format of ieee research paper

Structure Your Paper

Learn how to structure your paper for publication. IEEE has put together some tips and best practices for what should be included in your conference paper.

Your paper title should be specific, concise, and descriptive. Avoid using unnecessary words such as “new” or “novel”. Include keywords that will help a reader find your paper.

Provide a concise summary of the research conducted. Include the conclusions reached and the potential implications of those conclusions. Your abstract should also:

• consist of a single paragraph up to 250 words, with correct grammar and unambiguous terminology;
• be self-contained with no abbreviations, footnotes, references, or mathematical equations;
• highlight what is unique in your work;
• include 3-5 keywords or phrases that describe the research, with any abbreviations clearly defined,  to help readers find your paper.

First Footnote

Funding footnote.

If the research reported in your paper was supported by a funding source, include the funder’s name and grant information in a footnote on the first page of the paper.

Human and animal research statements

For papers reporting on research involving human subjects or animals, complete and include one of the following human/animal research statements in a footnote on the first page of the paper:

• Papers That Are Reporting on Human/Animal Research and Have Review Board Approval:   This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. Approval of all ethical and experimental procedures and protocols was granted by (Name of Review Board or Committee) (if provided under Application No. xx, and performed in line with the (Name of Specific Declaration (if applicable/provided)).
• Papers That Are Reporting on Human/Animal Research and Are Exempt From Review Board Approval: This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. The author(s) confirm(s) that all human/animal subject research procedures and protocols are exempt from review board approval.

Refer to the IEEE’s policy on Research on Human and Animal Subjects .

Introduction

Help the reader understand why your research is important and what it is contributing to the field.

• Start by giving the reader a brief overview of the current state of research in your subject area.
• Progress to more detailed information on the specific topic of your research.
• End with a description of the exact question or hypothesis that your paper will address.

Also state your motivation for doing your research and what it will contribute to the field.

Formulate your research question. It should include:

• a detailed description of the question;
• the methods you used to address the question;
• the definitions of any relevant terminology;
• any equations that contributed to your work.

The methods section should be described in enough detail for someone to replicate your work.

Results and Discussion

Show the results that you achieved in your work and offer an interpretation of those results. Acknowledge any limitations of your work and avoid exaggerating the importance of the results.

Summarize your key findings. Include important conclusions that can be drawn and further implications for the field. Discuss benefits or shortcomings of your work and suggest future areas for research.

Acknowledgments

You can recognize individuals who provided assistance with your work, but who do not meet the definition of authorship . The acknowledgments section is optional.

Provide citation information for all the previous publications referred to in your paper. Cite only those references that directly support your work.

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This page will introduce you to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) style for formatting research papers and citing sources. IEEE – pronounced “I-triple-E” – is a style widely used among all branches of engineering, computer science, and other technological fields.

Though the OWL’s section on IEEE is sufficient for quick reference, if you are writing a lengthy manuscript or dissertation, or if you have detailed questions, you should consult the IEEE Editorial Style Manual, available as a PDF through the organization’s website . Alternately, if you are formatting a paper for submission to a specific organization, publication, or event, refer to the formatting guidelines provided by said organization / publication / event and privilege those guidelines over any found here.

The IEEE section contains the following pages:

General Format

• Basic formatting and page layout
• Abstracts, index terms, and other front matter
• Section headings, appendix headings, and similar
• Appendices, acknowledgements and other back matter

In-Text Citation

• Formatting in-text citations
• Citing within a reference
• Citing multiple references at once

Reference List

• Formatting reference page entries
• General principles for formatting references
• Specific instructions for formatting references to various media

Tables, Figures, and Equations

• Distinguishing between tables, figures, and equations
• Formatting tables appropriately
• Formatting labels, titles, captions, etc. appropriately
• Referring to tables, figures, and equations in text.

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Setting Paper Submission Guidelines

Find publishing templates, learn how to handle non-presented papers, and understand the importance of indexing content.

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Publishing Templates

Handling of non-presented papers.

The purpose of a conference template is to provide a consistent format for papers appearing in the conference proceedings. IEEE strongly encourages the use of conference paper templates .

