writing action research proposal ppt

Linking Research to Action: A Simple Guide to Writing an Action Research Report

What Is Action Research, and Why Do We Do It?

Action research is any research into practice undertaken by those involved in that practice, with the primary goal of encouraging continued reflection and making improvement. It can be done in any professional field, including medicine, nursing, social work, psychology, and education. Action research is particularly popular in the field of education. When it comes to teaching, practitioners may be interested in trying out different teaching methods in the classroom, but are unsure of their effectiveness. Action research provides an opportunity to explore the effectiveness of a particular teaching practice, the development of a curriculum, or your students’ learning, hence making continual improvement possible. In other words, the use of an interactive action-and-research process enables practitioners to get an idea of what they and their learners really do inside of the classroom, not merely what they think they can do. By doing this, it is hoped that both the teaching and the learning occurring in the classroom can be better tailored to fit the learners’ needs.

You may be wondering how action research differs from traditional research. The term itself already suggests that it is concerned with both “action” and “research,” as well as the association between the two. Kurt Lewin (1890-1947), a famous psychologist who coined this term, believed that there was “no action without research; no research without action” (Marrow, 1969, p.163). It is certainly possible, and perhaps commonplace, for people to try to have one without the other, but the unique combination of the two is what distinguishes action research from most other forms of enquiry. Traditional research emphasizes the review of prior research, rigorous control of the research design, and generalizable and preferably statistically significant results, all of which help examine the theoretical significance of the issue. Action research, with its emphasis on the insider’s perspective and the practical significance of a current issue, may instead allow less representative sampling, looser procedures, and the presentation of raw data and statistically insignificant results.

What Should We Include in an Action Research Report?

The components put into an action research report largely coincide with the steps used in the action research process. This process usually starts with a question or an observation about a current problem. After identifying the problem area and narrowing it down to make it more manageable for research, the development process continues as you devise an action plan to investigate your question. This will involve gathering data and evidence to support your solution. Common data collection methods include observation of individual or group behavior, taking audio or video recordings, distributing questionnaires or surveys, conducting interviews, asking for peer observations and comments, taking field notes, writing journals, and studying the work samples of your own and your target participants. You may choose to use more than one of these data collection methods. After you have selected your method and are analyzing the data you have collected, you will also reflect upon your entire process of action research. You may have a better solution to your question now, due to the increase of your available evidence. You may also think about the steps you will try next, or decide that the practice needs to be observed again with modifications. If so, the whole action research process starts all over again.

In brief, action research is more like a cyclical process, with the reflection upon your action and research findings affecting changes in your practice, which may lead to extended questions and further action. This brings us back to the essential steps of action research: identifying the problem, devising an action plan, implementing the plan, and finally, observing and reflecting upon the process. Your action research report should comprise all of these essential steps. Feldman and Weiss (n.d.) summarized them as five structural elements, which do not have to be written in a particular order. Your report should:

• Describe the context where the action research takes place. This could be, for example, the school in which you teach. Both features of the school and the population associated with it (e.g., students and parents) would be illustrated as well.
• Contain a statement of your research focus. This would explain where your research questions come from, the problem you intend to investigate, and the goals you want to achieve. You may also mention prior research studies you have read that are related to your action research study.
• Detail the method(s) used. This part includes the procedures you used to collect data, types of data in your report, and justification of your used strategies.
• Highlight the research findings. This is the part in which you observe and reflect upon your practice. By analyzing the evidence you have gathered, you will come to understand whether the initial problem has been solved or not, and what research you have yet to accomplish.
• Suggest implications. You may discuss how the findings of your research will affect your future practice, or explain any new research plans you have that have been inspired by this report’s action research.

The overall structure of your paper will actually look more or less the same as what we commonly see in traditional research papers.

What Else Do We Need to Pay Attention to?

We discussed the major differences between action research and traditional research in the beginning of this article. Due to the difference in the focus of an action research report, the language style used may not be the same as what we normally see or use in a standard research report. Although both kinds of research, both action and traditional, can be published in academic journals, action research may also be published and delivered in brief reports or on websites for a broader, non-academic audience. Instead of using the formal style of scientific research, you may find it more suitable to write in the first person and use a narrative style while documenting your details of the research process.

