masters in clinical psychology vs phd

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What are the Differences Between a Masters and PhD in Psychology?

Choosing a path in psychology can be a bit like picking a route for a big journey. Should you stop at a master’s or go all the way to a PhD? While both are advanced degrees, they serve different purposes.

A master’s in psychology usually takes less time and provides a general overview, helping you get into various career paths within the field. A PhD, however, is a longer journey, focusing on specialized research and allowing you to become an expert in a specific area.

So, whether you are dreaming of counseling, teaching, or groundbreaking research, understanding the distinctions between these degrees is crucial. Let’s explore both options to find which suits you best!

Masters Vs. PhD in Psychology

A master’s in psychology typically takes 2-3 years and provides foundational knowledge and skills for various psychology-related careers. On the other hand, a PhD in psychology, taking 4-7 years, emphasizes research and advanced expertise, preparing graduates for academic, research, or specialized clinical positions.

To work in the field psychology, you need to have a minimum of master’s degree in psychology , and if you want to become a licensed psychologist , then a PhD will help you do that.

Master’s and Ph.D. degrees come under the heading of graduate studies. As mentioned above, a master’s degree in psychology typically takes between 2 to 3 years to complete in addition to an undergraduate in the same subject.

There are different types of psychology master’s degrees with the two most common being a Master’s of Art (M.A.) and a Master’s of Science (M.S.) . Without a master’s degree in psychology you cannot get licensed and hence you cannot begin practicing freely.

If your focus in psychology is more towards the applied side, you will need to complete an internship as well. Depending on the program, students may also need to prepare a thesis report towards the final months of a master’s program.

When it comes to a psychology doctorate degree , there are essentially 2 options – a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) or a Psy. D (Doctor of Psychology) . A PhD in psychology is more research oriented, whereas a Psy. D is more focused towards the practical and clinical sides. However, we are limiting our discussion to a PhD in psychology.

Typically a PhD can take between 4 and 7 years depending on how you approach it and on your work schedule. A few years of course work and a final dissertation are almost always required in a PhD program. Some PhD programs even require students to complete an internship which formally marks the end of their doctorate program.

The Road to Get There

To get into a master’s level program in psychology, it is preferred that candidates possess an undergraduate background in psychology. At the undergraduate level, students are presented with the opportunity to choose their majors which is then carried forward in the master’s program.

The undergraduate degree is necessary for creating a strong background and laying the right foundation for students. Some masters programs prefer that candidates have gone through some practical training which usually takes the form of an internship.

A master’s degree in psychology can also serve as an inroad to a PhD in psychology. Many top university PhD programs require students to have a master’s degree in psychology under their belt as a pre-requisite.

However not all PhD programs have that requirement. Some programs offer students a terminal master’s degree in the process of a PhD. This is basically a specialized master’s program that prepares students in their area of expertise and professional practice.

It is often required by PhD level psychology programs for students to have some kind of prior practical experience. This could be an internship or an assistant level position to a senior psychologist. With added practical experience, the concepts taught at the doctorate level are easier to understand and make more sense.

After Graduation

Psychology is a vast and quick expanding field of science which means that demand for qualified psychologists is high. With a masters level psychology you may land some entry level jobs such as a research assistant, assistant to a supervisor, teacher’s assistant and so on. You may work with other psychologists and learn from them on the job.

Opportunities may also exist in mental health institutes, schools and the like. You may also sit-in some sessions with a senior as they treat other patients. Initially there will be a lot of interaction with seniors in a controlled environment.

With a PhD in psychology under your belt you may be exposed to a more challenging and dynamic work environment. You may be part of an experiment where patients are kept under closely monitored situations. Pharmaceutical companies may contract your services to work on drug trials for instance.

Depending on your chosen niche, you may spend time with patients at correctional facilities, detention centers and even prisons.

Which One is Right For You?

There is no right answer for this question. Both degree options have their own merits, requirements and results. What matters is your drive and motivation as well as your career aspiration. For starters, you need to have an interest in the subject of psychology, otherwise there may not be any point in doing a masters, let alone a PhD.

A masters can only take you so far career-wise, sooner or later you will need to rely on a PhD to take your career to the next level – therefore you need to consider your vision. The best way to answer this question is from a timeline point of view – you must prioritize your goals at the given time.

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MS vs PhD: Which Psychology Degree Should You Get?

An  undergraduate degree  proves a great starting point for people interested in careers involving psychology. To advance into occupations involving greater responsibility and pay, however, generally requires a graduate degree.

For instance, a master’s degree in psychology is one of the necessities to become a licensed therapist, such as a marriage and family therapist – a career the  Bureau of Labor Statistics  (BLS) predicts to grow a whopping 16% between 2020-2030. And becoming a  psychologist  – a position with an average median annual salary of $82,180 – requires earning a doctorate in psychology.

What Are MS and PhD in Psychology Degrees For?

The  MS (Master of Science) in Psychology  and the  PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Psychology  are degrees for people interested in advanced study in the discipline. Students obtain a greater understanding of human behavior and how to help others. Degree earners are often interested in careers as therapists, licensed psychologists, researchers, or professors.

Choosing Between a Master’s Degree in Psychology vs. a Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Program

The choice between pursuing a Master’s Degree in Psychology vs. a PhD in Psychology boils down to individual interests and career aspirations. Many students find a MS in Psychology sufficient for the types of jobs they want. Others discover a doctorate necessary for the occupations to which they aspire.

What Is a MS in Psychology?

An MS in Psychology is a graduate degree that prepares recipients for a variety of careers. It also can serve as a building block to entering doctoral studies, and an MS program typically takes about two years to complete. Online MS in Psychology programs sometimes offers accelerated options in which ambitious students can finish in around 18 months.

While coursework varies by institution and personal interests, students in psychology master’s programs often take these classes:

• Lifespan development
• Research methodology
• Cognitive psychology
• Social psychology
• Personality
• Foundations of therapy
• Family systems theory
• Abnormal psychology

Some students focus on general psychology. Others gear their master’s program to a specific area. Some niche choices include:

• Educational psychology
• Forensic psychology
• Clinical psychology
• Industrial-organizational psychology
• Sport psychology
• Health psychology
• Counseling psychology
• Child and adolescent development
• Applied behavior analysis

Who Should Get a MS in Psychology?

Students who want to expand their knowledge of psychology beyond the undergraduate level often seek a master’s degree. Some students pursue an MS to become more attractive candidates to schools when they apply to doctoral programs. 

Others enter the workforce after receiving their MS in psychology. They find careers in the following fields:

• Advertising
• Human resources
• Criminal justice
• Social services
• Mental health

What Can You Do with a MS in Psychology?

Individuals who have earned a Master’s in Psychology find their degree a gateway to various types of jobs dealing with people and what influences their behavior. A sample of possible occupations is listed below.

What Is a PhD In Psychology?

A PhD in psychology is the highest-level degree within the discipline. Earning it signifies academic excellence and dedication to the field. In addition to mastering psychological theories and concepts, PhD candidates learn how to advance scientific knowledge through their own original research.

Who Should Get a PhD In Psychology?

Obtaining a PhD in psychology is a rigorous process. It involves classwork, passing an oral exam demonstrating competency, and completing a dissertation. Practicums, internships, and teaching experiences may also be part of the program.

Students thinking about entering such a program should possess a  strong background in psychology , such as a bachelor’s and/or master’s degree. They also should look closely at their career goals and decide whether a PhD puts them on the right path.

What Can You Do with a PhD In Psychology?

The expertise obtained from earning a PhD in Psychology opens doors to a variety of careers. Three sample positions include:

Many PhDs remain in academia. They teach classes at colleges and junior colleges as well as perform research in their area of interest within the field of psychology. The BLS lists the mean annual wage for postsecondary psychology teachers as $85,050. 6

Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat a variety of mental, emotional, and behavioral problems. Some specialize in certain areas, such as treating depression or eating disorders. Others work with specific populations, such as children or the elderly. The median yearly salary for a clinical psychologist in 2020 was $79,820 per the BLS. 7

These professionals apply their knowledge of psychology to the workplace. Companies and governmental organizations hire them to examine issues such as productivity, morale, teamwork, hiring, and organizational development. Their suggestions lead to workplace improvements. The BLS reports the median annual salary for an industrial-organizational psychologist in 2020 as $96,270. 7

PsyD Vs PhD at a Glance

Individuals wishing to earn a doctorate have another option besides a PhD in Psychology. They may pursue a PsyD (Doctor of Psychology). Selecting which to earn depends on the student’s educational and career interests.

In general, PsyD programs:

• Focus heavily on applied psychology
• Take 4-7 years to complete
• Attract students interested in working as therapists inc community mental health, hospital, and private practice settings

By comparison, PhD programs in psychology:

• Focus extensively on generating new knowledge through scientific research
• Attract students interested in remaining in academia as professors and researchers, though many do  seek licensure and become practicing psychologists

What to Look for in Psychology Graduate Degree Programs

Online vs. on-campus learning.

Whether a student wishes to pursue a master’s degree or a doctorate, choices exist regarding the learning format. Some schools offer graduate-level psychology programs online. Choosing such a route can prove beneficial in terms of access, flexibility, and cost. 

Online studies remove geographical barriers when selecting an institution, which opens up a greater pool from which to choose. Remaining at home eliminates expenses related to travel and campus housing, and students with spouses or children do not need to upend their family’s lives to further their education and careers.

Students seeking online degrees should check the terms, however. Some programs include short residency requirements. Likewise, individuals may need to go to campus or other physical sites to complete research projects, internships, practicums, or other hands-on experiences.

Of course, regular on-site programs remain an option for students preferring traditional graduate school. A consistent schedule and the social aspect of attending classes physically alongside others still appeal to many students.

Psychology Certification and Licensure

Psychology-related occupations often require state licensure. Knowing the specifics for the state in which one hopes to find employment can guide educational and career choices and prevent unwelcome surprises down the line.

Psychologists, for example, typically need to complete the following:

• A PsyD or a PhD in Psychology
• An internship
• A post-doc or 1-year supervised professional experience after the internship
• A passing score on the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology 
• Completion of a dissertation or case study

States usually require all licensed therapists to complete the following:

• A master’s degree
• A range of 2,000-4,000 hours of post-degree supervised clinical experience
• A successful exam score

Applying to Psychology Doctoral Programs

Acceptance into a Doctoral in Psychology program involves applying to individual institutions. Competition for spots can be substantial, so candidates should apply to several schools in order to increase the chances of getting in. 

Some places are more selective than others and may present harder entrance requirements. Someone who has not completed an undergraduate degree in psychology or a sufficient number of psychology courses will likely need to address this gap before seeking admission.

Admissions Requirements for PsyD and PhD Programs

Depending on where a student applies, the prospective school may ask for the following::

• Official transcripts from past collegiate studies at the undergraduate and graduate level, including classes taken, GPA, and degree(s) awarded with date
• Proof of any internships, certifications, or licenses
• A resume of work history, including dates and duties
• A description of other relevant activities, such as volunteer work or participation in professional associations
• Scores from the GRE and the GRE Psychology Test
• 2-3 letters of recommendation that support the candidacy
• Responses to essay prompts
• A personal statement explaining why the student wants to pursue this degree
• Interviews with faculty

Note that some programs look only at candidates who already possess a Master’s Degree in Psychology or a closely related field. Others accept students with a bachelor’s degree into a combined master’s/doctoral program.

Accreditation

Selecting a school with regional accreditation ensures the institution has met certain educational standards. Choose one approved by the  U.S. Department of Education  or the nonprofit  Council for Higher Education Accreditation  (CHEA). Your school’s specific graduate psychology program also should be accredited by one or both of these organizations.

Another important factor is checking if the program is accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA). 8  Satisfying licensure requirements in some states can be problematic without APA accreditation. Likewise, employers will often look at only job candidates who graduated from an APA-approved program and completed an APA-accredited internship.