IEEE conference templates contain guidance text for composing and formatting conference papers. Please ensure that all guidance text is removed from your conference paper prior to submission to the conference to assure publication-readiness. 

For conference organizers: Using conference paper templates provides the best vehicle for submitting IEEE Xplore ® -ready content. Attention to detail in paper preparation can avoid delays or persistence of errors downstream. Following these publishing guidelines in submission will greatly support the positive outcome of your papers.  

Author-generated keywords and metadata will greatly improve the discoverability of work after publication.

Authors are expected to present their papers and share their ideas at the event. If authors are unable to attend the conference and present their papers, they should contact the Program Chair as soon as possible so that substitute arrangements can be made. To encourage attendance, IEEE recommends that conferences exclude or limit the distribution of any paper that was not presented at the conference. 

You must clearly notify your authors prior to the start of the event if you plan to exclude or limit the distribution of non-presented papers. IEEE suggests you add the following statement in the call for papers: 

“IEEE reserves the right to exclude a paper from distribution after the conference, including IEEE Xplore ® Digital Library, if the paper is not presented by the author at the conference.”

If a paper is included in the proceedings distributed on site and is later identified as a non-presented paper, you must still include the paper in the proceedings delivered to IEEE. You can flag the paper when generating the packing list so that the paper will be archived but will not be indexed or appear in IEEE Xplore ®. Copyright of non-presented papers is still retained by IEEE.

IEEE has entered into contractual agreements with many abstract and index partners (A&I).  As content is loaded into Xplore®, it is also in parallel placed on our FTP site where partners can extract the files. Each A&I partner makes its own editorial decision on what content it will index, therefore IEEE cannot guarantee entries are included in any particular database.

Conferences should not specifically claim, reference or guarantee indexing in any database.  IEEE partners with independent abstracting and indexing (A&I) services who evaluate each conference for consideration in their online products.

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• Knowledge Base
• IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines

IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines

Published on 28 August 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 6 April 2023.

IEEE provides guidelines for formatting your paper. These guidelines must be followed when you’re submitting a manuscript for publication in an IEEE journal. Some of the key guidelines are:

• Formatting the text as two columns, in Times New Roman, 10 pt
• Including a byline, an abstract , and a set of keywords at the start of the research paper
• Placing any figures, tables, and equations at the top or bottom of a column, not in the middle
• Following the appropriate heading styles for any headings you use
• Including a full list of IEEE references at the end
• Not including page numbers

To learn more about the specifics of IEEE paper format, check out the free template below. Note that you may not need to follow these rules if you’ve only been told to use IEEE citation format for a student paper. But you do need to follow them to submit to IEEE publications.

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Table of contents

Ieee format template, ieee heading styles, frequently asked questions about ieee paper format.

The template below can be used to make sure that your paper follows IEEE format. It’s set up with custom Word styles for all the different parts of the text, with the right fonts and formatting and with further explanation of key points.

Make sure to remove all the explanatory text in the template when you insert your own.

Download IEEE paper format template

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IEEE recommends specific heading styles to distinguish the title and different levels of heading in your paper from each other. Styles for each of these are built into the template.

The paper title is written in 24 pt Times New Roman, centred at the top of the first page. Other headings are all written in 10 pt Times New Roman:

• Level 1 text headings begin with a roman numeral followed by a full stop. They are written in small caps, in title case, and centred.
• Level 2 text headings begin with a capital letter followed by a full stop. They are italicised, left-aligned, and written in title case.
• Level 3 text headings begin with a number followed by a closing parenthesis . They are italicised, written in sentence case, and indented like a regular paragraph. The text of the section follows the heading immediately, after a colon .
• Level 4 text headings begin with a lowercase letter followed by a closing parenthesis. They are italicised, written in sentence case, and indented slightly further than a normal paragraph. The text of the section follows the heading immediately, after a colon.
• Component headings are used for the different components of your paper outside of the main text, such as the acknowledgments and references. They are written in small caps, in title case, centred, and without any numbering.

You should use 10 pt. Times New Roman font in your IEEE format paper .