However, this does not forbid using an academic writing style, which undeniably enhances the credibility of a report. According to Johnson (2002), even though personal thoughts and observations are valued and recorded along the way, an action research report should not be written in a highly subjective manner. A personal, reflective writing style does not necessarily mean that descriptions are unfair or dishonest, but statements with value judgments, highly charged language, and emotional buzzwords are best avoided.

Furthermore, documenting every detail used in the process of research does not necessitate writing a lengthy report. The purpose of giving sufficient details is to let other practitioners trace your train of thought, learn from your examples, and possibly be able to duplicate your steps of research. This is why writing a clear report that does not bore or confuse your readers is essential.

Lastly, You May Ask, Why Do We Bother to Even Write an Action Research Report?

It sounds paradoxical that while practitioners tend to have a great deal of knowledge at their disposal, often they do not communicate their insights to others. Take education as an example: It is both regrettable and regressive if every teacher, no matter how professional he or she might be, only teaches in the way they were taught and fails to understand what their peer teachers know about their practice. Writing an action research report provides you with the chance to reflect upon your own practice, make substantiated claims linking research to action, and document action and ideas as they take place. The results can then be kept, both for the sake of your own future reference, and to also make the most of your insights through the act of sharing with your professional peers.

Feldman, A., & Weiss, T. (n.d.). Suggestions for writing the action research report . Retrieved from http://people.umass.edu/~afeldman/ARreadingmaterials/WritingARReport.html

Johnson, A. P. (2002). A short guide to action research . Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Marrow, A. J. (1969). The practical theorist: The life and work of Kurt Lewin . New York, NY: Basic Books.

Tiffany Ip is a lecturer at Hong Kong Baptist University. She gained a PhD in neurolinguistics after completing her Bachelor’s degree in psychology and linguistics. She strives to utilize her knowledge to translate brain research findings into practical classroom instruction.

Action Research Proposal

Oct 01, 2014

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Eleanor Hamilton EDU:671/Fundamentals of Educational Research Kathy Hoover November 25, 2013. Action Research Proposal. Introduction.

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• research project
• early assessments
• impacts early assessments
• head start impact study

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Eleanor Hamilton EDU:671/Fundamentals of Educational Research Kathy Hoover November 25, 2013 Action Research Proposal

Introduction • It is true that the “concern with assessment in the early childhood field is not new. Decades of debate are summarized in the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) publication Reaching Potentials:Appropriate Curriculum and Assessment for Young Children (Bredekamp and Rosegrant (1992). This research project intends to show that early assessments in preschool do have an impact on the preschool child.

Area of focus • The purpose of this study is to show •   What impacts early assessments have • on preschool children?

Methodology • All children were recruited through letters of invitation sent to parents or guardians through their classroom teachers. Parents returned signed consent forms and provided demographic information about their children. Assessments were conducted on an individual basis in classrooms or in spaces close to the classrooms. All assessments were administered by the teachers within the first 30 days of school starting.

Literature Review • Love (2010) stated “Overall, averaging across all program • sites and all childrenand families in the sample, Early Head Start • programs showed significant impacts on a wide range of child and • parent outcomes when the children were 2 and 3 years old. • Love (2010) further stated “The positive program impacts appeared • early and the magnitude of the impactsremained relatively • constant from age 2 to age 5”.

Literature Review cont. • According to the Head Start Impact Study. Final Report (Puma, Bell, Cook, Heid, Shapiro, Broene, & ... Westat, I. c.,2010) Which used several different characteristics to establish that impacts from head start and preschools were significant greater than those of the children that did not attend and get the early access to school. • This reports validates the claim that children that attend preschool and head start programs do better in school. The study also followed some of the children to the third grade.

Explanation of Problem • The observations that led to my interest in this action research project were found after reviewing the current data from the children that had been assessed versus the children that had not been assessed. The data showed that the children that were assessed early and had a developmental plan showed significant progress in their developmental growth. It also showed that the children that had not been assessed lacked in certain skills; this caused a great concern for me because some of the child had not yet been assessed. This could also hinder the referral process for intervention

Variables • a. The defined factors were preschool ages children of diverse backgrounds. • b. A couple of the learners were English Language Learners and needed to have some things translated for them. • c. The children’s scores from the assessments were defined and showed if they needed to be reassessed or referred for further services.

Research Questions • What do the teachers do once the assessment questionnaire is completed? • How is the information used to help the student advance to the next stage? • How are the results recorded to show progress?