Graduate Psychology Career Resources

The following organizations provide further information on licensure for different careers:

• The Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards
• The National Board for Certified Counselors
• The Association of Marital and Family Therapy Regulatory Boards
• Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification
• Someone possessing a PhD is not a medical doctor. A PhD is a doctor of philosophy. In recognition of the expertise obtained from completing this rigorous course of study, holders of a PhD are entitled to use the title “Doctor” if they so choose.
• One isn’t better than the other, just different. Which degree to pursue depends on individual interests and career aspirations. Aspiring therapists and counselors often choose a master’s program. Those wishing to become licensed psychologists must complete a doctoral program. Also, PhD programs focus heavily on research and often lead to working in an academic setting or consulting.
• Some career options for people who earn a graduate degree in psychology include marriage and family therapist, mental health counselor, substance abuse counselor, counseling psychologist, researcher, and psychology professor.
• A person holding a PhD in psychology is not a medical doctor and usually cannot write prescriptions. A few states do allow psychologists with training in psychopharmacology to prescribe a limited number of psychiatric medications. The majority of prescriptions, however, are written out by psychiatrists since they are MDs.
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/marriage-and-family-therapists.htm#tab-1
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm#tab-1
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/substance-abuse-behavioral-disorder-and-mental-health-counselors.htm#tab-1
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/market-research-analysts.htm
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/training-and-development-specialists.htm
• https://www.bls.gov/oes/2017/may/oes251066.htm
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm#tab-5
• https://www.accreditation.apa.org/accredited-programs

PhD vs Masters in Psychology

Key Takeaways

• A master’s degree in psychology takes about 2-4 years to complete, while a PhD takes 4-7 years to complete.
• A master’s degree in psychology prepares graduates for careers in counseling, therapy, or organizational psychology.
• A PhD in psychology can offer a deeper expertise and broader opportunities in research, academia, and specialized fields.

Are you stuck at a point in your career despite having a bachelor’s degree in psychology? Acquiring an advanced degree can help you progress and pursue rewarding career opportunities. This comprehensive guide on PhD vs master’s in psychology covers all that you’ll need to know to make an informed decision.

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Phd vs master’s in psychology.

Individuals seeking an advanced degree in psychology have two options: A PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in psychology and a master’s in psychology (either an MA, Master of Arts, or an MS, Master of Science).

Your choice will significantly influence your career trajectory. A PhD is typically research-focused and oriented towards academia, while a master’s program is often more practice-oriented and can lead to licensure for clinical work.

When choosing between a master’s in psychology and a PhD, it’s crucial to consider your career aspirations, academic interests, time availability, and financial resources to make the best decision for your future.

Overview of PhD in Psychology

PhD in psychology , also known as a doctorate in psychology or doctoral degree, is a graduate degree that emphasizes original research and is designed for those aiming to become professors or researchers in academia or clinical psychologists. The program dives deep into complex statistics and research methodologies. You’ll typically need a bachelor’s degree and sometimes a master’s as a prerequisite.

A PhD program will often include comprehensive examinations, a thesis based on original research, and a longer timeline for completion, usually between 4 to 7 years. Due to the rigorous research component, many PhD programs offer various forms of funding, including assistantships, which may cover tuition and offer stipends.

Graduates with a PhD may pursue careers in a range of fields including health services, law, business, and government. Additionally, obtaining a doctoral degree is necessary for those looking to achieve licensure as a practicing psychologist.

Overview of Master’s in Psychology

Master’s in psychology, which can be obtained as a Master of Arts (MA) or a Master of Science (MS), generally takes a shorter time to complete than a doctorate—around 2 to 4 years. A master’s degree  typically requires about 30 credits of graduate-level coursework and may include a capstone project or thesis.

The master’s curriculum focuses on giving you practical experience through fieldwork or internships, preparing you for careers in areas such as school psychology, family therapy, or counseling psychology. With a master’s degree, you can expect to work in varied settings like hospitals, private practice, educational institutions, or business corporations.

Although a master’s degree may provide various career opportunities, for certain positions, especially those in clinical settings where you’re looking to work with patients, further licensure might be necessary. Additionally, those with a master’s degree may also work as research assistants in larger research projects, under the guidance of PhD holders.

A Comparison Between PhD and Master’s in Psychology

Before deciding between a PhD and a master’s in psychology, it’s important to understand how these degrees prepare you for different career paths and involve different financial and time commitment levels.

Similarities

• Prerequisite : Master’s and PhD degrees equip you with a deeper understanding of psychology  and a completed bachelor’s degree  is required to enroll.
• Research : In both programs, you will complete research projects to varying degrees and gain extensive knowledge of psychology.
• Employment : Both programs prepare you for diverse career opportunities within the field of psychology, such as positions in academia, clinical settings, or business.

Master’s and PhD degrees equip you with a deeper understanding of psychology, and require you to have completed a bachelor’s degree . In both graduate programs, you’ll be involved in research projects to varying degrees and gain foundational knowledge that can contribute to diverse career opportunities within the field of psychology, such as positions in academia, clinical settings, or business.

Differences

• Education : A PhD is usually focused on preparing you for a career in academia or advanced research positions. You will spend a significant amount of time conducting original research and completing a dissertation. Whereas, a master’s degree typically takes less time and is often seen as a stepping stone to a doctoral degree or a terminal degree.
• Licensure and career: If you’re aiming for roles that require licensure, like a licensed therapist or clinical psychologist, the path can differ. PhD programs usually include the required internships and practical experiences for licensure. Some master’s programs may also include them but most often require additional supervised clinical hours post-graduation.
• Time required: Completing a PhD can take anywhere from 4 to 7 years, whereas a master’s program can be finished in 1 to 3 years.
• Graduate school demand: Acceptance to PhD programs can be highly competitive due to funding opportunities like assistantships that cover tuition and offer stipends. For master’s programs, funding is less common, and they’re generally in higher demand.
• Tuition and funding : PhD students often receive tuition waivers and stipends through teaching or research assistantships, while master’s students may need to rely on scholarships, loans, or out-of-pocket payments to fund their program.

Major Distinguishing Factor

The most prominent distinction lies in the focus of the degree: A PhD is research-intensive, aiming to produce scholars who contribute original research to the field and may continue to teach or lead advanced studies. On the other hand, a master’s degree is more about direct practical application, preparing you for immediate employment within various psychology-related roles .

Whether you pursue a PhD in psychology for an academic or high-level research career or opt for a master’s to begin work sooner in a practical setting, understanding these differences is vital for aligning your education with your career aspirations.

When to Consider a PhD in Psychology

Enrolling in a PhD in psychology program signifies a commitment to deepen your expertise in the field and is a step in the right direction if your career aspirations include academia or high-level research positions. If you’re driven by a passion for original research and have a strong desire to contribute to the body of knowledge in mental health, a doctoral program is what you should aim for.

• Academic and teaching careers : With a PhD, you become qualified for faculty positions at universities where you can teach, mentor graduate students, and lead significant research projects.
• Higher salary potential : Although it depends on several factors, a PhD graduate may earn a higher salary than a master’s graduate, especially in roles like university professor or specialty researcher.
• Licensure and professional recognition : A PhD is often required for licensure as a clinical psychologist. This credential is important for practicing independently or holding senior clinical positions.

Here’s a quick breakdown of careers where a PhD is particularly beneficial:

With the demand for mental health professionals on the rise, job opportunities also expand. Your contribution to graduate studies could affect change and influence the direction of your chosen field. Additionally, funding for a doctoral program, though competitive, often covers tuition and provides a stipend, easing financial obstacles in your educational journey.

Remember, a PhD is a long-term investment in your education and career. It’s tailor-made for those who envision a future steeped in research, education, and advancing the psychological sciences.

When to Consider a Master’s in Psychology

If you’re contemplating higher education in psychology or aiming to improve and increase your career prospects without the extensive commitment of a doctoral program, a master’s in psychology  could be the right fit for you.

• Career and licensure:  If you desire to start practicing sooner, many roles in counseling, social work, and mental health require only a master’s degree for entry. This path can lead to licensure as a professional counselor or a marriage and family therapist, getting you into the field quicker.
• Education and teaching:  For teaching at a high school or community college level, a master’s degree is often enough. Educational institutions value the focused expertise a master’s program provides.
• Cost and duration:  Financial considerations are vital. Master’s programs generally take less time - typically 2 years - and psychology master’s programs present more affordable tuition options  compared to a PhD, meaning less potential student debt.
• Job opportunities:  With a growing demand for mental health professionals, a master’s degree can open various career opportunities in both government and private practice. Employers appreciate the diversity of skills that graduates bring to a wide array of jobs in the field.
• Funding:  While funding is more limited at the master’s level than for PhD programs, the general investment is often lower. This balances out, especially when considering the earlier salary earning potential due to a shorter education period.

Remember, you want to align your educational choices with your career aspirations. If your goal is to make an impact in the mental health sector without a focus on research or academia, a master’s degree could be your gateway to a rewarding professional journey.

PhD vs Master’s in Psychology: Which is Better?

When deciding between a PhD and a master’s in psychology, consider your career goals and the skills required. Each program equips you with a different set of credentials.

Master’s in psychology:

• Education : Requires less time, typically 1-2 years
• Career opportunities : Primarily suited for those seeking to enter the workforce quickly Job roles may include human resources, market research analysts, and social services managers
• Licensure : A master’s may lead to licensure for clinical practice in some states
• Tuition : Often less expensive due to the shorter duration of the program
• Salary and earnings potential : Pays less than a PhD graduate

PhD in Psychology:

• Education : A more extensive educational journey, often 4-7 years, including a dissertation
• Career opportunities : Ideal if you are aiming for a career in academia, teaching at the university level, or high-level research positions
• Licensure : Offers a pathway to becoming a licensed clinical psychologist
• Tuition : Psychology doctoral programs  can be more expensive, they may also offer more funding opportunities, such as stipends and teaching assistantships
• Salary and earnings potential : Generally higher due to the qualifications for specialized and senior roles

Industrial-organizational psychologists  and clinical psychologists  are examples of roles where a doctorate might significantly impact your earnings potential and job market competitiveness. A doctoral program prepares you for rigorous research and academic responsibilities, potentially in the field of mental health.

Deciding which is “better” between a PhD or a master’s degree heavily relies on your personal career trajectory and how you define success within the area of psychology. If your aim is to quickly join the workforce within a clinical setting or a corporate environment, a master’s could serve your needs. Should your aspirations include teaching at the university level or conducting advanced research, a PhD will offer you the necessary credentials.

Related Questions

Is a master’s in psychology the same as a phd.

Master’s programs in psychology and related fields vary in their emphasis on research. While some may include research components, others may focus more on practical applications. It’s important to research individual programs to determine their research orientation and align them with your career goals.

How long is a PhD in psychology?

Pursuing a PhD in psychology is a rigorous journey , typically lasting between 4 to 7 years. This duration includes advanced coursework, extensive research endeavors, and the completion of a dissertation. The exact timeline can vary based on factors such as program structure, research focus, and individual progress.

Is it better to have a Master’s or PhD?

Both degrees are valuable. A PhD offers deeper expertise and broader opportunities in research, academia, and specialized fields. A master’s degree provides valuable skills for careers in counseling, therapy, or organizational psychology.

When choosing between a PhD and master’s degree, it’s important to reflect on your professional aims and the kind of educational experience you prefer. While a master’s program provides foundational knowledge and professional skills, a PhD will allow you to go deeper into research methodologies and advanced scholarly study.

Earning A Master’s In Clinical Psychology: Everything You Need To Know Before You Enroll

Updated: Jan 8, 2024, 12:04pm

Clinical psychology is a broad specialization within psychology that provides comprehensive healthcare to individuals, families and groups who are dealing with mental, emotional and behavioral-related addictions and disorders.

To become a clinical psychologist, you must first earn a master’s degree in clinical psychology. This degree helps you advance your research and clinical skills and gain deeper theory, science and clinical knowledge needed to effectively treat various psychological disorders.

A master’s degree also prepares you for a doctorate, which is the minimum degree requirement to become a licensed clinical psychologist.

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Admission Requirements for a Master’s in Clinical Psychology

Admission requirements for master’s in clinical psychology programs vary among schools. Master’s programs typically require applicants to hold a bachelor’s degree in psychology or a related field. Candidates must also demonstrate a minimum GPA and GRE score.

