These guidelines represent a desirable standard for the presentation and publication of data on Respiratory Distress in the Neonate following maternal immunization to allow for comparability of data, and are recommended as an addition to data presented for the specific study question and setting. Additionally, it is recommended to refer to existing general guidelines for the presentation and publication of randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology (e.g. statements of Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), of Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (QUORUM), and of meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE), respectively) [57] , [58] , [59] .
Although immunization safety surveillance systems denominator data are usually not readily available, attempts should be made to identify approximate denominators. The source of the denominator data should be reported and calculations of estimates be described (e.g. manufacturer data like total doses distributed, reporting through Ministry of Health, coverage/population based data, etc.).
The findings, opinions and assertions contained in this consensus document are those of the individual scientific professional members of the working group. They do not necessarily represent the official positions of each participant’s organization (e.g., government, university, or corporation). Specifically, the findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their respective institutions.
The authors are grateful for the support and helpful comments provided by the Brighton Collaboration and the reference group (see https://brightoncollaboration.org/public/what-we-do/setting-standards/case-definitions/groups.html for reviewers), as well as other experts consulted as part of the process. The authors are also grateful to Jan Bonhoeffer, Jorgen Bauwens of the Brighton Collaboration Secretariat and Sonali Kochhar of Global Healthcare Consulting for final revisions of the final document. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the Global Alignment of Immunization Safety Assessment in Pregnancy (GAIA) project, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation – United States.
3 If the reporting center is different from the vaccinating center, appropriate and timely communication of the adverse event should occur.
4 The date and/or time of onset is defined as the time post immunization, when the first sign or symptom indicative of Respiratory Distress in the Neonate occurred. This may only be possible to determine in retrospect.
5 The date and/or time of first observation of the first sign or symptom indicative of Respiratory Distress in the Neonate can be used if date/time of onset is not known.
6 The date of diagnosis of an episode is the day post immunization when the event met the case definition at any level.
7 The end of an episode is defined as the time the event no longer meets the case definition at the lowest level of the definition.
8 E.g. recovery to pre-immunization health status, spontaneous resolution, therapeutic intervention, persistence of the event, sequelae, death.
9 An AEFI is defined as serious by international standards if it meets one or more of the following criteria: 1) it results in death, 2) is life-threatening, 3) it requires inpatient hospitalization or results in prolongation of existing hospitalization, 4) results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, 5) is a congenital anomaly/birth defect, 6) is a medically important event or reaction.
10 To determine the appropriate category, the user should first establish, whether a reported event meets the criteria for the lowest applicable level of diagnostic certainty. If the lowest applicable level of diagnostic certainty of the definition is met, and there is evidence that the criteria of the next higher level of diagnostic certainty are met, the event should be classified in the next category. This approach should be continued until the highest level of diagnostic certainty for a given event could be determined. If the lowest level of the case definition is not met, it should be ruled out that any of the higher levels of diagnostic certainty are met and the event should be classified in additional categories four or five.
11 If the evidence available for an event is insufficient because information is missing, such an event should be categorized as “Reported Respiratory Distress in the Neonate with insufficient evidence to meet the case definition”.
12 An event does not meet the case definition if investigation reveals a negative finding of a necessary criterion (necessary condition) for diagnosis. Such an event should be rejected and classified as “Not a case of Respiratory Distress in the Neonate”.
13 Use of this document should preferably be referenced by referring to the respective link on the Brighton Collaboration website ( http://www.brightoncollaboration.org ).
Appendix A Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.046 .
Sep 23, 2014
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Neonatal Jaundice. Neonatal Ward Dr. Ziyu Hua. Classification of neonatal jaundice. Physiological jaundice. Pathological jaundice. Etiology of physiological jaundice. In the first few days after birth, haemoglobulin concentration falls rapidly.
Neonatal Jaundice Neonatal Ward Dr. Ziyu Hua
Classification of neonatal jaundice Physiological jaundice Pathological jaundice
Etiology of physiological jaundice In the first few days after birth, haemoglobulin concentration falls rapidly. Red cell life span of newborn infants is 70 days which is much shorter than that of adults(120 days). Hepatic bilirubin metabolism is less efficiency.
Jaundice is important as A sign of another disorder, e.g. infection, hemolysis Kernicterus: a severe complication of neonatal jaundice, indirect bilirubin (UB) deposited in the brain (basal ganglia).
Warning There are no bilirubin levels which are known to be safe or which will definitely cause kernicterus. Infants who experience severe hypoxia, hypothermia or any serious illness may be susceptible to damage from hyperbilirubinemia.
Severity of jaundice The jaundice starts on the head and face, spreads down the trunk and limbs. How to measure: Observation by eye: blanching the skin Transcutaneous jaundice meter Blood sample: minibilirubin meter
Gestation Preterm infants may be damaged by a lower bilirubin level than term infants. Age from birth is important, higher tolerance with increasing age.