For the paper title, 26 pt. Times New Roman is used. For some other paper elements like table footnotes, the font can be slightly smaller. All the correct stylings are available in our free IEEE format template .

No, page numbers are not included in an  IEEE format paper . If you’re submitting to an IEEE publication, page numbers will be added in the final publication but aren’t needed in the manuscript.

IEEE paper format requires you to include an abstract summarising the content of your paper. It appears at the start of the paper, right after you list your name and affiliation.

The abstract begins with the word ‘Abstract,’ italicised and followed by an em dash. The abstract itself follows immediately on the same line. The entire section is written in bold font. For example: ‘ Abstract —This paper discusses …’

You can find the correct format for your IEEE abstract and other parts of the paper in our free IEEE paper format template .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

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Guidelines for Research Reports and Integrative Lit Reviews   |  Samples of Research  Reports  |  Samples of Integrative Lit Reviews  | Reviewers’ Expectations

About Research Reports  

The most commonly published format in the IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, these articles report quantitative, qualitative, critical, and mixed methods studies  and their results. Examples include experiments, textual analyses, content analyses, surveys, design research, interview-based studies, usability tests, and ethnographies.

About Integrative Literature Reviews 

A new type of research report actively sought for the IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, integrative literature reviews are  an empirical research report that systematically collects, classifies, and analyzes a body of literature on a topic.  As part of the research report, authors of integrative literature reviews describe the methodology used to search, choose and code studies, and focus on providing a critique or interpretation rather than just reporting data.  Popular in other disciplines because they succinctly summarize and empirically assess all of the literature on a particular topic, these types of articles are actively recruited by the Transactions .

Guidelines:

Note : We recognize that, in our effort to focus on readers and be clear with authors, our guidelines are extensive and directive. We hope, however, this detailed guidance provides authors with the strongest possible guidance and ensures the most positive outcome possible from the peer-review process.

Samples of Research Articles Published in the Transactions

Of a quantitative study: F. Ganier & R. Querrec, “TIP-EXE: A software tool for studying the use and understanding of procedural documents,”  IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication,  vol. 55, no. 2, 105-121, 2012.

Of a qualitative study: P. Bosch-Sijtsema & A. Sivunen,“Professional virtual worlds supporting computer-mediated communication, collaboration, and learning in geographically distributed contexts,”  IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication,  vol. 56, no. 2, 160-175, 2013.

Of a critical study: B. Kanoksilapatham, “Structure of research article introductions in three engineering subdisciplines,”  IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication,  vol. 55, no. 2, 294-309, 2012. Samples of Integrative Literature Reviews Published in the Transactions

J. Ramey & P. G. Rao, “The systematic literature review as a research genre,”  Proceedings of the 2011 International Professional Communication Conference , 2011.

P. G. Rao & J. Ramey, “Use of mobile phones by non-literate and semi-literate people: A systematic literature review,”  Proceedings of the 2011 International Professional Communication Conference , 2011.

[Note that a subscription is required to view the articles.  If you do not already have a subscription, your library might.]

Reviewers’ Expectations

To learn about the criteria that reviewers consider when providing feedback on a research article or integrative literature review,  click here .

IEEE Paper Format: Referencing Guide for CS and Engineering Research Papers

Table of contents

• 1 What Does IEEE Stand For
• 2.1 In-text Citations
• 2.2 Reference List
• 2.3 Figures and Tables
• 3.1 General Layout and Typography
• 3.2 Title Page and Abstract
• 3.3 Section Headings and Subheadings
• 3.4 Technical Content
• 4.1 Journal Articles
• 4.2 Conference Papers
• 4.3 Books and Chapters in Edited Volumes
• 4.4 Electronic Sources
• 4.5 Multiple Authors and No Author Situations
• 5 Tips for Avoiding Common Citation Errors
• 6 Using IEEE Citation Tools and Software
• 7 Final Words: Embracing IEEE for Academic Excellence

Navigating the intricate requirements of IEEE formatting can be daunting for both novice and experienced writers alike. Our article is designed to guide students and researchers through the intricate process of ensuring their scholarly work adheres to the rigorous standards set forth by IEEE writing style.