Applicants should submit postsecondary and undergraduate transcripts, a personal essay or letter of intent and letters of recommendation.

Master’s in Clinical Psychology Timeline

Earning a master’s degree in clinical psychology typically takes six years of full-time study, including four years of undergraduate and two years of graduate studies. Program lengths can vary depending on the institution and course load. Below, you’ll find a general timeline on earning a master’s in clinical psychology.

Earn a Bachelor’s Degree

Earning a bachelor’s degree in psychology generally takes four years of full-time study. Students learn the foundational skills, knowledge and theories of the field. This education prepares learners for entry-level psychology positions and graduate-level studies.

Undergraduate psychology majors must decide whether to earn a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in psychology.

Complete Coursework and Clinical Hours

In addition to completing coursework and clinical fieldwork for bachelor’s and master’s programs, aspiring clinical psychologists must complete the number of clinical hours required by their state through state-approved practicums, internships and other field training opportunities.

When completing clinical hours, learners work under the supervision of a clinical psychologist to advance their clinical skills. This work may entail counseling patients, creating treatment plans and collaborating with other healthcare professionals.

Apply for Certification

To practice as a clinical psychologist, you must obtain licensure and any additional certifications required by the state where you plan to practice. Certification demonstrates that you meet rigorous requirements for knowledge, experience and professionalism in the field. It also shows that you’ve completed the necessary training to practice as a clinical psychologist.

Master’s in Clinical Psychology Coursework

Coursework for clinical psychology master’s degrees varies depending on the program and institution. Courses cover clinical research methodology, theory and practice, along with specialized knowledge. Master’s degree programs allow aspiring clinical psychologists to advance their research and clinical skills.

Below, you’ll find examples of the course topics and coursework you can expect to complete during your master’s degree program.

Psychopathology

Psychopathology courses focus on the history and theoretical models of abnormal behavior and common psychological disorders such as psychosis, sleep disorders, affective disorders and anxiety disorders. Students learn to classify symptoms, offer diagnoses and develop long-term treatment plans.

Behavioral Principles and Theories of Learning

Courses in behavioral principles and theories of learning review historical and contemporary counseling and psychotherapy approaches. Students learn to provide counseling to diverse populations, preparing them to work with clients from various backgrounds.

Techniques of Counseling

Courses on counseling techniques typically cover theoretical foundations, spanning historical and contemporary approaches to various counseling and psychotherapy techniques. Students learn the practical applications of these techniques when working with clients. They also build the essential skills to incorporate these techniques into therapeutic intervention and processes.

Clinical Training

Most master’s programs in clinical psychology require students to complete a certain number of clinical hours as part of their curriculum. The length of clinical training varies depending on the institution and program.

During this training, students are supervised by a clinical psychologist as they gain practical, hands-on experience in a clinical setting while collaborating with other healthcare professionals.

Top Skills for Clinical Psychologists

Clinical psychologists handle complex cases and treat patients with diverse cultural, religious and socioeconomic backgrounds dealing with sensitive issues. The nature of their work demands a particular set of skills to successfully treat their clients and meet their needs. Below are some essential skills for clinical psychologists.

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving

Clinical psychologists reference an extensive knowledge base, including a variety of evaluation and research methods, to provide an accurate diagnosis and decide the appropriate treatment for their patients. They must analyze and evaluate the circumstances, experiences and needs that are unique to each client to draw conclusions and modify ongoing treatment as needed.

Organization and Attention to Detail

Clinical psychologists are responsible for many tasks, requiring them to be organized and detail-oriented. Responsibilities may include:

• Managing schedules
• Scheduling appointments
• Developing and implementing treatment plans
• Writing reports
• Maintaining physical and electronic patient records
• Filling out health insurance forms and documentation
• Recording and organizing research data.

Clinical psychologists must be thorough and organized to complete all these tasks with accuracy.

Observation Skills

Clinical psychologists must be observant to administer psychological tests, make accurate diagnoses, determine appropriate treatment plans and monitor patient progress. Observation skills are also necessary for identifying thinking and behavioral patterns and interpreting nonverbal cues and body language. This helps psychologists gather critical information and discern the needs of their patients.

Active Listening

Clinical psychologists must stay fully engaged in their patients’ verbal and nonverbal communication. Being attentive, asking appropriate follow-up questions, clarifying what a patient says and providing thoughtful responses are essential to help enhance mutual understanding.

This skill can help psychologists gather critical information, establish trust and improve communication with a patient.

Frequently Asked Questions About Clinical Psychology

Is an m.a. in psychology and an m.a. in clinical psychology the same.

An M.A. in psychology and an M.A in clinical psychology vary in some ways, but they do overlap in terms of coursework and focus. An M.A in psychology examines psychological behaviors and functions, whereas clinical psychology focuses on the assessment and evidence-based treatment of mental illness.

What are the qualifications for a clinical psychologist?

Clinical psychologists must have either a Ph.D. or a Doctor of Psychology in clinical psychology. They should also complete supervised clinical training or fieldwork and obtain licensure. Check the certification and licensure requirements of the state in which you wish to practice.

How many years does it take to become a clinical psychologist?

Becoming a clinical psychologist can take eight to 12 years. This time frame includes undergraduate and graduate studies, up to two years of postdoctoral supervised clinical experience and the time it takes to obtain licensure.

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The Clinical Psychology Program adheres to a clinical science model of training, and is a member of the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science.  We are committed to training clinical psychologists whose research advances scientific knowledge of psychopathology and its treatment, and who are capable of applying evidence-based methods of assessment and clinical intervention. The main emphasis of the program is research, especially on severe psychopathology. The program includes research, course work, and clinical practica, and usually takes five years to complete. Students typically complete assessment and treatment practica during their second and third years in the program, and they must fulfill all departmental requirements prior to beginning their one-year internship. The curriculum meets the requirements for licensure in Massachusetts, accreditation requirements of the American Psychological Association (APA; Office of Program Consultation and Accreditation, American Psychological Association, 750 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242, apaaccred.org , Tel. [202] 336-5979), and accreditation requirements of the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (PCSAS). PCSAS re-accredited the program on December 15, 2022 for a 10-year term. APA most recently accredited the program on April 28, 2015 for a seven-year term, which was extended due to COVID-related delays. 

Requirements

Required courses and training experiences fulfill requirements for clinical psychology licensure in Massachusetts as well as meet APA criteria for the accreditation of clinical psychology programs.  In addition to these courses, further training experiences are required in accordance with the American Psychological Association’s guidelines for the accreditation of clinical psychology programs (e.g., clinical practica [e.g., PSY 3050 Clinical Practicum, PSY 3080 Practicum in Neuropsychological Assessment]; clinical internship).

Students in the clinical psychology program are required to take the following courses:

• PSY 3900 Professional Ethics
• PSY 2445 Psychotherapy Research
• PSY 2070 Psychometric Theory and Method Using R
• PSY 2430 Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic Bases of Behavior
• PSY 3250 Psychological Testing
• PSY 2050 History of Psychology
• PSY 1951 Intermediate Quantitative Methods
• PSY 1952 Multivariate Analysis in Psychology
• PSY 2040 Contemporary Topics in Psychopathology
• PSY 2460 Diagnostic Interviewing
• PSY 2420 Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Clinical students must also take one course in each of the following substantive areas: biological bases of behavior (e.g., PSY 1202 Modern Neuroanatomy; PSY 1325 The Emotional, Social Brain; PSY 1355 The Adolescent Brain; PSY 1702 The Emotional Mind); social bases of behavior (e.g., PSY 2500 Proseminar in Social Psychology); cognitive-affective bases of behavior (e.g., PSY 2400 Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders); and individual differences (Required course PSY 2040 Contemporary Topics in Psychopathology fulfills the individual differences requirement for Massachusetts licensure). In accordance with American Psychological Association guidelines for the accreditation of clinical psychology programs, clinical students also receive consultation and supervision within the context of clinical practica in psychological assessment and treatment beginning in their second semester of their first year and running through their third year. They receive further exposure to additional topics (e.g., human development) in the Developmental Psychopathology seminar and in the twice-monthly clinical psychology “brown bag” speaker series. Finally, students complete a year-long clinical internship. Students are responsible for making sure that they take courses in all the relevant and required areas listed above. Students wishing to substitute one required course for another should seek advice from their advisor and from the director of clinical training prior to registering. During the first year, students are advised to get in as many requirements as possible. Many requirements can be completed before the deadlines stated below. First-year project:  Under the guidance of a faculty member who serves as a mentor, students participate in a research project and write a formal report on their research progress. Due by May of first year. Second-year project:  Original research project leading to a written report in the style of an APA journal article. A ten-minute oral presentation is also required. Due by May of second year. General exam:  A six-hour exam covering the literature of the field. To be taken in September before the start of the third year. Thesis prospectus:  A written description of the research proposed must be approved by a prospectus committee appointed by the CHD. Due at the beginning of the fourth year. Thesis and oral defense:  Ordinarily this would be completed by the end of the fourth year. Clinical internship:  Ordinarily this would occur in the fifth year. Students must have completed their thesis research prior to going on internship.

Credit for Prior Graduate Work

 A PhD student who has completed at least one full term of satisfactory work in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences may file an application at the Registrar’s Office requesting that work done in a graduate program elsewhere be counted toward the academic residence requirement. Forms are available  online .

No more than the equivalent of eight half-courses may be so counted for the PhD.

An application for academic credit for work done elsewhere must contain a list of the courses, with grades, for which the student is seeking credit, and must be approved by the student’s department. In order for credit to be granted, official transcripts showing the courses for which credit is sought must be submitted to the registrar, unless they are already on file with the Graduate School. No guarantee is given in advance that such an application will be granted. 

Only courses taken in a Harvard AB-AM or AB-SM program, in Harvard Summer School, as a GSAS Special Student or FAS courses taken as an employee under the Tuition Assistance Program (TAP) may be counted toward the minimum academic residence requirements for a Master’s degree.

Academic and financial credit for courses taken as a GSAS Special Student or FAS courses taken as a Harvard employee prior to admission to a degree program may be granted for a maximum of four half-courses toward a one-year Master’s and eight half-courses toward a two-year Master’s or the PhD degree.

Applications for academic and financial credit must be approved by the student’s department and should then be submitted to the Registrar’s Office.

Student Admissions, Outcomes, and other data  

1. Time to Completion

Students can petition the program faculty to receive credit for prior graduate coursework, but it does not markedly reduce their expected time to complete the program.

2. Program Costs

3. Internships 

4. Attrition

5. Licensure

Standard Financial Aid Award, Students Entering 2023  

The financial aid package for Ph.D. students entering in 2023 will include tuition and health fees support for years one through four, or five, if needed; stipend support in years one and two; a summer research grant equal to two months stipend at the end of years one through four; teaching fellowship support in years three and four guaranteed by the Psychology Department; and a dissertation completion grant consisting of tuition and stipend support in the appropriate year. Typically students will not be allowed to teach while receiving a stipend in years one and two or during the dissertation completion year.    

Year 1 (2023-24) and Year 2 (2024- 25)  Tuition & Health Fees:                             Paid in Full  Academic Year Stipend:                           $35,700 (10 months)  Summer Research Award:                       $7,140 (2 months)

Year 3 (2025-26) & Year 4 (2026- 27) Tuition & Health Fees:                             Paid in Full Living Expenses:                                       $35,700 (Teaching Fellowship plus supplement, if eligible)  Summer Research Award:                       $7,140 (2 months)

Year 5 (2027-28) - if needed; may not be taken after the Dissertation Completion year Tuition & Health Fees:                             Paid in Full

Dissertation Completion Year (normally year 5, occasionally year 6) Tuition & Health Fees:                             Paid in Full  Stipend for Living Expenses:                    $35,700  

The academic year stipend is for the ten-month period September through June. The first stipend payment will be made available at the start of the fall term with subsequent disbursements on the first of each month. The summer research award is intended for use in July and August following the first four academic years.

In the third and fourth years, the guaranteed income of $35,700 includes four sections of teaching and, if necessary, a small supplement from the Graduate School. Your teaching fellowship is guaranteed by the Department provided you have passed the General Examination or equivalent and met any other department criteria. Students are required to take a teacher training course in the first year of teaching.