Locus of control • In this research the teacher has full locus of control because it is her classroom and she can maneuver around to make sure we are able to observe the child in many of the domains.

Intervention • The intervention would be to make the referrals for the child to provide them with the necessary services once the assessment has been completed.

Group membership • The group members on my team consist of two head teachers, three assistant teachers • and myself. We will each be responsible for collecting certain data related to the project. • The first team member is in charge of passing out and collecting the surveys. The second member is going to assign the numbers and keep track of who is doing what. The third member is going to chart the data. • The fourth member is going to input the data and the fifth member is going to follow the progress of each child

Negotiations • The only negotiations was that were needed was that before we involved any student in the research we had to make that we had parental consent and would inform them of how the research was coming along twice throughout the school year. The months agreed on would be December and April.

Ethical Guidelines • Ethical issue are very important and they come in the form of… Informed Consent • Freedom from harm • Anonymity • Confidentiality

Timeline • The timeline for this research project will take place from September to May. • Phase 1- First 45 days from the start date the Developmental Profile is completed • and scored September/October. Results recorded • Phase 2- Second Developmental Profile completed February/March. • Results recorded • Phase 3 Third Developmental Profile completed and charted/May. Final scored recorded.

Statement of resources • The resources for the research project were provided by the agency. They included the paper, computer, charts, index cards and the staff. Since all of this was already at the site there were additional resources needed.

Data Collection • Through the school year the team will be collecting data three different times. • Fro three different data assessment tools. This will be done to see the progress that is being made by the students. The assessments tools will include: • Ages & Stages 3 Questionnaire • Ages & Stages Social/Emotional Questionnaire • Desired Results Developmental Profile (2010)

Data Analysis • The data analysis will help me to determine if there should another form of early assessments for the start of school and if there needs to be another form of intervention. • I am hopeful that the method that we are currently using will be adequate and we will be able to continuing with the method we are using.

Conclusion • As first stated children that attend preschool are able to get that intervention early. For example if they need help with their language development it will be detected from the assessments. Or if they need social/ emotional intervention referrals will be generated to get them the necessary help. This research shows that if young children are allowed to be assessed early the help is there for them. The studies are proof that early intervention is the key. Parents should not be afraid of getting their children the help they need once they enter preschool.

References • Love, J. M., & Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, (. (2010). Effects of Early Head Start Prior to Kindergarten • Entry: The Importance of Early Experience. Society For Research On Educational Effectiveness, • http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED514662 • National Association for the Education of Young Children and National Association of Early • Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education (2003). Early Childhood • Curriculum, Assessment, and Program Evaluation: Building an Effective,Accountable • System in Programs for Children Birth through Age 8. Washington, DC: Authors. Available • Retrieved from http://www.naeyc.org/resources/position_statements/pscape.asp • Pretti-Frontczak, K., Kowalski, K., & Brown, R. (2002). Preschool Teachers' Use of Assessments and Curricula: A • Statewide Examination. Exceptional Children, 69(1), 109-23. Retrieved from • http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewe

References • Puma, M., Bell, S., Cook, R., Heid, C., Shapiro, G., Broene, P., & Westat, I. c. (2010). Head Start Impact Study. Final • Report. Administration For Children & Families, Retrieved from • http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED507845 • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (1979). Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of • research. The Belmont Report. Retrieved from • http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html • Krause, N. (2002). A comprehensive strategy for developing closed-ended survey items for use • in studies of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. 57B (5), S263-74. Retrieved from

References • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (1979). Ethical principles and guidelines for the • protection of human subjects of research. The Belmont Report. Retrieved from • http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html • `Krause, N. (2002). A comprehensive strategy for developing closed-ended survey items for use • in studies of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. 57B (5), S263-74. Retrieved from • http://search.proquest.com/docview/210139262?accountid=32521

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Top 10 Student Research Proposal Examples with Templates and Samples

Are you struggling with crafting an appealing student research proposal ? Research shows that an estimated 6 of 10 students face difficulties in writing proposals at least initially - often leading to stress (Edu Survey Insights 2022).

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What is a student research proposal.

Student research proposals are formal documents outlining a research project or study proposed by students, which serve as blueprints for their research project or study. A good proposal includes sections such as research question/hypothesis, literature review, design methods for data collection, timeline, timeline projection and timeline plan. A well-crafted student research proposal clarifies research objectives while showing knowledge and providing guidance for conducting the study. It may serve as the basis for seeking approval, funding or academic supervision of the study.

