is not well understood,” said Dr Emily Hird from the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at UCL and the study’s lead and corresponding author. “This is, in part, because it likely involves a variety of biological and psychological processes."
Previous studies have suggested that anhedonia is associated with a disruption of the brain’s reward pathways. These pathways are activated whenever we experience something rewarding, like nice-tasting food, sex, or addictive drugs. When exposed to a rewarding stimulus, the brain responds by releasing more dopamine , which provides a sense of pleasure and the motivation to do something again because it feels good. The disruption to these pathways in depressed people means that they’re less willing – less motivated – to expend effort to receive a reward.
Research has also shown that depression, particularly anhedonia, is associated with inflammation and that inflammation, which is responsible for a wide range of medical conditions, disrupts dopamine activity. Studies have found that inhibiting the inflammatory chemicals the body produces reduces depressive symptoms and anhedonia. In summary, the evidence suggested that inflammation reduced dopamine transmission, which decreased motivation in response to the mental and/or physical effort required to achieve a reward, leading to anhedonia and fatigue. On the other hand, the researchers found good evidence that physical activity reduced inflammation and improved dopamine functioning, reward processing, effort exertion, and motivation.
“[A]longside its positive effect on inflammation, dopamine and reward processing, exercise also reduces oxidative stress and improves self-esteem and self-efficacy,” Hird said. “However, we are proposing that exercise – particularly aerobic activities that make you sweaty and out of breath – decreases inflammation and boosts dopamine transmission, which in turn increases the desire to exert effort, and therefore boosts motivation generally.”
The researchers hope their hypothesis will inform new treatment strategies for depression, like personalized exercise programs.
“Understanding the mechanisms that underly the antidepressant effects of physical activity in depression could also inform our understanding of the mechanisms causing depression and the development of novel intervention strategies, in particular personalized intervention and social prescribing,” said Hird.
Further study using large randomized controlled trials is needed to assess the effect of exercise on depression and measure its effect on variables including inflammation, dopamine transmission, and motivation. To that end, the researchers are running a trial involving 250 participants aged 18 to 60.
“Addressing barriers to exercise – particularly in people with depression – is crucial, as regular physical activity may be able to alleviate symptoms, enhance mood and empower individuals on their path to recovery,” said Hird. “As part of this, finding strategies to encourage exercise is key.”
The study was published in the journal Translational Psychiatry .
Source: UCL
Volkswagen camper vans make a grand return to the us market, 1.7-lb hammock tent pitches in seconds, stands up to hurricane winds, how adding honey to your yogurt improves gut health.
Covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum science.
Pieter h. harkema, michael iversen, and anne e. b. nielsen, phys. rev. a 110 , 023301 – published 2 august 2024.
The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis describes how isolated many-body quantum systems reach thermal equilibrium. However, quantum many-body scars and Hilbert space fragmentation violate this hypothesis and cause nonthermal behavior. We demonstrate that Hilbert space fragmentation may arise from lattice geometry in a spin- 1 2 model that conserves the number of domain walls. We generalize a known, one-dimensional, scarred model to larger dimensions and show that this model displays Hilbert space fragmentation on the Vicsek fractal lattice and the two-dimensional lattice. Using Monte Carlo methods, the model is characterized as strongly fragmented on the Vicsek fractal lattice when the number of domain walls is either small or close to the maximal value. On the two-dimensional lattice, the model is strongly fragmented when the density of domain walls is low and weakly fragmented when the density of domain walls is high. Furthermore, we show that the fragmentation persists at a finite density of domain walls in the thermodynamic limit for the Vicsek fractal lattice and the two-dimensional lattice. We also show that the model displays signatures similar to Hilbert space fragmentation on a section of the second-generation hexaflake fractal lattice and a modified two-dimensional lattice. We study the autocorrelation function of local observables and demonstrate that the model displays nonthermal dynamics.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.110.023301
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Illustration of the considered lattices. Black dots show the lattice sites and red lines display nearest-neighbor edges. (a) The first-generation Vicsek fractal lattice. (b) The second-generation Vicsek fractal lattice is obtained from generation one by substituting all lattice sites with five new sites. (c) Similarly, the third-generation Vicsek fractal lattice is obtained from generation two by substituting all sites with generation one Vicsek fractal lattices. (d) The second-generation hexaflake fractal lattice. We consider the lattice consisting of three connected first-generation hexaflake fractal lattices (above the dashed line). (e) The two-dimensional lattice of size L x × L y = 5 × 4 . (f) The modified two-dimensional lattice constructed from four connected first-generation Vicsek fractal lattices.