The dissertation completion year fellowship will be available as soon as you are prepared to finish your dissertation, ordinarily in the fifth year. Applications for the completion fellowship must be submitted in February of the year prior to utilizing the award. Dissertation completion fellowships are not guaranteed after the seventh year. Please note that registration in the Graduate School is always subject to your maintaining satisfactory progress toward the degree.

GSAS students are strongly encouraged to apply for appropriate Harvard and outside fellowships throughout their enrollment. All students who receive funds from an outside source are expected to accept the award in place of the above Harvard award. In such cases, students may be eligible to receive a GSAS award of up to $4,000 for each academic year of external funding secured or defer up to one year of GSAS stipend support.

For additional information, please refer to the Financial Support section of the GSAS website ( gsas.harvard.edu/financial-support ).

Registration and Financial Aid in the Graduate School are always subject to maintaining satisfactory progress toward the degree.

Psychology students are eligible to apply for generous research and travel grants from the Department.

The figures quoted above are estimates provided by the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and are subject to change.

Office of Program Consultation and Accreditation American Psychological Association 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002 Phone: (202) 336-5979 E-mail:  [email protected]   www.apa.org/ed/accreditation

The Director of Clinical Training is Prof. Richard J. McNally who can be reached by telephone at (617) 495-3853 or via e-mail at:  [email protected] . 

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Harvard Clinical Psychology Student Handbook

What’s the difference between a Ph.D. and Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology?

Considering a doctorate in clinical psychology? There are some key differences between the Ph.D. and Psy.D. that you’ll need to understand.

More so than other branches of psychology, the field of clinical psychology is particularly concerned with the assessment and treatment of patients diagnosed with mental illness. If you are considering earning a doctorate  in this field, it is first important to determine whether a Ph.D. or a Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology program is the best option for your future goals. What is the difference between a Psy.D. and Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology ? Below, we explore some key differences between the Ph.D. and Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology programs.

What is a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology?

Since 1948, the American Psychological Association (APA) has officially promoted Ph.D. programs in clinical psychology. A doctor of philosophy, or Ph.D., generally focuses on  research practices and the philosophy of a given field. The intention of this program is usually to prepare students to teach and/or conduct essential scientific research that can help advance the field.

Most Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology programs take  five to seven  years to complete beyond the  undergraduate degree. Most programs incorporate a teaching element, and all require a written dissertation.

What is a Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology?

Compared to the Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology, the doctor of psychology, or Psy.D., is primarily concerned with the practical applications of psychology. According to the APA, “the focus of Psy.D. programs is to train students to engage in careers that apply scientific knowledge of psychology and deliver empirically based service to individuals, groups, and organizations.”

The Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology typically takes four to six years to complete after earning an undergraduate degree. Students also have an opportunity to pursue specializations in certain areas, such as neuropsychology.

While Psy.D. programs are designed to prepare students for careers as practitioners in psychology, students are not prevented from pursuing a career in academia. Most Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology programs also feature practicums or internships, and many also require a written dissertation.

What’s the difference between Ph.D. and Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology?

The main difference between a Psy.D. and Ph.D. in clinical psychology is the specific focus and application of each program. In summary, there are several key differences between a Ph.D. and a Psy.D. The most prominent difference is each program’s focus. If you seek a career in academia, a Ph.D. may be right for you. The Psy.D. was built specifically for those hoping to apply the principles of psychology in professional practice with patients.

Additionally, the program lengths differ. A Ph.D. typically takes five to eight years to complete, while a Psy.D. takes four to six years.

What to Expect from a Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology Program

How is a psy.d. in clinical psychology program structured.

In general, Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology programs are designed to advance a graduate’s understanding of how to provide tangible psychological services. Some Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology programs, including programs offered by The Chicago School , follow the Engaged-Practitioner model. This means students undergo training primarily for field practice in combination with a secondary focus on scholarship. APA -accredited Psy.D. programs often offer up to three years of practicum opportunities to prepare students for their APA-required internship.

The practicum provides essential hands-on experience for aspiring practitioners. Psy.D. programs offer this experience to better prepare graduates for their clinical careers—something Ph.D. students will not experience.

Expertise for both the clinic and the classroom

While Psy.D. in Clincal Psychology programs focus on practice, they still prepare students who pursue a career in academia.

Many  Psy.D. graduates become faculty members while managing a clinical practice. So, don’t worry that earning a Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology will hinder you from entering academia. Graduates from Psy.D. programs can pursue clinical practice, teaching, or even both.

Greater student accommodation

Psy.D. programs are generally able to admit more students than Ph.D. programs at other schools. This is because Psy.D. programs are often housed within schools concentrated on psychology, as opposed to schools that admit doctoral students to a wide range of programs.

The Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology is The Chicago School’s legacy program. It was our first program ever offered in 1979, which has allowed us to expand our offering of accredited Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology programs at our campuses around the U.S. and provide greater access to this type of education to a wide range of applicants.

How Long Does It Take to Get a Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology?

Students in Psy.D. programs can expect to spend fewer years in the classroom than Ph.D. candidates. In general, a Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology program can take four to six years to complete.

At The Chicago School, students can usually expect to spend about five years in the program, although this time can vary depending on each person’s specific circumstance. The time also includes the APA-accredited internship.

For aspiring doctorate in psychology graduates, the first step is to apply to an APA-accredited Psy.D. program. This ensures that your degree will meet the qualifications for licensing in any state.

Learn more about The Chicago School

Are you interested in learning more about clinical psychology programs available at The Chicago School? Fill out the form below to request more information or apply today through our application portal .

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August 30, 2023

Graduate School in Psychology: PsyD or Psy Phd, Which Is Right for You?

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Occupational Outlook Handbook states, “Overall employment of psychologists is projected to grow 6 percent from 2021 to 2031, about as fast as the average for all occupations,” though the anticipated bump for specialists in clinical and counseling psychology is slightly higher, at a projected 10%.

The publication continues, “About 14,100 openings for psychologists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.” 

Are you considering graduate school in psychology?  

There are master of science degree programs in clinical counseling that provide the education and pathway to become a licensed professional counselor (LPC) or a licensed social worker (LSW), both of which are essentially secure careers as mental health counselor professionals. An LPC must work under the supervision of an LPCC (licensed professional clinical counselor), whereas an LSW must work under the supervision of an LISW (licensed independent social worker). Both the LPC and the LSW have career paths that require a master’s degree from an accredited university, a minimum of 3,000 hours of clinical work supervised by an independent practitioner, and certification with an advanced licensing exam. Once an LPC or LSW has met the criteria to advance in their field and practice without mandatory supervision, they may become an LPCC or LISW counselor and are able to diagnose and treat mental health issues, though they are not able to prescribe medications.

According to a May 2020 Psychology Today article called “Careers in Psychology 2020,” “Master’s-level programs overlap more with undergraduate education. People may pursue a master’s education as an end in itself, to deepen and broaden their knowledge in a certain area.” Some mental health caseworkers pursue a graduate degree through a work incentive to achieve licensing; others do so because they’re ladder climbers and can find themselves – upon completing an accredited master’s program in psychology – eager to keep climbing after encountering the work of a clinical psychologist or clinical psychology researcher. 

Do you want a medical degree (MD, DO) or a doctorate or PhD in psychology?

Some people come to clinical psychology after weighing the options: psychiatry versus a doctorate in clinical psychology versus a PhD in clinical psychology.  

A psychiatrist is a medical doctor (MD or DO) who completes medical school and pursues a specialization in psychiatry. Following medical school, they complete a residency in psychiatry, which involves specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychiatrists often work in clinical settings, hospitals, and private practices. Psychiatrists are qualified to provide talk therapy, but they more commonly focus on medical management of mental health conditions. They can prescribe medication to address psychiatric disorders and might use a combination of therapy and medication for treatment. Their approach to assessment might lean more toward medical and biological factors when determining whether medication is appropriate. Patient care is often managed in tandem with a clinical counselor or therapist who provides therapy and counseling services.

Psychology doctoral programs demand a different level of motivation and commitment than master’s degree programs, and they require one to be quite clear about one’s life and career goals. A PhD in psychology (Psy PhD), a doctorate degree in psychology (PsyD), and a doctorate in education (EdD) in psychology are all pathways to professional counseling careers, though not with the same career goals. 

Generally, the application and graduation requirements for EdD and PsyD programs can be less rigorous than those for PhD programs. However, any doctoral-level grad school degree is highly competitive and a means to a rewarding and reputable career.

The EdD appeals to teachers and administrators who will continue to work in higher education and schools. According to Psychology.org , “The Ed.D. remains a popular option for professional educators like teachers, administrators, and counselors wanting to gain more expertise, qualify for an additional license, or move into a leadership position.” The site notes that school psychologists who hope to enter independent clinical practice would benefit more from completing a PsyD. 

Choosing between a Psy PhD and a PsyD program depends on one’s career goals, interests, and preferences. Both programs lead to a doctoral degree in psychology, but they have different emphases and outcomes. 

If your primary goal is to work as a clinical psychologist providing therapy and counseling, a PsyD program aligns better with your career aspirations. Licensed clinical psychologists work in clinical settings such as hospitals, clinics, and private practice. They primarily use talk therapy and counseling techniques to help individuals address emotional, psychological, and behavioral issues using various therapeutic modalities, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoanalysis, and humanistic therapy, to help clients understand and manage their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Clinical psychologists are trained in conducting psychological assessments and diagnostic testing to evaluate a person’s mental health and cognitive functioning.

PsyD programs typically take four to six years to complete. They can involve fewer research requirements than PhD programs, and although some PsyD programs do include research activity, the focus is primarily on developing clinical skills and practical experience. 

If you are more interested in conducting research , teaching, and potentially pursing an academic career, a PhD program is a better fit. PhD programs in psychology emphasize research and academic scholarship. Students are trained to conduct original research, contribute to the field’s knowledge base, and publish scientific papers. PhD graduates pursue academic careers as professors, researchers, and scholars. They might teach at universities, conduct research, and mentor students. Some work at research institutions, government agencies, and private organizations.

PhD programs are typically longer than PsyD programs, taking five to seven years to complete. They require comprehensive exams and a dissertation on original research.

Either way, know the specific focus of the schools and programs you’re interested in attending. Look for accredited schools with certifications in subspecialities conferred by professional associations, including the American Board of Professional Psychology and the American Psychological Association.

Know the clinical counseling focus and philosophy of a PsyD program and the career aims of those orientations. Some schools have a wide reach in that their curriculum and research cover many tracks, from neuropsychology to multiculturalism, whereas other schools’ research interests are narrow. 

Take Rutgers University’s PsyD program, for instance. The program focuses primarily on two tracks, clinical counseling and school psychology. As a result, the research focus is on these areas of specialization, offering research exposure and experience in applied behavioral analysis, autism spectrum disorders, and addiction.

The University of Hartford, on the other hand, is a general program serving students who want a population focus in child and adolescent development and psychology broadly. 

Aim to find a school that presents a program, curriculum, service learning, and faculty that are committed to your field of interest. Additionally, for Psy PhD programs, know the research focus and philosophy goals of the professors and their laboratories. PhD research in clinical psychology often falls into the following categories: clinical, counseling, school, cognitive, social, industrial organizational, marriage and the family, behavioral neuroscience psychology, and forensic.

For PsyD programs, know their curriculum orientation within the scope of employment you’ll be seeking, because they often differentiate between adult clinical, child clinical, and health tracks. Many schools have subspecialities and corollary tracks.

Whether the EdD, PsyD, or Psy PhD degree is for you, always seek out an accredited program . Do your school research, looking at specializations, the scope of the educational experience, the orientation to the field and subfields, the expertise of the faculty, graduation rates, and work placement success – and start that application early.

Dr. Mary Mahoney, PhD, is the medical humanities director at Elmira College and has more than 20 years of experience as an advisor and essay reviewer for med school applicants. She is a tenured English professor with an MFA in creative writing from Sarah Lawrence College and a PhD in literature and writing from the University of Houston. For the past 20 years, Mary has served as a grad school advisor and essay reviewer for med school applicants.  Want Mary to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch!