• In this article, we will explore the genesis and paramount importance of the IEEE style in academic circles.
• After reading the article, you will know about the main components of IEEE formatting.
• Look through the formatting guide on structuring your paper to mirror IEEE formatting guidelines focusing on layout, typography, and technical notation.
• An expansive review of citing a diverse range of sources and an IEEE research paper template.

Our goal is to arm you with the knowledge necessary to elevate the credibility and integrity of your academic pursuits. By emphasizing IEEE, scholars establish the foundation for outstanding research documentation, as well you can also use tools like the IEEE citation generator for precision.

What Does IEEE Stand For

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) citation style is more than just a set of guidelines for referencing sources; it’s a testament to the evolution of a discipline at the intersection of technology and research. Emerging from the need to standardize the documentation of sources in technical fields, the IEEE citation format has become synonymous with clarity, precision, and consistency in academic writing.

The IEEE citation style was developed in conjunction with the founding of the IEEE, an organization committed to the progression of technology for the benefit of humanity. This citation system was designed to meet the growing demands of the expanding fields of computer science and engineering, providing a structured method to cite diverse sources, including technical reports, conference proceedings, and electronic resources. Its creation was influenced by the principles outlined in the Chicago Manual of Style, ensuring a comprehensive approach to referencing that aligns with the specific needs of these technical disciplines.

Unlike the broader applicability of styles like APA and MLA, IEEE’s format is meticulously crafted to suit the technical and numerical nature of engineering literature. Its emphasis on concise, numbered references allows for seamless integration of citing sources without disrupting the flow of technical discourse.

When juxtaposed with APA formatting or MLA formatting , the IEEE format is distinguished by its use of square brackets for in-text citations and a streamlined reference list that prioritizes efficiency and accessibility. This strategy enhances the ease of source navigation and emphasizes the IEEE style’s commitment to conciseness and accuracy, establishing it as the go-to citation method for engineering research documentation. By comparing IEEE vs. APA, it’s clear that IEEE’s streamlined and precise citation approach is tailored for the engineering fields, in contrast to the APA style, which caters to a wider range of disciplines with its own set of guidelines that prioritize different aspects of citation and formatting.

Key Components of IEEE Style

The IEEE citation style, revered for its precision and applicability in technical fields, offers a structured approach to documenting sources. This section provides you with the essential elements that constitute its backbone.

In-text Citations

At the heart of IEEE’s in-text citation methodology is the use of square brackets containing numbers that correspond to a numbered reference list. This system ensures that citations are minimally intrusive, allowing the technical narrative to proceed uninterrupted. Each source is cited numerically, in the order of appearance, which simplifies reference management and reader navigation.

Reference List

The cornerstone of IEEE papers, the reference list is meticulously organized at the document’s conclusion. Each entry is numbered to match its in-text citation, following a specific format that includes the author’s name, paper title, publication date, and other relevant details, depending on the source type. This organization method supports the efficient retrieval of information and acknowledges the contributions of others in the researcher’s work.

Figures and Tables

IEEE guidelines stipulate specific formatting rules for figures and tables, including sequential numbering and the inclusion of descriptive captions. These elements should be referenced within the main text by their designated number, ensuring that each figure or table is easily identifiable and can be quickly referenced by readers. It means that figures, tables, and equations should each be numbered consecutively but separately.

Formatting Your Paper According to IEEE Guidelines

To write a research paper correctly , adhere to the following structured guidelines on how to write an IEEE paper:

• Title of the Paper: Position the title at the top center of the first page, utilizing an IEEE font size of 24pt.
• Author Details (Byline): Immediately below the title, centralize the byline in 10pt font, with each of the following details on its own line: author name(s), affiliation(s), city and country, and email address(es).
• Body of the Paper: The body text should be in 10pt font, formatted into two columns per page. Ensure that the columns on the final page are equal in length, possibly requiring a column break adjustment.
• Begin with an abstract followed by index terms.
• Papers might include additional sections based on the topic, such as Acknowledgments, Appendices, Note to Practitioners, and Nomenclature.
• Divide the main content into sections and subsections with appropriate headings.
• Number all tables, equations, and figures sequentially, ensuring they are centered within the column.
• Initiate the paper with a two-line deep drop cap, followed by the next 8-12 characters or 1-2 words in capital letters.