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Sample research proposals serve as models or templates of research proposal documents to demonstrate how to effectively structure and present research projects. They also act as guides, providing researchers with information regarding expected formats and content requirements of proposals for research projects. Sample proposals are invaluable tools that provide a clear framework for outlining research objectives, methodologies, literature reviews and timelines. Researchers can use these sample proposals as guides when crafting their proposals to ensure they adhere to established standards and best practices. Although sample research proposals must always be customized specifically for a research project's requirements, these sample research proposals serve as applicable starting points.

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An effective research proposal typically comprises seven components.

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• Introduction: This section introduces the research problem, its context, and the significance of the study. It sets the stage for your proposal.
• Literature Review: Existing research on the topic under consideration is reviewed and analyzed to demonstrate any gaps or knowledge deficits needed by this proposed research project.
• Research Objectives or Questions: Your objectives or questions for the study must be clear. Outline what you want to accomplish or investigate through your investigation.
• Methodology: Provide an in-depth and organized account of the research methods, data collection techniques, and analytic procedures you plan to employ in this section. 
• Significance and Contributions: Detail your research's potential repercussions and contributions regarding relevance and importance to its field.
• Referencing: Please alphabetically list all sources and references used within your proposal using an established style (APA or MLA).

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• What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples

What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples

Published on January 27, 2023 by Tegan George . Revised on January 12, 2024.

Table of contents

Types of action research, action research models, examples of action research, action research vs. traditional research, advantages and disadvantages of action research, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about action research.

There are 2 common types of action research: participatory action research and practical action research.

• Participatory action research emphasizes that participants should be members of the community being studied, empowering those directly affected by outcomes of said research. In this method, participants are effectively co-researchers, with their lived experiences considered formative to the research process.
• Practical action research focuses more on how research is conducted and is designed to address and solve specific issues.

Both types of action research are more focused on increasing the capacity and ability of future practitioners than contributing to a theoretical body of knowledge.

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Action research is often reflected in 3 action research models: operational (sometimes called technical), collaboration, and critical reflection.

• Operational (or technical) action research is usually visualized like a spiral following a series of steps, such as “planning → acting → observing → reflecting.”
• Collaboration action research is more community-based, focused on building a network of similar individuals (e.g., college professors in a given geographic area) and compiling learnings from iterated feedback cycles.
• Critical reflection action research serves to contextualize systemic processes that are already ongoing (e.g., working retroactively to analyze existing school systems by questioning why certain practices were put into place and developed the way they did).

Action research is often used in fields like education because of its iterative and flexible style.

After the information was collected, the students were asked where they thought ramps or other accessibility measures would be best utilized, and the suggestions were sent to school administrators. Example: Practical action research Science teachers at your city’s high school have been witnessing a year-over-year decline in standardized test scores in chemistry. In seeking the source of this issue, they studied how concepts are taught in depth, focusing on the methods, tools, and approaches used by each teacher.

Action research differs sharply from other types of research in that it seeks to produce actionable processes over the course of the research rather than contributing to existing knowledge or drawing conclusions from datasets. In this way, action research is formative , not summative , and is conducted in an ongoing, iterative way.

As such, action research is different in purpose, context, and significance and is a good fit for those seeking to implement systemic change.

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Action research comes with advantages and disadvantages.

• Action research is highly adaptable , allowing researchers to mold their analysis to their individual needs and implement practical individual-level changes.
• Action research provides an immediate and actionable path forward for solving entrenched issues, rather than suggesting complicated, longer-term solutions rooted in complex data.
• Done correctly, action research can be very empowering , informing social change and allowing participants to effect that change in ways meaningful to their communities.

Disadvantages

• Due to their flexibility, action research studies are plagued by very limited generalizability  and are very difficult to replicate . They are often not considered theoretically rigorous due to the power the researcher holds in drawing conclusions.
• Action research can be complicated to structure in an ethical manner . Participants may feel pressured to participate or to participate in a certain way.
• Action research is at high risk for research biases such as selection bias , social desirability bias , or other types of cognitive biases .

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

Action research is conducted in order to solve a particular issue immediately, while case studies are often conducted over a longer period of time and focus more on observing and analyzing a particular ongoing phenomenon.