Related Resources:

• Acing the PsyD Interview: The 3-P Plan
• Insider Tips on Applying to PsyD Programs
• The “Sizzle Factor”: 5 Tips for Writing PsyD Personal Statements

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Frequently Asked Questions

Psyd in clinical psychology, how does a psyd differ from a phd.

A PsyD is a doctorate in professional psychology whereas a PhD in Clinical Psychology is a doctorate degree in philosophy with a specialization in clinical psychology.

Hear from Dr. Stacey Lambert, chair of the Clinical Psychology Department and vice president of academic affairs, about how a student can determine whether a PsyD or PhD is a better fit for them. Watch below!

The primary difference between the two types of programs is that a PsyD program generally places greater emphasis on clinical training early in the program while a PhD program, in many cases, will have greater emphasis on research involvement. For example, most PhD programs in clinical psychology require students to complete a master’s research project as well as a doctoral research project dissertation. In most PsyD programs, students complete a doctoral-level research project, which tends to be smaller in scope than a dissertation. 

All APA-accredited doctoral programs are expected to assure trainees demonstrate research competencies, and William James is no exception. With our PsyD in Clinical Psychology program, you will be involved in clinical coursework and training starting in your first year. We also encourage you to become involved in faculty research early in preparation for your dissertation . T he length and quality of the dissertataions completed by our students are very similar to dissertations produced by PhD students. In fact, a number of our students have published articles stemming from their dissertations.

Finally, as you are making your decision between a PhD and PsyD, consider that many PhD programs have greater funding opportunities, but tend to have much smaller programs and much lower acceptance rates. If you would like to talk more in depth on whether the William James PsyD in Clinical Psychology is the right fit for you, please reach out to our admissions team at [email protected] .

Can I apply for this program without a master’s degree?

Yes! The PsyD in Clinical Psychology program does not require a master’s degree for admission. In 2021, approximately 67% of the incoming clinical psychology students did not report a graduate GPA in their application.

Prerequisites for this program are:

• A four-year baccalaureate degree (or equivalent) from an accredited institution.
• Basic coursework necessary to apply. ( See details here ).
• Academic achievement at the undergraduate and/or graduate levels. While there is no minimum GPA requirement to apply, a 3.0 out of 4.0 is expected.

Is the GRE required?

The GRE is optional for students applying to the PsyD in Clinical Psychology for Fall 2024. It is not required for admission. If you have taken the GRE and feel that your strong scores would enhance your application, please feel free to submit. Please note: If you choose to enter self-reported General GRE scores, an official test score report will become a required component of your application.

When will I be working in the field during the program?

As a student in the PsyD in Clinical Psychology program, you will begin working in the field during your first year. Fourth-year and fifth-year students can choose between two different options for their clinical training experience.

See the chart below for specific details about each year’s field education requirements or learn more here .

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Degree Types: MA, PhD

The PhD Program in Clinical Psychology within the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine is one of only a handful of programs in the United States based in an academic medical center and housed in a psychiatry department. This unique setting provides opportunities for translational research and practice that span molecular to social models of disease, and epidemiologic to clinical and neuroimaging methodologies.

This scientist-practitioner program effectively balances clinical and research training to produce graduates who are competent in the science and practice of clinical psychology. The PhD program also provides opportunities for major areas of study within clinical psychology, including Adult Clinical Psychology, Behavioral Medicine or Clinical Health Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology, and Forensic Psychology. Training is provided through core and emphasis-specific curricula, intensive research mentoring, and exceptional clinical practica. Major milestones include a research qualifying paper and master's thesis, a clinical qualifying exam, an empirical dissertation with original research, and an APA-accredited clinical internship.

Our mentor-based program prepares students to be competitive for careers as clinical psychologists in academic health centers, children's hospitals, VA medical centers, and related medical facilities.

The Clinical Psychology Master of Arts (MA) Program within the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine is intended for students interested in pursuing a career in academic clinical psychology. The MA program is designed to provide a foundation in academic clinical psychology at the graduate level, while also allowing students to gain educational and research exposure to major areas of study within clinical psychology, including Adult Clinical Psychology, Behavioral Medicine or Clinical Health Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology, and Forensic Psychology. 

The goals of the MA Program in Clinical Psychology are to:

• Develop foundational competencies in research design, analytics, and ethics within academic clinical psychology.
• Explore major areas of study within academic clinical psychology.
• Understand educational and career opportunities within academic clinical psychology.

Note: the MA Program in Clinical Psychology does not include clinical training and is not intended to prepare students for clinical practice. Given the academic and research focus of the MA Program, the degree will not lead to licensure for independent practice.  For those interested in master's level programs that prepare students for licensure and practice, please visit the  MA in Counseling website , the  MS in Marriage and Family Therapy website  and  The Family Institute website . 

The MA Program in Clinical Psychology was designed for a variety of students, including students who:

• Are not yet ready to apply to a PhD program, but are considering doing so in the future.
• Wish to improve their competitiveness for a PhD program.
• Are interested in exploring a career in academic clinical psychology.
• With interests in related fields for which a background in academic clinical psychology may be of value.

The MA Program is embedded in the Clinical Psychology PhD Program, with coursework and lab work completed alongside PhD students. Although students in the MA Program are welcome to apply to Northwestern's PhD Program in Clinical Psychology, the MA Program is not intended to be a "gateway" into the PhD Program in Clinical Psychology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.

Additional resources:

• Department Website
• Pro gram Handbook

Program Statistics

Visit Master's Program Statistics and PhD Program Statistics for statistics such as program admissions, enrollment, student demographics and more.

Program Contact

Contact Sarah Bratta Program Coordinator

Degree Requirements

The following requirements are in addition to, or further elaborate upon, those requirements outlined in  The Graduate School Policy Guide .

MA Degree Requirements

Total Units Required: 17

The MA program requires at least 17 units for graduation across five (5) quarters (15 months) of full-time enrollment; part-time and early graduation is not permitted. Students are required to take the Research Core, including Research Methods/Statistics (3 units), Advanced Research Methodology (1 unit), and Scientific and Professional Ethics in Psychology (1 unit). In addition to these required courses, students are expected to select between five to eight elective courses across the Summer I, Fall, Winter, Spring, and/or Summer II quarters. Elective courses can include Discipline Specific Knowledge and Profession Wide Competency courses, as well as courses in one or more Major Areas of Study. 

In addition to the Research Core and Elective courses, all MA students participate in the weekly Professional Development Seminar for the first four quarters of the MA Program. This Seminar orients students to the MA program, introduces students to various mentors and labs across Northwestern, explores career options in academic clinical psychology, refines interests in academic clinical psychology, and prepares students for the next steps in their careers (e.g., developing applications for PhD programs; preparing for interviews). 

Other MA Degree Requirements

• Research/Projects:  In addition to completion of the coursework requirements, students engage in a Research Lab Experience for at least 10 hours a week.
• Master's Thesis :   Optional (see below)
• Master’s Culminating Academic Experience:  Through the Research Lab Experience, the student will work with her or his research mentor to complete a Capstone Project. The Capstone Project is the culmination of the Research Lab Experience provided by the research mentor, providing the final evaluation of the student’s research competencies. Examples of capstone projects include: Substantial participation (i.e., authorship level) on one or more empirical studies submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. First author submission of one or more peer-reviewed poster/oral presentations at regional, national, or international conferences. A comprehensive review paper that is submitted to and graded by the research mentor. A grant proposal (e.g., F31 style) that is submitted to and graded by the research mentor.  

Last Updated: September 12, 2023

PhD Degree Requirements

Total Units Required: 30

Other PhD Degree Requirements

• Examinations:  defense of a research paper and a clinical qualifying project serving as examination for admission to candidacy
• Research/Projects:  independent, empirical research study completed in fulfillment of the research qualifying paper
• PhD Dissertation:  original research following third year of coursework
• Final Evaluations:  oral defense of dissertation

Clinical Psych--Master's vs. Doctorate

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Clinical Psychology: Master's vs. PhD

If you are thinking about a career in clinical psychology, you are in store for a lot of decisions. One big one is is to get a Master's degree (MA/MS/MSW) or a Doctorate (PhD or PsyD). Here are some big issues to think about with regard to this distinction:

1) Are there basic differences between the two types of degrees? Yes, but even here the distinction gets a bit complex. First, only a PhD degree is focused on research. Both a Master's and PsyD are more interested in applied issues. This may seem confusing, since a PsyD is a Doctorate degee, but this is the nature of a PsyD degree. Second, the time frame for completing each of these graduate degrees differs: MSW: 2 years, MA: 2 years, PsyD: 4-6 years, and PhD: 5-7 years. Third, during graduate school, typically only PhD students will receive financial support (tuition paid and a stipend) rare. This discrepancy in financial aid is tied to PhD students typically serving as Teaching Assistants/Research Assistants., and that PhD programs have fewer graduate students than PsyD and Master's programs. The issue of finacial support may be extremely important for you, because without this support you will potentialy be taking out thousands of dollars in loans. You may not realize it, but graduate school is pretty expensive! Moreover, the amount of money you will ultimaytely earn with your graduate degree may be less than you had hoped. Check out more detailed information on these points at  scoutiescareersinpsychology.org .

2) What about differences with regard to applying to Master's vs. Doctorate programs? Again, there are important distinctions. In general, the state of affairs for graduate school acceptance is that there is a hierarchy, Master's programs are easier to get into than PsyD programs and PhD programs are the hardest to get into. Difficulty of being accepted can be defined in various ways. For now, let's just say that ease of being accepted is defined in terms of grades and GRE scores. Keep in mind, however, that there are always exceptions to this hierarchy. Our point is simply that the type of program you apply to may be a function of whether your grades give you a chance to be accepted. Is this fair? That is a tough iquestion, but we hope you understand that grades and GRE scores need a way to determine who to accept and these are seen as two important criteria to make these decisions.

One point to add about acceptance is that it may be the case that your undergraduate academic record is not strong enough to get into a Doctoral program. However, you can get accepted into a Master's program. If you go the Master's route and do very well in this program, this can be the springboard to then applying to being accepted to a PhD program. In this case, your performance as Master's student shows PhD programs that you can do graduate level work and that your undergraduate academic record was not indicative of your true potential.

3) Should I go to an accredited program? Regardless of whether you shoot for a Master’s or Doctoral degree, you should probably lean toward an accredited program. The reason is that these programs offer a greater range of job opportunities. For example, some employers will only hire those from accredited graduate programs (e.g., the Veterans Administration). With this in mind, if a school does not indicate that it is accredited (e.g., from the American Psychological Association) view it with caution. One other point about accredited schools is that to be licensed (certified to practice by a state) in your chosen field you sometimes need an accredited graduate degree or internship. 

4) There is the issue of job opportunities and salary. In general, it is again the case that there is a hierarchy. Master’s degrees typically lead to fewer job opportunities and lower salary than Doctoral degrees. Part of this is the result of employers looking for those who have more experience and supervised training. 

5) Fifth, let's bring up the issue of esearch training versus clinical practice training agin. You really need to decide which path you want to follow. If you like to conduct research, a PhD is for you. However, a Master’s degree may include some research experience. With regard to an MSW and a PsyD, they likely will offer the least research training. Keep in mind that no matter what clinical degree you pursue there will always be some discussion of research.

6) There is the issue of how much independence you want to have when you graduate. This issue brings up the issue of licensure that was raised earlier. It is a complicated issue, because every state has their own laws regarding licensure for Psychology-related degrees. It is critical that you understand the state licensing laws for where you will practice. We know that you may not be clear on where you will end up working, but just be sure you know that the state where you end up living may have very different licensing laws than what you expected or from where you originally were working.  keep in mind about licensure is that once you are licensed, if you decide to go into private practice, your fee schedule is typically market driven. Check out  http://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2004/01/get-licensed.aspx ) for issues about licensing

In presenting these important factors to think about with regard to a Masters vs. Doctoral degree], we of course understand that each individual has unique circumstances that must be taken in account. Still, we hope that presenting these factors gives you some food for thought as you consider your ultimate career path in clinical Psychology.