Parts of the Paper:

• Headings should follow a four-level hierarchy. The formatting includes centered primary headings with Roman numerals, flush left secondary headings in uppercase and lowercase italics, and indented tertiary headings with Arabic numerals followed by a parenthesis. Quaternary headings are similarly indented but enumerated by lowercase letters.
• Enumeration of headings is optional, but consistency is key.
• Distinct formats apply to IEEE Appendix, Reference, and Acknowledgement headings, which differ from the main text headings.

General Layout and Typography

IEEE Paper Template

The IEEE style mandates a specific formula for the layout, including font size, typeface, margins, and a column break. This structured approach ensures that each data point within your document — for example, if it’s a figure, table, or paragraph — receives the appropriate emphasis and weight, similar to how weights are considered in a weighted average calculation.

Also, you can find vast templates for your needs on template-selector.ieee.org .

Title Page and Abstract

Structuring the title page and crafting an effective IEEE abstract is a simple process, yet it holds significant weight in how readers perceive and understand your research. Here, the average value of your work is summarized, offering a snapshot of your data set and the final average number representing your study’s conclusions. By the way, the incorporation of abstract and index terms within IEEE format publications significantly enhances the accessibility and discoverability of scholarly works.

Section Headings and Subheadings

Effective use of both a primary heading (or primary headings) and subheadings acts as a method for dividing your paper into manageable sections, each with its own relative importance and weight in the total grade of your research.

This organization aids readers in navigating your paper, similar to how one might calculate a weighted average to determine the importance of different values in a data set. In IEEE style, appendix headings should be put in a different system but should be written like main headings. If there is only one appendix, it should be labeled “Appendix.” If there is more than one appendix, each one should have its own number and title, which should be different from how the section titles are named.

Technical Content

Incorporating technical content, such as formulas, equations, and technical notation, requires precise calculation and accuracy. Each data point and formula used must be calculated with precision, mirroring the accuracy needed when calculating weighted averages in data analysis.

The precision and clarity required in calculating the weighted average or average price of commodities mirror the meticulousness needed in formatting academic papers according to IEEE guidelines. Every data point — from the IEEE title page to the IEEE reference page — must be considered with its relative importance in mind, ensuring the total weight of the document is balanced and well-structured. However, if you don’t have enough time for it, you can get help from a research paper writing service , where professionals will do everything according to all rules and guidelines.

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Citing Sources in IEEE

Citing sources accurately in academic writing, particularly under the IEEE style, is a cornerstone of scholarly integrity and a testament to the meticulous nature of research within engineering disciplines. This meticulous approach ensures that every piece of information borrowed from another’s work is duly acknowledged, allowing readers to trace the origins of ideas and data, thereby fostering a transparent and ethical academic environment.

As we delve into the nuances of citing sources in IEEE, it becomes evident that this style is tailored to meet the specific needs of technical and scientific disciplines, offering a clear, concise, and systematic method of referencing.

Journal Articles

Citing journal articles in IEEE requires attention to detail. The format typically includes the author’s name, the title of the article, the title of the journal or newspaper article, the numbering system (volume number, issue number, page number or numbers), and the year of publication, all neatly encapsulated within square brackets.

This method highlights the importance of each element, ensuring readers can easily locate the original work. For example, a journal citation in IEEE might appear as follows: [1] A. Author, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal, vol. XX, no. XX, pp. XX-XX, year.

Conference Papers

We cite a conference paper, which is pivotal in disseminating cutting-edge research and findings with a similar level of specificity. The citation includes the author’s name, title of the paper, title of the conference, location, and the date of the conference. By providing a comprehensive citation, IEEE allows readers to explore the breadth of discussions and innovations presented in these professional gatherings.

Books and Chapters in Edited Volumes

When citing books and chapters within edited volumes, the IEEE writing format incorporates details such as the chapter author, chapter title, book editor, book title, edition (if applicable), publisher, city of publication, and the year. This exhaustive approach ensures that sources are credited with the utmost accuracy, reflecting the depth and breadth of research undertaken.