The second-generation Vicsek fractal lattice padded with dynamically inactive sites along the boundary (dark red balls with black outlines and downward-pointing arrows). The figure illustrates a product state in the symmetry sector with n dw = 8 domain walls. Four sites are spin up (blue balls with upward pointing arrows) and the remaining sites are spin down (red balls). The sites inside the green box are denoted as an “active arm.” These sites may flip their spin and the domain walls may move around within the sublattice. Note, however, that the spin-down site connected to the active arm from the left (red ball at the center of the lattice) can not change its state to spin up because three or more of its nearest neighbors are always spin down. Therefore, this site effectively locks the dynamics within the active arm and all spin-down sites outside the green box can not be flipped. Similarly, the spin-up site inside the blue box is dynamically inactive and can not be flipped. Product states where all spins are dynamically inactive are denoted as “frozen states,” and we construct an exponential number of such states in Appendix pp2 .
The Hamiltonian in each symmetry sector for (a) the second-generation Vicsek fractal lattice illustrated in Fig. 1 with 25 dynamically active sites, (b) the section of the second-generation hexaflake fractal lattice illustrated in Fig. 1 with 21 dynamically active sites, (c) the two-dimensional lattice illustrated in Fig. 1 of size L x × L y = 5 × 4 , and (d) the modified two-dimensional lattice illustrated in Fig. 1 with 20 dynamically active sites. Gray pixels represent nonzero matrix elements and white pixels correspond to vanishing matrix elements. The figure illustrates the block-diagonal structure of the Hamiltonian operator due to Hilbert space fragmentation. n dw denotes the number of domain walls characterizing the symmetry sector, and D ≡ D n dw denotes the dimension of the symmetry sector. For the Vicsek fractal lattice, the Hamiltonian is only depicted up to n dw = 18 domain walls since the Krylov subspaces in the symmetry sector with n dw domain walls have the same sizes as the Krylov subspaces in the symmetry sector with n dw max − n dw domain walls as discussed in Appendix pp1 . The red asterisks mark symmetry sectors containing just a single Krylov subspace that spans the full sector.
The ratio between the dimension of the largest Krylov subspace d n dw max and the dimension of the symmetry sector D n dw as a function of the generation g of the Vicsek fractal lattice. Each graph corresponds to a fixed number of domain walls n dw . The data for generation g = 1 , 2 is exact while the data for generation g = 3 , 4 is obtained using Monte Carlo importance sampling as described in Appendix pp3 . The symmetry sector with n dw = 0 domain walls is one dimensional for all generations, and the ratio is unity. For all other considered sectors, the ratio decreases with increasing generation indicating that the system is strongly fragmented.
(a) The number of Krylov subspaces as a function of system size L x × L y . We vary the length of one side of the lattice L x while keeping the other side fixed at L y = 2 (dark blue dots), L y = 3 (light blue triangles), and L y = 4 (light red diamonds). We also increase the length L of both sides simultaneously L x × L y = L × L (dark red crosses). Notice that some data points are included in more than one of these groups and have multiple markers, e.g., L x × L y = 2 × 2 . The number of Krylov subspaces scales exponentially with system size and is larger than the lower bound (dashed line) obtained in Appendix pp4 . (b)–(d) The ratio between the dimension of the largest Krylov subspace and the dimension of the corresponding symmetry sector as a function of system size for various densities of domain walls. We consider (b) one-quarter filling n dw = n dw max / 4 , (c) half-filling n dw = n dw max / 2 , and (d) three-quarter filling n dw = 3 n dw max / 4 . The results indicate that the model is strongly fragmented for a low density of domain walls and weakly fragmented for a high density of domain walls.