Please note that the comments of Dr. Golding and the others who post on this blog express their own opinion and not that of the University of Kentucky.

Visit our website to learn more about  possible careers for psychology majors or those interested in jobs that involve psychology .

Learn how to  succeed in college with Professor Golding’s blog.

Check out  Dr. Lippert’s website to learn about her work as a cognitive psychologist.

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Drawbacks of getting an msw vs a phd in clinical psychology.

I am very torn as to what degree to pursue. I have applied to both programs. However, I can’t see myself wanting to focus exclusively on research, and signing up for 5+ years in school seems daunting. Are the work settings clinically very different between the two fields?

Masters vs. Doctorate in Clinical Psychology

Know the facts when deciding between a master's or doctorate in clinical psych..

Posted June 13, 2016 | Reviewed by Ekua Hagan

In choosing a career related to clinical psychology, there are a lot of decisions that must be made. In a previous post we discussed the Ph.D.-PsyD decision. Today, we want to explore another tough decision: Master's (e.g., MA/MS in Psychology, Marriage , and Family (Counseling) Therapy , Mental Health Counseling or MSW) versus Doctorate (Ph.D. or PsyD).

Let’s start with some basic characteristics of each type of degree. First, a Master of Psychology can be in clinical (best suited for those with an interest in psychopathological populations and behavioral health), counseling (best for those interested in vocational and career processes, human diversity, and professional training) or educational (provide counseling services to students, including those with a learning disability or those with behavioral or social problems).

Second, a Master's of Social Work (MSW) degree can be in a clinical direct practice track, or a macro-practice track (i.e., focus on political advocacy, community organizing, policy analysis and/or human services management ).

Third, a PsyD is a Doctor of Psychology degree that is best suited for those with an interest in psychopathological populations and behavioral health, and places greater emphasis on the practice of psychology and less emphasis on research. Finally, a Ph.D. (a Doctor of Philosophy degree) can be obtained in the same domains as a Master’s degree, and puts greater emphasis on research than a PsyD.

The time frame for completing each of these graduate degrees is MSW: 2 years, MA: 2 years, PsyD: 4-6 years, and Ph.D.: 5-7 years. During these years of study, it is important to note that (in general) only Ph.D. students will receive support (tuition paid and a stipend) during their years in graduate school.

Of course, there are funding exceptions, especially in cases where a university only has a Master’s program. In addition, scholarships are sometimes available to MSW, MA and PsyD students, but this is generally rare. Support during graduate school might be very important for you, because you can rack up literally tens of thousands of dollars each year in financial assistance, and the amount of money you will earn with your graduate degree may not be as high as you imagined.

Master’s and PsyD programs, in general, are unable to provide the same type of support as a Ph.D. program. Part of this is tied to the fact that typically only Ph.D. students serve as Teaching Assistants or Research Assistants. Also, because Ph.D. programs have far fewer graduate students than PsyD programs, schools are able to afford to support their Ph.D. students.

As far as deciding to go Master or Doctorate degree, there are several issues to keep in mind. First, the general state of affairs for graduate school acceptance is that there is a hierarchy, with Master's programs being easier to get into than PsyD programs and Ph.D programs being the hardest to get into. For the sake of this post, ease of being accepted is defined in terms of grades and GRE scores, although other factors (e.g., clinical and research experience) do come into play. Of course, there are exceptions to this hierarchy, and you may decide to seek a degree at a for-profit school where grades and GRE score are not deemed as important as a non-profit public or private institution.

Our point is simply that your decision about going for a Master’s or Doctorate degree in a graduate program may be a function of what type of program your grades can get you into. We are not saying this is fair, but we hope you understand that schools need some way to pare down the number of students they will accept, with grades and (especially) GRE scores are seen as two important criteria to make these decisions.

We want to add one more point about all of this. It may be the case that your undergraduate academic record is not strong enough to get into a Doctoral program, but you can get accepted into a Master’s program and you do very well in this program. This can work to your advantage if you still want a Doctorate. The thinking here is that if you do well in the Master’s program, you show a Doctoral program that your undergraduate academic record was not indicative of your true potential. However, your stellar record in your Master’s program can show you have what it takes to continue your education in a Doctoral program.

The second issue to think about is the length of time you will be in graduate school. As stated above, the time in graduate school is shorter for a Master’s student than a Ph.D. student. Of course, this means a typical Master’s student can be earning a real salary a few years before a Ph.D. student. Although this is true, one must keep in mind (1) a Master’s degree leads (on average) to a lower salary than a PhD, and (2) a Master’s student will typically have some debt incurred during their two years in school. Let me add that to find out tuition costs for any APA-accredited graduate program, go to their website and look for the link that says “Student Admissions, Outcomes and Other Data.” I think you will be very surprised to see the tuition costs at graduate programs—they’re pretty high. As stated earlier, a Ph.D. student will typically not have any tuition debt hanging over their head. Thus the extra salary for a Master’s student in the time they are out of graduate school working compared to the stipend of a Ph.D. student will probably be offset by the debt the Master’s student must repay.

Third, whether you go for a Master’s or Doctoral degree, you need to consider issues of accreditation of your graduate program and (for Doctoral degrees) your clinical internship. The reason for this is that graduating from an accredited program will offer a greater range of job opportunities. In fact, some employers will only hire those from accredited graduate programs (e.g., the Veterans Administration). If a school does not indicate that it is accredited (e.g., from the American Psychological Association) it should be viewed with caution. With all of this in mind, you should know that to be licensed (certified to practice by a state) in your chosen field it is often the case that you need an accredited graduate degree or internship. Also, note that licensure requires supervised professional experience, an examination at both the state and national levels. Specific courses may be required if a state deems it necessary.

Fourth, as discussed earlier, you must be clear about the issue of job opportunities and salary. In general, it is the case that Master’s degrees lead to fewer job opportunities and lower salaries than Doctoral degrees. One could argue that this is a function of the amount of training--employers are looking for potential employees who have more experience and supervised training. Some might argue that in this regard, a Doctoral student has a stronger foundation of training than a Master's student.

Fifth, you need to decide how much research training versus clinical practice training you want. If you are hoping for the former, then a Ph.D. is definitely for you. A Master’s in Psychology degree may include some research experience. An MSW and a PsyD will likely offer the least research training. One must keep in mind, however, that regardless of the clinical degree you pursue, there will always be some discussion of research, since the basis of diagnoses, testing, therapeutic techniques, etc. is based on research. The key point here is that certain clinical degrees do not require you to be actually conducting research.

Finally, give some thought to how much independence you want to have when you graduate. This all revolves around the issue of licensure that was raised earlier, and it gets very complicated because every state has its own laws regarding licensure for psychology-related degrees. Make sure you understand the laws for the state where you will practice. Of course, you might not know where you will end up, but you must be aware that the state where you end up living may have very different laws than what you expected or from where you originally were working. An important point to keep in mind about licensure is that once you are licensed, if you decide to go into private practice, your fee schedule is typically market-driven.

With all of this in mind, licensure issues require you to consider the following (also check out this info from the APA ):

You need to see what are the licenses your state approves. For a PsyD and PhD, this is not a problem, because all states will have a license for a Psychologist. The issue gets tricky when you have a Master's degree, because states tend to have different types of licensure for these individuals.

• If your state does not have a license that meets your background, what requirements are needed to get a license in a different area? For example, your Master’s degree may not allow you to be licensed as a Psychologist, but after meeting additional requirements you might get licensed as a Licensed Clinical Counselor.
• You need to be clear which licenses require you to be supervised (by a colleague with a certain license) and which allow for autonomous functioning (i.e., functioning on your own). Keep in mind that an employer typically likes an employee to be autonomous—they do not like paying for two hours of supervision (your time and that of your supervisor).
• When you apply for a license that will eventually allow autonomous functioning, what are the requirements to ultimately receive this license (e.g., supervision hours, direct service hours) that you must fulfill?

In presenting these important factors to think about with regard to a Master's vs. Doctoral degree], we, of course, understand that each individual has unique circumstances that must be taken into account. Still, we hope that presenting these factors gives you some food for thought as you consider your ultimate career path in clinical psychology.

Please note that the comments of Dr. Golding, Dr. Lippert and the others who post on this blog express their own opinion and not that of the University of Kentucky.

Want more? Check out our website for more psychology-related career information.

Jonathan Golding, Ph.D. , is a professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky. Anne Lippert, Ph.D. , is a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Kentucky.

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The Difference Between Psychologist And Psychiatrist: Roles, Training, And Treatment Approaches

While not every person with a mental illness will require professional treatment, access to mental healthcare can often improve one’s quality of life. However, when seeking help, some people may be confused about the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist. Understanding the differences can impact how one approaches mental health treatment.

Exploring the distinct roles, educational training, and treatment strategies of psychologists and psychiatrists may provide a clear understanding to help individuals make knowledgeable choices for their mental well-being.

Roles of psychologists and psychiatrists

Mental illnesses are widespread in the United States, with estimates suggesting that over one in five US adults, or approximately 57.8 million people , may be affected. Many people choose to see a mental health professional to cope with these challenges. Both psychologists and psychiatrists contribute significantly to mental health services, though their roles differ considerably. 

Psychologists 

Psychologists typically emphasize psychotherapy and behavioral interventions. They assist individuals in examining their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors through various therapeutic approaches. Psychologists also have the expertise to conduct and analyze psychological tests, which can reveal critical information about a person's mental health and inform treatment strategies.

Psychiatrists 

Psychiatrists are medical doctors specializing in diagnosing and treating mental health disorders. Their extensive training enables them to comprehend the intricate connections between physical and mental health. This medical background allows psychiatrists to prescribe medications, setting them apart from psychologists. They frequently oversee comprehensive treatment plans for individuals with more severe mental health conditions, combining medication management with other therapeutic strategies.

Despite these differences, both psychologists and psychiatrists aim to improve mental health outcomes. These professionals often collaborate. Psychologists may provide therapy, while psychiatrists manage medical aspects of care. This teamwork ensures a holistic approach to mental health treatment, addressing both the psychological and physiological aspects of mental disorders.

Training and education

The educational paths for psychologists and psychiatrists are distinct, reflecting their different roles in mental health treatment. 

Psychologists’ education 

Psychologists often begin their educational journey with a bachelor's degree in psychology or a related field. This degree is followed by graduate school, where they pursue a master's degree and, often, a doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD). Doctoral programs involve rigorous coursework, research, and clinical training. After completing their degrees, psychologists must also obtain licensure, which requires passing a comprehensive exam and accumulating supervised clinical hours.

Psychiatrists’ education 

As a medical doctor, a psychiatrist follows a different educational route. They complete a bachelor's degree focusing on pre-medical courses, followed by medical school. This extensive training covers a wide range of medical knowledge and clinical skills. After earning their medical degree, psychiatrists undergo a residency in psychiatry, where they gain specialized training in diagnosing and treating mental health disorders. This residency typically lasts four years and includes rotations in various clinical settings.

Both professions require continuous education to stay updated with advancements in the mental health field. This commitment to learning ensures psychologists and psychiatrists provide their patients with the most effective and evidence-based treatments. The rigorous training for both roles underscores their dedication to supporting individuals facing mental health challenges.

Treatment approaches

Psychologists and psychiatrists utilize different treatment approaches based on their specialized training and skills. Psychologists often concentrate on psychotherapy as a means of treating mental health concerns.

Psychotherapy involves discussions with clients to explore their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, fostering greater self-awareness and facilitating changes. Therapists may use and be trained in over 400 types of therapy . However, the following modalities are the most common and evidence-based: 

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT):  CBT focuses on identifying and altering negative thinking and behavior patterns to improve mental health.
• Psychodynamic therapy: This type of talk therapy explores the unconscious mind to gain insight into thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
• Humanistic therapy: Based on the belief that individuals have inherent potential for self-growth, this approach emphasizes personal responsibility and self-awareness in achieving positive change.
• Group therapy: Conducted in a small group setting, this approach allows individuals to share their experiences and receive support from others while working toward common goals.