Electronic Sources

In today’s digital age, citing electronic sources — ranging from online databases to software and websites — has become increasingly common. IEEE adapts to this trend by requiring the URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier), along with the standard citation information. This adaptation underscores the style’s flexibility and relevance in contemporary research practices.

Multiple Authors and No Author Situations

IEEE also provides clear guidelines for citing works by multiple authors or works where the author is unknown. For multiple authors, the style suggests listing all authors up to a certain number before resorting to “et al.” for brevity. In cases of no author, the title of the work moves to the author’s position in the citation, ensuring even anonymous works are appropriately acknowledged.

Tips for Avoiding Common Citation Errors

Navigating the intricacies of IEEE citations can be fraught with potential pitfalls, but mastering this component of academic writing is essential for maintaining scholarly integrity and ensuring the accuracy of your research or PaperOwl’s writers can do it instead of you.

Yet to fortify your work against common citation errors, consider these pivotal strategies:

• Accuracy in the details of each citation is paramount. Ensure that author names, titles, publication years, and page numbers are correctly noted and correspond precisely to the referenced material. A single discrepancy can lead to misattribution or difficulty in source retrieval.
• Apply the IEEE paper format uniformly throughout your document. Inconsistencies in citation style can confuse readers and detract from the professionalism of your work. Whether citing, for example, journals, books, or electronic sources, adherence to a consistent format is crucial.
• While citation management tools offer significant convenience, they are not infallible. Always review the generated citations for accuracy, ensuring they align with the latest IEEE standards.
• Misrepresenting authorship, especially in works with multiple authors, is a common error. Familiarize yourself with IEEE’s guidelines on listing authors to ensure proper attribution and to avoid unintentional omission.
• IEEE guidelines can evolve. Staying informed about the latest updates and revisions is essential for maintaining citation accuracy across all your academic endeavors.

Using IEEE Citation Tools and Software

Leveraging citation tools and software can dramatically streamline the process of adhering to the IEEE paper format, a boon for researchers and students alike. These technological aids, such as Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote, and LaTeX, offer robust support for generating and managing citations efficiently, ensuring compliance with IEEE standards. By automating the citation process, these tools minimize manual errors and save valuable time.

Zotero and Mendeley, for example, are renowned for their user-friendly interfaces and ability to organize references in a centralized library. They allow for the easy insertion of citations into documents and the automatic generation of reference lists, all while offering the flexibility to switch between citation styles, including IEEE.

LaTeX, with its BibTeX extension, is particularly favored in the engineering and information technology communities for its precision in handling complex documents and formulas. It excels in creating documents that adhere to the stringent formatting requirements of IEEE, especially for mathematical content and technical papers.

EndNote stands out for its wide-ranging database access and sophisticated reference management capabilities, making it a valuable resource for extensive research projects requiring IEEE formatting.

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Final Words: Embracing IEEE for Academic Excellence

Mastering the IEEE style is not merely about adhering to a set of formatting rules; it’s about ensuring the weighted average of your research — each data point, calculation, and value — is presented with the utmost accuracy and precision. Like calculating weighted averages in complex datasets, applying IEEE guidelines requires attention to detail, method, and accuracy. Embrace these principles to enhance the value and integrity of your academic endeavors in engineering.

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Preparation of Papers for IEEE Sponsored Conferences & Symposia*

This electronic document is a ÒliveÓ template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document.

I INTRODUCTION

This template provides authors with most of the formatting specifications needed for preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1) ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3) conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings. Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout this document and are identified in italic type, within parentheses, following the example. Some components, such as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not prescribed, although the various table text styles are provided. The formatter will need to create these components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow.

II PROCEDURE FOR PAPER SUBMISSION

Ii-a selecting a template (heading 2).

First, confirm that you have the correct template for your paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the US-letter paper size. It may be used for A4 paper size if the paper size setting is suitably modified.

II-B Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications

The template is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template measures proportionately more than is customary. This measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do not revise any of the current designations

Before you begin to format your paper, first write and save the content as a separate text file. Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhere in the paper. Do not number text heads-the template will do that for you.