The time average of the autocorrelation function for the four considered lattices and two symmetry sectors on the one-dimensional lattice of N sites. We consider the symmetry sector n dw = 6 ( D n dw = 5472 ) for the second-generation Vicsek fractal lattice, n dw = 14 ( D n dw = 7680 ) for the section of the second-generation hexaflake fractal lattice, n dw = 14 ( D n dw = 5323 ) for the two-dimensional lattice, and n dw = 6 ( D n dw = 3492 ) for the modified two-dimensional lattice. We consider the autocorrelation function of the operator s ̃ r z = s r z − 〈 s r z 〉 for the site r illustrated in the inset (inside red circle). We find similar results for other sites. In all cases, we consider parameters λ = J = 1 and Δ = 0.1 . The horizontal lines show the Mazur bound obtained from the projection operators onto the Krylov subspaces.
A part of the Vicsek fractal lattice of generation g = 3 . We consider the lattice to consist of generation-one fractal lattices. Some generation-one fractals are nearest neighbors with four other generation-one fractals (gray sites). We choose all sites to be spin down in these generation-one fractals. For generation-one fractals with two nearest neighbors, the spins are chosen among the three frozen configurations shown in the figure. For generation-one fractals with one nearest neighbor, we choose the spins among the four frozen configurations shown in the figure. We construct an exponential number of eigenstates of the Hamiltonian as the tensor product of these frozen configurations on the generation-one fractals.
The two-dimensional lattice L of size L x × L y (light red and blue circles). The lattice is padded with extra sites along its boundary (dark red circles) to ensure all sites in the original lattice have an even number of nearest neighbors. The extra sites are dynamically inactive and we choose them to be spin down. The lattice L does not contain the dynamically inactive sites. The sublattice L ′ ⊂ L (blue circles) form a 5-periodic pattern on L in the x and y directions. The lattice L is separated into four parts L A , L B , L C , and L D (gray boxes). Part L A is a rectangular lattice where both sides are a multiple of 5. Part L B contains no sites when mod 5 ( L x ) = 0 and L C contains no sites when mod 5 ( L y ) = 0 . When parts L B and L C are nonempty, they are rectangular lattices where one side is a multiple of 5. Part L D is empty when mod 5 ( L x ) = 0 or mod 5 ( L y ) = 0 . When part L D is not empty it is a rectangular lattice where neither side is a multiple of 5.
The time-averaged autocorrelation function on the Vicsek fractal lattice for the perturbed Hamiltonian from Eq. ( E1 ). The size of the perturbation is characterized by the ratio between the Frobenius norm of the perturbation matrix | H GOE | to that of the nonperturbed Hamiltonian | H | . The dashed line displays the Mazur bound obtained from the projection operators onto the Krylov subspaces.
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When dealing with very high-dimensional and functional data, rank deficiency of sample covariance matrix often complicates the tests for population mean. To alleviate this rank deficiency problem, Munk et al. (J Multivar Anal 99:815–833, 2008) proposed neighborhood hypothesis testing procedure that tests whether the population mean is within a small, pre-specified neighborhood of a known quantity, M. How could we objectively specify a reasonable neighborhood, particularly when the sample space is unbounded? What should be the size of the neighborhood? In this article, we develop the modified neighborhood hypothesis testing framework to answer these two questions. We define the neighborhood as a proportion of the total amount of variation present in the population of functions under study and proceed to derive the asymptotic null distribution of the appropriate test statistic. Power analyses suggest that our approach is appropriate when sample space is unbounded and is robust against error structures with nonzero mean. We then apply this framework to assess whether the near-default sigmoidal specification of dose-response curves is adequate for widely used CCLE database. Results suggest that our methodology could be used as a pre-processing step before using conventional efficacy metrics, obtained from sigmoid models (for example: IC50 or AUC), as downstream predictive targets.
Register for the trottier 2024 symposium, the mystery of milky seas.
Imagine sailing through a pitch-black ocean night, only to find the waters around you glowing eerily like a vast field of snow. This enchanting phenomenon, known as milky seas or mareel, has both baffled and mesmerized sailors for centuries. These rare events, occurring roughly zero to two times a year globally, are a spectacular display of bioluminescence that turns the sea into a surreal, glowing expanse.