As medical doctors, psychiatrists can prescribe medication to address mental disorders. Medication may be recommended for managing conditions like depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Psychiatrists often incorporate medication management alongside psychotherapy, either conducting the therapy themselves or partnering with psychologists and other mental health providers. This comprehensive strategy ensures psychological and biological elements of mental health are addressed.

Both psychologists and psychiatrists understand the value of personalized treatment plans. They carefully consider each person's specific situation, symptoms, and objectives while formulating a treatment strategy. This individualized approach can enhance treatment effectiveness, foster better outcomes, and improve the quality of life for those seeking care.

The BetterHelp platform is not intended to provide any information regarding which drugs, medication, or medical treatment may be appropriate for you. The content provides generalized information that is not specific to one individual. You should not take any action without consulting a qualified medical professional.

Collaboration in mental healthcare

Collaboration between psychologists and psychiatrists may carry several advantages for clients. A team-based approach often offers more thorough care. For instance, someone with severe depression might consult a psychiatrist for medication management while also seeing a psychologist for weekly therapy. This cooperative model addresses all facets of an individual's mental health.

Communication is often a component of this collaborative approach. Psychologists and psychiatrists work closely to coordinate care, share insights, and adjust treatment plans as needed. This teamwork fosters a supportive environment for clients, making it easier to navigate their mental health journey.

The integration of different perspectives and expertise may enhance the overall treatment process. Psychologists and psychiatrists can offer a more robust support system by combining therapeutic and medical approaches. This collaboration underscores the shared goal of mental health professionals: to help individuals lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.

Choosing the right professional for continuous support

Multiple factors can influence the decision to visit a psychologist or psychiatrist. A psychologist might offer the most comprehensive care for those dealing with complex emotions, relationship issues, or behavior problems. These professionals can provide therapeutic support to help you better understand and regulate your thoughts and feelings.

In cases where symptoms like severe depression, anxiety, or psychosis arise, and medication might be required, seeing a psychiatrist can be beneficial. These providers can medically assess your symptoms and determine whether adding medication to your treatment plan might be appropriate.

For some people, exploring the possibility of working with both a psychologist and a psychiatrist could be advantageous. This integrated approach tends to be effective for individuals facing complex or severe mental health challenges. By focusing on psychological and medical aspects of care, you can target multiple facets of your challenges. 

Mental healthcare is often a continuous process rather than a single intervention. Psychologists and psychiatrists often provide ongoing support and regular follow-ups. Consistent weekly or monthly sessions ensure sustained progress and allow clients to quickly address new issues as they arise. This ongoing patient-provider relationship may build trust and encourage open communication, which can be part of effective treatment.

Support from mental health professionals goes beyond the therapy office. Psychologists and psychiatrists may also provide resources, coping strategies, and tools that individuals can use daily. This support may help individuals proactively manage their mental health and build resilience.

Individual practice and accessibility

Some psychologists and psychiatrists work in in-person practice, offering specialized and individualized care. Individual practice allows these professionals to create a more personal and flexible approach to treatment, often providing a comfortable and discreet setting for clients. Patients might prefer in-person practice due to the tailored attention and the opportunity to build a strong therapeutic relationship with their mental health professional.

However, accessibility and cost can be concerns when seeking care from an in-person practice. Some people may have to check with their insurance provider about coverage for mental health services and discuss payment options with the practitioner. Some psychologists and psychiatrists offer sliding-scale fees based on income, which can make treatment more affordable for those with financial barriers. 

Support options 

Evidence points to a rising unmet demand for mental health services that has been escalating since 2020. Mental health professionals may strive to offer accessible care and find innovative ways to provide support. However, barriers to treatment like disability, severe symptoms, and financial challenges can make in-person care difficult to find. In these cases, online therapy through a platform like BetterHelp can be a flexible and cost-effective option. 

Online therapy offers several advantages in terms of cost and accessibility. Clients often find it more affordable than in-person therapy without insurance, making it a practical option. Furthermore, connecting with therapists from anywhere and scheduling sessions that fit their routines may enhance overall accessibility and the convenience of mental health care.

Recent findings suggest that online therapy may match the effectiveness of in-person treatment. Studies report no significant discrepancies in outcomes between telehealth and traditional therapy, demonstrating that clients may expect comparable benefits from online sessions. This confirmation of effectiveness establishes online therapy as a strong alternative to conventional practices, like in-person psychiatrists and psychologists.

Mental health issues can affect anyone, and seeking help is a sign of strength. Whether you choose to work with a psychologist or psychiatrist (or both), these professionals are committed to providing the best care possible. Their extensive training, evidence-based treatments, and ongoing support can make them allies on your mental wellness journey.

Understanding the roles, training, and treatment approaches of psychologists and psychiatrists can help you make informed decisions about your mental healthcare. These professionals provide complementary services, each bringing their own comprehensive expertise to treat mental health disorders. If you’re interested in personalized support, consider contacting a professional online or in your area to get started.

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• Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology
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With a recent 10-year re-accreditation decision from the American Psychological Association , Illinois Tech’s Ph.D. in clinical psychology offers intensive training based on the Boulder Scientist/Practitioner model and cognitive-behavioral theoretical foundations. The program emphasizes a balance of clinical practice and the understanding and conduct of clinical psychological research, generally preparing you for licensure eligibility (although licensing requirements vary by jurisdiction). Practice experiences include exposure to diverse populations. A student’s training in practice and research begins in the first year and continues throughout their graduate career.

Clinical Psychology Program Statement Against Racism, Police Brutality, and Systematic Oppression Against Black People

Program Overview

Illinois Tech trains students from the cognitive-behavioral framework to be scientist-practitioners. You'll learn the scientific process of psychological research, and receive extensive clinical training to prepare you to become a clinical psychologist and thought leader in the field.

Career Opportunities

Our graduates typically work in universities, medical centers, and multidisciplinary clinical settings in the following roles:

• Research/scholarship
• Clinical practice
• Supervision
• Administration
• Program Development

This program incorporates a series of substantive courses required by the American Psychological Association, in addition to research requirements, electives, and clinical training . Information on course requirements can be found in the  Graduate Bulletin .

Research training is an important aspect of your education. Here you will be educated in the scientific process of psychological research. Training begins in the first year working with faculty on their projects and continues through conducting your own research. This will prepare you to present posters and papers at conferences, which will provide valuable experience and professional contacts. Research activities are normally conducted with your adviser, but you may also work with other clinical and non-clinical faculty members. You also have flexibility to change your primary research mentor if your interests change during the course of training.

Clinical practicum experiences  will prepare you for work as a clinician and provide you with valuable contacts in the field. They also allow you to develop your clinical expertise by working in the community, reinforcing skills taught in the classroom. In addition,  an American Psychology Association (APA)-accredited internship  culminates your training as a practitioner. This year-long experience will facilitate the integration of your graduate training with valuable real-world experience. Optional participation on a variety of program committees provides an additional professional opportunity for students.

The clinical psychology doctoral program is also pleased to partner with our counseling and rehabilitation science faculty to offer a concentration in rehabilitation. This concentration includes APA-accredited clinical psychology doctoral training plus a unique emphasis for students who are interested in working with people across the lifespan affected by any injury or chronic condition that leads to disability.

Admission Requirements

Illinois Tech's Ph.D. in clinical psychology accepts applications for fall entrance only. Each year the program typically admits five to seven students.

The psychology faculty recruiting clinical psychology students to mentor in their research labs beginning fall 2024 include:

• Dr. Nicole Ditchman
• Dr. Steff Du Bois
• Dr. Arryn Guy  (joining core clinical faculty as a tenure-track Assistant Professor in Fall 2024)
• Dr. Alissa Haedt-Matt
• Dr. Eun-Jeong Lee
• Dr. Nicole Legate
• Dr. Lindsay Sheehan

Please submit your online application as soon as possible. Your supplemental material cannot be entered into our database without a completed application. All applications and supporting documents must be submitted online by January 1, 2024 .

Requirements for admission to the program include:

• Bachelor's degree with 18 hours of undergraduate psychology, including successful coursework in research methods or statistics
• Completed online application, including payment of application fee
• Professional statement of 1,000 words or fewer outlining academic and career goals, academic potential, and relevant research and/or applied experience
• Three (3) letters of recommendation, which referees will upload directly into the application system
• Transcripts from all post-secondary institutions; transcripts must be uploaded directly into the application system. Please do not send them by mail.
• A curriculum vitae (CV)

The clinical psychology Ph.D. program at Illinois Tech no longer requires students to submit general GRE scores.

Please do not submit any extra materials, including writing samples, thesis papers, books, etc.

The clinical psychology faculty will review all applications and then invite a portion of applicants for virtual interviews at a later date. Invited applicants will receive more information closer to the interviews.

Tuition and Student Funding

Tuition for the clinical psychology program at Illinois Tech is detailed on the Graduate School website on the  Graduate Costs and Aid  page.

Illinois Tech provides partial funding of Ph.D. students through a variety of mechanisms. Funding is typically arranged on a year-to-year basis.

Funding Opportunities

Incoming first-year clinical students have an opportunity to participate in a clinically relevant experience through Illinois Tech’s Center for Research and Service by testing children applying to the Chicago Public Schools Selective Enrollment Program. This is an assistantship opportunity with tuition assistance and compensation. There is an expectation of participation. After the first year, limited testing and supervising positions may be available with the center for students.

A limited number of departmental teaching assistantships are available each semester for graduate students. More advanced doctoral students (i.e., those who have completed the master’s degree) may have opportunities to teach undergraduate psychology courses as an adjunct instructor.

Individual faculty members may have research grants that fund student effort. Although not guaranteed, the Department of Psychology often offers funding opportunities to help cover costs of student research projects (e.g., recruitment expenditures, material costs, participant incentives).

Many clinical students work part-time in a clinical research setting for at least some of the time they are at Illinois Tech. Although not arranged by Illinois Tech, these positions are typically excellent psychology experiences (e.g., as research assistants or neuropsychology testing technicians) and are often passed down from Illinois Tech student to Illinois Tech student.

Although not guaranteed, the Department of Psychology often offers funds for student travel to conferences to facilitate the presentation of student-authored research.

Standing Program Committee Opportunities for Students

Committee work is an important component of a job description in most clinical psychology settings (e.g., university departments, clinical practices or hospital settings, and professional non-profits organizations such as the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies). For this reason, we highly encourage doctoral students to participate in several of the program’s standing committees.

Diversity Committee

The Diversity Committee promotes activities and program priorities that emphasize the integration of knowledge and practice related to respecting human diversity of all kinds, such as different ethnicities, cultures, nationalities, sexual orientations, genders, and religions (a non-exhaustive list).

Colloquium Committee

The Colloquium Committee organizes lectures and talks for students and faculty in the program to enhance professional development and education.

Social Committee

The Social Committee organizes activities in the service of promoting a sense of community and cohesion in the program.  

Ad Hoc Technology Committee

The Technology Committee facilitates the web-based presence of the clinical psychology doctoral program and other technology-driven tasks.

Accreditation

Illinois Tech's Ph.D. in clinical psychology has been fully accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA) since 1982. For more information on APA accreditation, please visit  the  APA's accreditation website  or write to the address below. 

750 First Street, NE Washington, DC, 20002-4242 Phone: 202.336.5979 TDD/TTY: 202.336.6123 Fax: 202.336.5978 Email:  [email protected] g

For more information about the Illinois Tech's Ph.D. in clinical psychology, contact:

Alissa Haedt-Matt, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Director of Clinical Training Clinical Psychology Program 201 Tech Central 3242 S. State Street Chicago, IL 60616 Phone: 312.567.3514 Email:  [email protected]

Ph.D. Student Recognized for Eating Disorder Research

Clinical psychology Ph.D. student Elizabeth Dougherty is investigating the link between mental health and eating disorders.