Finally, complete content and organizational editing before formatting. Please take note of the following items when proofreading spelling and grammar:

III-A Abbreviations and Acronyms

Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.

III-B Units

Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). An exception would be the use of English units as identifiers in trade, such as Ò3.5-inch disk driveÓ.

Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each quantity that you use in an equation.

Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: ÒWb/m2Ó or Òwebers per square meterÓ, not Òwebers/m2Ó. Spell out units when they appear in text: Ò. . . a few henriesÓ, not Ò. . . a few HÓ.

Use a zero before decimal points: Ò0.25Ó, not Ò.25Ó. Use Òcm3Ó, not ÒccÓ. (bullet list)

III-C Equations

The equations are an exception to the prescribed specifications of this template. You will need to determine whether or not your equation should be typed using either the Times New Roman or the Symbol font (please no other font). To create multileveled equations, it may be necessary to treat the equation as a graphic and insert it into the text after your paper is styled. Number equations consecutively. Equation numbers, within parentheses, are to position flush right, as in (1), using a right tab stop. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a sentence, as in

Note that the equation is centered using a center tab stop. Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before or immediately following the equation. Use Ò(1)Ó, not ÒEq. (1)Ó or Òequation (1)Ó, except at the beginning of a sentence: ÒEquation (1) is . . .Ó

III-D Some Common Mistakes

The word ÒdataÓ is plural, not singular.

The subscript for the permeability of vacuum ?0, and other common scientific constants, is zero with subscript formatting, not a lowercase letter ÒoÓ.

In American English, commas, semi-/colons, periods, question and exclamation marks are located within quotation marks only when a complete thought or name is cited, such as a title or full quotation. When quotation marks are used, instead of a bold or italic typeface, to highlight a word or phrase, punctuation should appear outside of the quotation marks. A parenthetical phrase or statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.)

A graph within a graph is an ÒinsetÓ, not an ÒinsertÓ. The word alternatively is preferred to the word ÒalternatelyÓ (unless you really mean something that alternates).

Do not use the word ÒessentiallyÓ to mean ÒapproximatelyÓ or ÒeffectivelyÓ.

In your paper title, if the words Òthat usesÓ can accurately replace the word ÒusingÓ, capitalize the ÒuÓ; if not, keep using lower-cased.

Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones ÒaffectÓ and ÒeffectÓ, ÒcomplementÓ and ÒcomplimentÓ, ÒdiscreetÓ and ÒdiscreteÓ, ÒprincipalÓ and ÒprincipleÓ.

Do not confuse ÒimplyÓ and ÒinferÓ.

The prefix ÒnonÓ is not a word; it should be joined to the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen.

There is no period after the ÒetÓ in the Latin abbreviation Òet al.Ó.

The abbreviation Òi.e.Ó means Òthat isÓ, and the abbreviation Òe.g.Ó means Òfor exampleÓ.

IV USING THE TEMPLATE

Use this sample document as your LaTeX source file to create your document. Save this file as root.tex . You have to make sure to use the cls file that came with this distribution. If you use a different style file, you cannot expect to get required margins. Note also that when you are creating your out PDF file, the source file is only part of the equation. Your T e X   → → \rightarrow → PDF filter determines the output file size. Even if you make all the specifications to output a letter file in the source - if your filter is set to produce A4, you will only get A4 output.

It is impossible to account for all possible situation, one would encounter using T e X . If you are using multiple T e X  files you must make sure that the “MAIN“ source file is called root.tex - this is particularly important if your conference is using PaperPlaza’s built in T e X  to PDF conversion tool.

IV-A Headings, etc

Text heads organize the topics on a relational, hierarchical basis. For example, the paper title is the primary text head because all subsequent material relates and elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more sub-topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals) should be used and, conversely, if there are not at least two sub-topics, then no subheads should be introduced. Styles named ÒHeading 1Ó, ÒHeading 2Ó, ÒHeading 3Ó, and ÒHeading 4Ó are prescribed.

IV-B Figures and Tables

Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures and tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid placing them in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span across both columns. Figure captions should be below the figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the abbreviation ÒFig. 1Ó, even at the beginning of a sentence.