Before science offered potential explanations, milky seas were part of maritime folklore. From tales of ship-eating sea monsters to beautiful mermaids, one could wonder whether they are just the vivid imaginations of weary sailors or harbor a sprinkle of truth. Over time, sailors’ descriptions found their way into classic sea-adventure fiction novels, like Jules Verne’s "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas" and Herman Melville’s "Moby Dick." The milky sea was merely one of many unlikely stories told by imaginative sailors for centuries. The truth, as it turns out, is just as fascinating as the fiction.
Milky seas, as the name implies, are vast areas of water that appear white. These phenomena occur at night, especially in dark, moonless conditions, with the light coming not from reflected sources like moonlight, but from something within or on the water. This light is bioluminescence, a type of chemical luminescence produced by living organisms.
The leading hypothesis for milky seas involves the role of bioluminescent bacteria. These bacteria become luminous only after reaching a certain population density, a process known as “quorum sensing.” Quorum sensing is a type of cell-to-cell communication where bacteria detect and respond to the density of their population by altering gene expression. When the bacteria are present in sufficiently high concentrations, they begin to glow continuously in the presence of oxygen. This continuous glow, rather than the brief flashes typically associated with other bioluminescent organisms like dinoflagellates, creates the steady and widespread light observed in milky seas. The light produced by these bacteria is relatively faint per cell, but when billions of them gather over a vast area, the combined effect can result in a visually stunning, uniformly glowing sea.
One intriguing theory suggests that these bacteria might form large surface slicks, aided by organic material produced during a previous or concurrent phytoplankton bloom. This could provide the necessary conditions for the bacteria to reach the critical concentration required for quorum sensing, leading to the widespread bioluminescent display. Moreover, the role of bioluminescent bacteria in the ecosystem is rather interesting. Unlike dinoflagellates, which use their light to deter predators, these bacteria use their glow to attract larger creatures. The reason behind this is rather counterintuitive: the bacteria want to be eaten. The gut of a fish provides an ideal habitat for these bacteria to thrive, so they light up to attract fish, ensuring their colonies find a suitable environment.
Historically, most accounts of milky seas have come from ship logs, with the phenomenon predominantly observed in the northwestern Indian Ocean and the Maritime Continent region. This area is particularly conducive to such events due to its warm surface temperatures and high productivity from upwelling currents, which support microbial growth.
While all of these ideas are compelling, it's important to note that the exact conditions leading to milky seas are highly unpredictable, and much of what we understand is based on a few documented cases, including those observed via satellite. Future studies of this elusive phenomenon may provide further insights, especially with advancements in satellite technology that can monitor low-light emissions over vast oceanic areas. By focusing on regions where milky seas are more frequently reported, scientists hope to unlock the mysteries behind this captivating natural wonder.
@ HosnaAkhgary
Hosna Akhgary is a BSc candidate at McGill University, majoring in Pharmacology.
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A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process. Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test ...
Developing a hypothesis (with example) Step 1. Ask a question. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Example: Research question.
scientific hypothesis, an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world.The two primary features of a scientific hypothesis are falsifiability and testability, which are reflected in an "If…then" statement summarizing the idea and in the ability to be supported or refuted through observation and experimentation.
A research hypothesis, in its plural form "hypotheses," is a specific, testable prediction about the anticipated results of a study, established at its outset. The research hypothesis is often referred to as the alternative hypothesis. ... A non-directional hypothesis, also known as a two-tailed hypothesis, predicts that there is a difference ...
Definition: Hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on some initial observations or data. It is a tentative statement that can be tested and potentially proven or disproven through further investigation and experimentation. Hypothesis is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments ...
hypothesis: [noun] an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument. an interpretation of a practical situation or condition taken as the ground for action.
A hypothesis (pl.: hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. ... Scope - the apparent applicability of the hypothesis to multiple known phenomena; Fruitfulness - the prospect that the hypothesis may explain further phenomena in the future; Conservatism - the degree of "fit" with existing recognized knowledge-systems. ...
A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for an observation. The definition depends on the subject. In science, a hypothesis is part of the scientific method. It is a prediction or explanation that is tested by an experiment. Observations and experiments may disprove a scientific hypothesis, but can never entirely prove one.
A scientific hypothesis is a tentative, testable explanation for a phenomenon in the natural world. It's the initial building block in the scientific method. Many describe it as an "educated guess ...