Featured Faculty

Joyce Hopkins

Alissa Haedt-Matt

Steff Du Bois

Nicole Ditchman

Frank J. Lane

Eun-Jeong Lee

Nicole Legate

Arlen C. Moller

"My experience in the Clinical Psychology Ph.D. program at Illinois Tech has been an excellent balance of training in clinical work and research design and methodology. Above all, through the program’s courses, curriculum, rigor, and collaboration with faculty, I have cultivated an enduring skill and attitude of critical thinking. This is an invaluable asset to a dynamic career as a clinical psychologist working as a clinician, teacher, program manager, or researcher."

Arryn Guy (Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology Student)

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Criminal Psychology vs. Forensic Psychology: Key Differences

The public is only growing more interested in the psychology of crime and of the justice system—but this fascination certainly isn’t new. 1

Perhaps that’s why interest in criminal and forensic psychology careers is also on the rise. Not to mention that working in the criminal justice system can offer a sense of fulfillment or higher purpose. If you’re interested in learning more about this field, start with the basics: like the differences between criminal psychology vs. forensic psychology.

In this guide, we’re exploring the distinctions and offering a birds-eye view of both careers. While criminal psychology primarily concerns the motivations of criminals and forensic psychology is applied more generally throughout the justice system, these definitions are only the tip of the iceberg.

Read on for a complete comparison of forensic psychology vs. criminal psychology.

What is Criminal Psychology?

Let’s start with criminal psychology; there’s more to this career than what’s depicted in popular media.

The Primary Focus of Criminal Psychology

Criminal psychologists seek to assess, understand, and (potentially) diagnose people who have committed crimes. 2 The justice system calls upon criminal psychologists to:

Supply legal experts with a window into criminals’ psyches so that they can render judgments as fairly as possible

• Clinically evaluate suspected and convicted criminals
• Assemble data that can help prevent future crimes
• These are just three of the many professional tasks criminal psychologists often undertake.

Roles and Responsibilities

To paint a clearer picture of the criminal psychology field, let’s dive into some of the day-to-day responsibilities of people working in this role:

• Researching – Researching and understanding historical and contemporary data helps criminal psychologists create criminal profiles, identify trends, and provide expertise to legal professionals.
• Serving as an expert witness – Criminal psychologists are often called to the witness stand in a courtroom to provide expertise and psychological assessments of suspected criminals.
• Interfacing with people – Criminal psychologists may sometimes interview criminals (or the people close to them) to get a feel for their personalities and habits.
• Compiling reports and presentations – By assembling their data (e.g., crime scene analysis and interview material) into digestible reports, criminal psychologists can share their findings with relevant authorities, legal experts, or the public.
• Contributing to predictive work – Criminal psychologists often use their criminal profiling expertise, data, observations, and theoretical knowledge to predict future crimes, potentially giving law enforcement the opportunity to intervene.

In short, a criminal psychologist’s job is to help law enforcement and justice workers understand criminals, make judgements fairly, and prevent future crimes against the public.

Cases and Work Environments

Criminal psychologists may work on both civil and criminal cases; they might also be permanently retained by law enforcement to provide general expertise.

For these reasons, there are a few potential work environments where you might find a criminal psychologist on staff:

• The justice system – Attorneys, judges, parole/probation workers, and other justice system experts often partner with criminal psychologists to build a comprehensive understanding of criminals.
• Law enforcement – Since they have expertise in crime scene and data analysis, criminal psychologists often work for law enforcement agencies.
• Non-profit organizations – Organizations that offer legal aid to accused criminals or victims of crimes may employ a criminal psychologist for advocacy support.
• Education – Many veteran clinical psychologists retire from the field to contribute to education efforts—training the next generation of criminal psychologists or spreading awareness about the field among students.

What is Forensic Psychology? 

On the other hand, there’s forensic psychology. Let’s dive into the specifics of this career track.

The Primary Focus of Forensic Psychology

Forensic psychologists are experts in mental health, human behavior, and the criminal justice system. 3 They use their skills and training to:

• Assess evidence
• Identify behavioral patterns
• Develop evidence-based reports and action plans
• Interface with the public and people facing the justice system
• Understand patients’ or subjects’ actions and motivations

Compared to clinical psychology, forensic psychology is a slightly broader field. Instead of specifically exploring criminals (and data relevant to criminals), forensic psychologists can be more general psychological advisors to the justice system as a whole. 4

What does a forensic psychologist do ? Forensic psychologists often:

• Contribute to courtroom trials – Like criminal psychologists, forensic psychologists often serve as expert witnesses in court cases.
• Work directly with people facing justice – Forensic psychologists can work directly with accused and convicted criminals as advocates or advisors.
• Advise governmental departments and other organizations – Forensic psychologists may contribute their expertise to law enforcement matters, legal aid organizations, correctional institutions, parole/probation systems, and other justice-related institutions.
• Contribute to policy making – Forensic psychologists with experience may create internal policies and regulations for large organizations (like justice-related non-profits).

Some forensic psychologists take on roles that are more similar to criminal psychologist specialties: crime scene analysis, predictive work, and law enforcement.

Like criminal psychologists, forensic psychologists may contribute to both criminal and civil cases.

However, forensic psychologists work in much broader contexts; you might find a forensic psychologist on staff in:

• Law enforcement agencies
• Local, state, or federal justice systems
• Organizations advocating for accused criminals, victims, or incarcerated people
• Rehabilitation facilities
• Parole/probation offices
• Foster care or child protection systems and organizations

Since forensic psychologists are experts on human behavior in relation to the justice system as a whole (and not just accused and convicted criminals’ behavior specifically), their skills are applicable to a wider range of justice-related careers.

Key Differences Between Criminal and Forensic Psychology 

While we’ve touched on some differences between criminal psychology vs. forensic psychology, let’s explore a few others—starting with educational requirements.

While both criminal and forensic psychologists can take on more clinically-focused roles (which may require licensure), educational requirements more closely depend on your chosen career path:

• Criminal psychologists primarily work with accused and convicted criminals. Since they fill a highly specific niche, many jobs require candidates to complete a bachelor’s degree program, a master’s program, and a doctoral program—either a PhD or PsyD degree program. 5
• Forensic psychologists work in a broader variety of roles, so forensic psychology degree requirements vary by specific career track. While you may not need to pursue licensure, a graduate degree, or a doctoral degree to work for a non-profit organization, government employment may pose more rigorous requirements. 6

As we’ve explored above, forensic psychologists and criminal psychologists often take on very different roles both within and outside of the justice system. While criminal psychologists often pursue careers related to criminal interactions specifically (which often translates to law enforcement employment), forensic psychologists can embrace a law enforcement career, work in other government systems, or pursue advocacy work.

In short, these differences come down to each career’s approach to interacting with the justice system: criminal psychologists’ work is mostly related to criminal activity and behavior while forensic psychology also seeks to more broadly contribute to the justice system as a whole.

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Similarities Between Criminal and Forensic Psychology 

Clearly, there is some overlap between both of these careers:

• Both may require licensure – Both forensic and criminal psychologists may pursue licenses to practice psychology. Such licenses typically require completion of a master’s in forensic behavioral science or a related discipline.
• Both can contribute to law enforcement and justice efforts – Both criminal and forensic psychologists have the training necessary to support law enforcement functions, like assessing evidence to better understand human behavior in an investigation.
• Both pursue an understanding of behavior in a justice context – Since both criminal and forensic psychologists seek to understand how people’s behavior impacts their interactions with the justice system, they share a primary goal. As such, they may use some of the same methodologies to learn more about their subjects, draw conclusions, and contribute to action plans.

Career Paths in Criminal Psychology 

If you’re considering a career in criminal psychology, the following positions may be of interest to you: 7

• Crime analyst
• Criminal profiler
• Expert witness
• Consultant to a law firm
• Victim or defendant advocate
• Case manager

Once you’ve gained some experience in the field, you may be eligible to pursue more advanced careers like:

• Supervising psychologist
• Law enforcement leadership positions
• Policymaking or legislative work
• Criminal psychology educator

Additionally, there are a few ways for criminal psychologists to advance in their careers:

• Supervised work – Whether you’re trying to pursue licensure to practice psychology or simply looking for tips from seasoned pros, working under the supervision of a more experienced criminal psychologist can offer professional development opportunities.
• Continuing education – If you started working as a clinical psychologist without a doctoral degree, for instance, completing an additional degree program or pursuing licensure could offer a track to promotion.
• Accruing experience – Since criminal psychology is a hands-on, people-focused career, experience may be a prerequisite for many advanced positions.

We also have guides on how to become a criminal profiler or how to become a crime analyst if you’re interested in these related jobs.

Career Paths in Forensic Psychology 

With training in forensic psychology, you might qualify for one of the following positions: 8

• Correctional counselor
• Forensic social worker
• Child welfare advocate
• Correctional or rehabilitation clinical psychologist

More advanced careers in this field include:

• Legislative or regulatory leadership roles
• Leadership careers in law enforcement, the justice system, or non-profit groups
• Forensic psychology educator

Like criminal psychologists, forensic psychologists typically move up in their careers by pursuing advanced education and professional development, getting more experience, and working under those in leadership roles.

Deepen Your Knowledge at Alliant 

In short, the key difference between forensic psychology vs. criminal psychology is scope—while forensic psychologists work to understand a wide variety of players in the justice system, criminal psychologists are mostly focused on criminal behavior.

No matter which career catches your eye, you’ll need to start with a high-quality degree program like the Alliant International University MS in Forensic Behavioral Science . This degree track is designed specifically for future psychologists working in law enforcement, the justice system, and related industries.

Our curriculum is hands-on and allows students to specialize in specific concentrations that interest them: professional protection, forensic victimology , trial consulting, and more. Our faculty is also composed of experienced experts in the field, and our instructors use the most up-to-date data and theoretical principles to train the next generation of psychologists.

Learn more about our psychology graduate admissions and apply today.

• Lettieri, Richard. “Why Are We So Interested in Crime Stories?” Psychology Today. September 4, 2021. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/decoding-madness/202109/why-are… Accessed June 25, 2024.
• “Law and Crime.” Psychology Today. 2024. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/law-and-crime . Accessed June 25, 2024.
• Tobin, James. “How to Become a Forensic Psychologist.” Psychology.org. April 11, 2024. https://www.psychology.org/careers/forensic-psychologist/ . Accessed June 26, 2024.
• “What Is Forensic Psychology?” American Academy of Forensic Psychology. 2024. https://aafpforensic.org/ . Accessed June 27, 2024. 
• “What Is Criminal Psychology? How to Begin Your Career.” Careers in Psychology. 2023. https://careersinpsychology.org/criminal-psychology-careers/ . Accessed July 27, 2024. 
• "What Can You Do With a Criminal Psychology Degree? 10 Career Fields.” Indeed. March 10, 2023. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/what-can-you-do-with… . Accessed June 27, 2024.
• “10 Top Career Paths in Forensic Psychology.” Psychology Degree Guide. May 11, 2021. https://psychologydegreeguide.org/resources/careers-in-forensic-psychol… . Accessed June 27, 2024. 

Diana M. Concannon

Dean and Associate Professor, California School of Forensic Studies

Diana M. Concannon, PsyD, is Associate Provost for Strategic Initiatives and Partnerships at Alliant International University, Associate Professor at the...

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Faculty Research Specialist, Clinical Psychology

• Feedback to students and their committees is communicated in writing and occurs at all stages of the dissertation process, from initial concept paper (preliminary draft of research ideas) through finished draft.
• The number of dissertations (ranges from 15-25) on which a half-time FRS is expected to serve is established contractually based on percentage time and other assignments.
• Meet with dissertation students and their committees.
• Present 3 days of Research Skills Seminars.
• Attend Community Meetings, Clinical Faculty Committee meetings, and FRS Meetings.
• Meet with individual students to discuss dissertation related themes as time permits.
• A doctorate in psychology, sociology, statistics, biostatistics, preventive medicine, public health, data science or a closely related discipline is required.
• Record of research and scholarly publications utilizing quantitative methods.
• Experience in progressive student-centered education for adult learners, including teaching at the graduate level.
• Supervision of doctoral dissertations.
• Demonstrated commitment to social justice, including intercultural awareness and competence in teaching students from diverse multicultural backgrounds.
• Experience in multimedia forms of communication, including on-line teaching.
• Availability to travel up to 10 days per year to residential sessions in various parts of the country.

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