Action research is focused on solving a problem or informing individual and community-based knowledge in a way that impacts teaching, learning, and other related processes. It is less focused on contributing theoretical input, instead producing actionable input.

Action research is particularly popular with educators as a form of systematic inquiry because it prioritizes reflection and bridges the gap between theory and practice. Educators are able to simultaneously investigate an issue as they solve it, and the method is very iterative and flexible.

A cycle of inquiry is another name for action research . It is usually visualized in a spiral shape following a series of steps, such as “planning → acting → observing → reflecting.”

Sources in this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

George, T. (2024, January 12). What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 27, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/action-research/

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research methods in education (8th edition). Routledge.

Naughton, G. M. (2001).  Action research (1st edition). Routledge.

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Free Research Proposal Presentation Template

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The free research proposal presentation template is designed to help researchers effectively communicate their project ideas to an audience, whether for academic review, funding applications, or collaborative partnerships. This research proposal presentation has 21 modern slides that are fully editable you can change fonts, color schemes, and bullet points to enhance readability and maintain the audience's interest. This presentation is compatible with PowerPoint, Google Slides & Canva. Download our free research proposal presentation template and make your research stand out and shine brightly in any academic or professional setting. Get it FREE!

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Writing a Research Proposal

The slide shows guides the novice researchers the pathway and steps that how to write synopsis/research paper.

Related Papers

JOHN KARANJA, PhD , Dr. John Karanja

research proposal is a comprehensive plan for a research project. It is a written description of a research plan that has to be undertaken. It determines the specific areas of research, states the purpose, scope, methodology, overall organization and limitations of the study. It also estimates its requirements for equipment (if necessary), finance and possible personnel.

S Vasantha Kumari

A research proposal is a written document specifying what a researcher intends to study and written before beginning the research which communicate research problem and proposed methods of solving it. A research proposal should be built on a concrete plan to conduct academic or scientific research. Types of proposals include internal, external, solicited, unsolicited, preproposals, continuation or non-competing and renewal or competing. Purpose of a Research Proposal is to convince the organization and readers .Characteristics need to be based on attention, interest, desire and action. Qualities of good proposal include specific scope, realistic nature, appropriate credentials, fulfill needs, beneficial, short and simple. Need for good preparation of proposal is vital in formulating proposal, assisting researcher and improving the research quality. Functions of Proposal consists to synthesize critical thinking, clarifies own thinking, refine proposed research, communicate ideas, open thinking and negotiation between researcher and involved parties. Basic composition of Proposal needs a beginning, middle and an end. Typical proposal format includes title, abstract, introduction, background, preliminary studies, research methodology, budget, curriculum vitae for principal investigators, appendix and human subjects. Proposal development strategies and writing tips includes use of outline , listings, visuals, forecasting , internal summaries , significant issues , sequencing components , review , edit , proof read , avoiding overkill point and errors. Proposals are turned down when problems are trivial, complex, nebulous, diffuse without clear aim, lack of sufficient evidence, imagination and originality.

Nelleke Bak

Some practical steps to consider when developing a research proposal

Education India: A Quarterly Refereed Journal of Dialogues on Education

Shubham kumar Sanu , Vishwa Raj Sharma , Dr Mukesh Kumar , Smriti Shreya

Writing a research proposal for an early career researcher is one of the toughest part of research work. A research proposal is a blueprint to conduct research work and a well-structured proposal provides smooth functioning for the proposed research. Generally, young researchers face various types of problem in structuring a good research proposal in absence of proper guidelines, steps and strategies. This paper aims to provide a general guideline to the students and researchers to develop a wellstructured research proposal for the purpose of PhD/dissertation/research projects, etc. The concept and significance of a research proposal, how to start research work, the process of producing and appropriate sections for a good research proposal has been discussed in great detail.

S M Mukarram Jahan

A research proposal is a serious statement that addresses a researcher’s intent to conduct a study on a phenomenon and a plan about how to perform the research. Students usually undertake research under the guidance of a supervisor from faculty in tandem with assistance and supervision of other faculty members. Thus, the proposal should be a clear statement of intent that aims at elucidating the plan of research to make it feasible and acceptable for all parties concerned. The most essential characteristic of a research proposal is that it should be sufficient to present the researcher’s idea or question and expected outcomes with clarity and definition (the what). It should also make a case for the reason the researcher’s focus of study is significant and the value that it will bring to the discipline under study (the why).

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Research Project Proposal

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