A research hypothesis (also called a scientific hypothesis) is a statement about the expected outcome of a study (for example, a dissertation or thesis). To constitute a quality hypothesis, the statement needs to have three attributes - specificity, clarity and testability. Let's take a look at these more closely.
Written by Chris Drew (PhD) | July 16, 2024. There are 13 different types of hypothesis. These include simple, complex, null, alternative, composite, directional, non-directional, logical, empirical, statistical, associative, exact, and inexact. A hypothesis can be categorized into one or more of these types.
HYPOTHESIS definition: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more.
Within social science, a hypothesis can take two forms. It can predict that there is no relationship between two variables, in which case it is a null hypothesis. Or, it can predict the existence of a relationship between variables, which is known as an alternative hypothesis.
HYPOTHESIS meaning: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more.
Hypothesis. A hypothesis is commonly known as an guess based on former knowledge, or an educated guess. Scientists use the scientific method to study phenomenon they observe. After observing a ...
Example: It is known that on June 30, 1908, in Tunguska, Siberia, there was an explosion equivalent to the detonation of about 15 million tons of TNT. Many hypotheses have been proposed for what caused the explosion. It was theorized that the explosion was caused by a natural extraterrestrial phenomenon, and was not caused by man.Is this theory a fact?
A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question. A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on ...
Today, we're looking at three of the best-known experiments in history — and the hypotheses they tested. Contents. Ivan Pavlov and His Dogs (1903-1935) Isaac Newton's Radiant Prisms (1665) Robert Paine's Revealing Starfish (1963-1969) Ivan Pavlov and His Dogs (1903-1935) The Hypothesis: If dogs are susceptible to conditioned responses ...
Hypothesis Testing Calculator. The first step in hypothesis testing is to calculate the test statistic. The formula for the test statistic depends on whether the population standard deviation (σ) is known or unknown. If σ is known, our hypothesis test is known as a z test and we use the z distribution. If σ is unknown, our hypothesis test is ...
Hypothesis is 'a proposition not known to be definitely true or false, examined for the sake of determining the consequences which would follow from its truth.' - Max Black. Hypothesis is 'a proposition which can be put to a test to determine validity and is useful for further research.' - W. J. Goode and P. K. Hatt
If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between variables. The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests. The way of explanation of the hypothesis must be very simple and it should also be understood that the simplicity of the hypothesis is not related to its ...
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data sufficiently support a particular hypothesis. ... Use this procedure only if little is known about the problem at hand, and only to draw provisional conclusions in the context of an attempt to understand the experimental situation.
A hypothesis is an assumption made before any research has been done. It is formed so that it can be tested to see if it might be true. A theory is a principle formed to explain the things already shown in data. Because of the rigors of experiment and control, it is much more likely that a theory will be true than a hypothesis.
Exercise's positive effect on depression is well-known, but not how it produces its anti-depressant effects. After reviewing a broad range of studies into how depression and physical activity ...
The Berserker hypothesis, also known as the deadly probes scenario, proposes self-reproducing machines seek to destroy organic life.: 112 The name derives from short stories by Fred Saberhagen written in the 1960s. The dark forest hypothesis is distinct from the Berserker hypothesis in that under the former, many alien civilizations could still ...
The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis describes how isolated many-body quantum systems reach thermal equilibrium. However, quantum many-body scars and Hilbert space fragmentation violate this hypothesis and cause nonthermal behavior. We demonstrate that Hilbert space fragmentation may arise from lattice geometry in a spin-$\\frac{1}{2}$ model that conserves the number of domain walls. We ...
When dealing with very high-dimensional and functional data, rank deficiency of sample covariance matrix often complicates the tests for population mean. To alleviate this rank deficiency problem, Munk et al. (J Multivar Anal 99:815-833, 2008) proposed neighborhood hypothesis testing procedure that tests whether the population mean is within a small, pre-specified neighborhood of a known ...
Imagine sailing through a pitch-black ocean night, only to find the waters around you glowing eerily like a vast field of snow. This enchanting phenomenon, known as milky seas or mareel, has both baffled and mesmerized sailors for centuries. These rare events, occurring roughly zero to two times a year globally, are a spectacular display of bioluminescence that turns the sea into a surreal ...