We suggest that you use a text box to insert a graphic (which is ideally a 300 dpi TIFF or EPS file, with all fonts embedded) because, in an document, this method is somewhat more stable than directly inserting a picture.

Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity ÒMagnetizationÓ, or ÒMagnetization, MÓ, not just ÒMÓ. If including units in the label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. In the example, write ÒMagnetization (A/m)Ó or ÒMagnetization A[m(1)]Ó, not just ÒA/mÓ. Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write ÒTemperature (K)Ó, not ÒTemperature/K.Ó

V CONCLUSIONS

A conclusion section is not required. Although a conclusion may review the main points of the paper, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions.

Appendixes should appear before the acknowledgment.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The preferred spelling of the word ÒacknowledgmentÓ in America is without an ÒeÓ after the ÒgÓ. Avoid the stilted expression, ÒOne of us (R. B. G.) thanks . . .Ó Instead, try ÒR. B. G. thanksÓ. Put sponsor acknowledgments in the unnumbered footnote on the first page.

References are important to the reader; therefore, each citation must be complete and correct. If at all possible, references should be commonly available publications.

• [1] G. O. Young, ÒSynthetic structure of industrial plastics (Book style with paper title and editor),Ó in Plastics, 2nd ed. vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15Ð64.
• [2] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems (Book style). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123Ð135.
• [3] H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.
• [4] B. Smith, ÒAn approach to graphs of linear forms (Unpublished work style),Ó unpublished.
• [5] E. H. Miller, ÒA note on reflector arrays (Periodical styleÑAccepted for publication),Ó IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be publised.
• [6] J. Wang, ÒFundamentals of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers arrays (Periodical styleÑSubmitted for publication),Ó IEEE J. Quantum Electron., submitted for publication.
• [7] C. J. Kaufman, Rocky Mountain Research Lab., Boulder, CO, private communication, May 1995.
• [8] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, ÒElectron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interfaces(Translation Journals style),Ó IEEE Transl. J. Magn.Jpn., vol. 2, Aug. 1987, pp. 740Ð741 [Dig. 9th Annu. Conf. Magnetics Japan, 1982, p. 301].
• [9] M. Young, The Techincal Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
• [10] J. U. Duncombe, ÒInfrared navigationÑPart I: An assessment of feasibility (Periodical style),Ó IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34Ð39, Jan. 1959.
• [11] S. Chen, B. Mulgrew, and P. M. Grant, ÒA clustering technique for digital communications channel equalization using radial basis function networks,Ó IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 4, pp. 570Ð578, July 1993.
• [12] R. W. Lucky, ÒAutomatic equalization for digital communication,Ó Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 547Ð588, Apr. 1965.
• [13] S. P. Bingulac, ÒOn the compatibility of adaptive controllers (Published Conference Proceedings style),Ó in Proc. 4th Annu. Allerton Conf. Circuits and Systems Theory, New York, 1994, pp. 8Ð16.
• [14] G. R. Faulhaber, ÒDesign of service systems with priority reservation,Ó in Conf. Rec. 1995 IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, pp. 3Ð8.
• [15] W. D. Doyle, ÒMagnetization reversal in films with biaxial anisotropy,Ó in 1987 Proc. INTERMAG Conf., pp. 2.2-1Ð2.2-6.
• [16] G. W. Juette and L. E. Zeffanella, ÒRadio noise currents n short sections on bundle conductors (Presented Conference Paper style),Ó presented at the IEEE Summer power Meeting, Dallas, TX, June 22Ð27, 1990, Paper 90 SM 690-0 PWRS.
• [17] J. G. Kreifeldt, ÒAn analysis of surface-detected EMG as an amplitude-modulated noise,Ó presented at the 1989 Int. Conf. Medicine and Biological Engineering, Chicago, IL.
• [18] J. Williams, ÒNarrow-band analyzer (Thesis or Dissertation style),Ó Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1993.
• [19] N. Kawasaki, ÒParametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium nozzle flow,Ó M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993.
• [20] J. P. Wilkinson, ÒNonlinear resonant circuit devices (Patent style),Ó U.S. Patent 3 624 12, July 16, 1990.