Rate of change Rate of rise tends to be linear until reaching plateau. Rapid rise with increasing harm. Serial measurement of serum bilirubin, suitable intervention when necessary.
Etiology of pathological jaundice Age of onset is a useful guide to likely cause of jaundice. Within 24 hrs During 24 hrs to 2 wks After 2 wks
Jaundice within 24 hrs of age Hemolytic disorders: UB, rise rapidly, high level Rhesus hemolytic disease: jaundice, anemia, hydrops, hepatosplenomegaly; antenatal identify, fetal therapy. ABO incompatibility: less severe, more common, slight or without anemia, peak in the first 12—72hrs. G6PD deficiency: epidemiology; some drugs, infection, hypoxia.
Jaundice within 24 hrs of age Hemolytic disorders Spherocytosis: less common, family history; spherocytes found on the blood film. Congenital infection: conjugated bilirubin, other abnormal clinical signs.
Jaundice at 24 hrs to 2 wks of age Physiological jaundice Infection: unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia; abnormal metabolism of bilirubin; pneumonia, sepsis, hepatitis, urinary tract infection. Other causes: bruising, polycythaemia (venous hematocrit >65%); Crigler-Najjar syndrome (inherited deficiency of enzyme glucuronyl transferase)
Jaundice at 24 hrs to 2 wks of age Breast milk jaundice: prolonged, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia; unknown cause; declined bilirubin with interruption of breast-feeding; may be harmless. It is unnecessary to stop breast-feeding when breast milk jaundice is diagnosed.
Jaundice at >2 wks of age(persistent) Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Infection, particularly of urinary tract. Congenital hypothyroidism: neonatal biochemical screening; clinical manifestations (constipation, dry skin, coarse facies, hypotonia) Breast milk jaundice: most common, 15% affected; disappears by 3-4 wks of age.
Jaundice at >2 wks of age(persistent) Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Neonatal hepatitis syndrome(TORCH), biliary atresia; Dark urine and unpigmented pale stools; Biliary atresia should be diagnosed as soon as possible.
Management No study could prove that supplement with water or dextrose solution would reduce jaundice. Effective treatments: Phototherapy, intense phototherapy Exchange transfusion
Phototherapy Overhead light, blanket, and both of them Blue light: wavelength 450nm, visible Photodegradation: UB is converted into a water-soluble pigment, harmless, excreted in urine Side effects: Uncomfortable eyes, retinal damage in animal, dehydration, rash, diarrhoea, abnormal temperature Phototherapy should not be used indiscriminately.
Exchange transfusion(ET) Indications: Bilirubin rises to the dangerous level; Continues to rise above the recommended level in spite of intensive phototherapy. Transfusion via: cord vessels, peripheral vessels Blood volume: twice infant’s blood volume It should be consider seriously whether to use ET.
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NEONATAL JAUNDICE. Y. K. Abu-Osba MD Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan. TRANSPORT OF BILIRUBIN IN PLASMA. Unconjugated bilirubin binds to albumin in a 2:1 molar ratio. Organic anions take % of binding sites.
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Neonatology Neonatal Jaundice. Contents. Billirubin metabolism in normal neonates Special problems in neonates The diseases in relation with Neonatal Jaundice Dangerous of the Hyperbillirubinemia. Normal Billirubin Metabolism in neonates. ineffective erythropoiesis. liver.
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Definition . JAUNDICE: yellowish discoloration of skin, sclera and mucus membraneResults from accumulation of un conjugated bilirubin pigment in the skin occur in 60% of term infant and 80% of preterm infant.. Bilirubin production . Bilirubin is a product of heme catabolism. Approximately 80 to 90%
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NEONATAL JAUNDICE. Outline. Introduction Definition Epidemiology Bilirubin metabolism Aetiopathogenesis /Types Clinical features Evaluation of a jaundiced neonate Management Complications Surgical/ C holestatic jaundice. Introduction.
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Neonatal jaundice. BILIRUBIN METABOLISM. 1-Bilirubin production. 2-Transport in blood. 3-Hepatocellular uptake. 4-Intracellular transport in hepatocytes. 5-Conjugation with glucuronic acid. 6-Secretion into bile ducts. 7- Intestinal metabolism. 8- Renal excretion of bilirubin
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characteristic. The word 'Jaundice' is derived from the French word 'Jaune' meaning yellow.Jaundice is the yellowish discolouration of the skin caused by an increase of bilirubin in the blood.Neonatal jaundice is jaundice that occurs within the first month of baby's life.It is a very common and occurs in 50% of babies in the first week of life.
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Neonatal Jaundice Hyperbilirubinemia. Fred Hill, MA, RRT. Neonatal Jaundice. What is Bilirubin?. End product of catabolism of iron protoporphyrin (heme) Primarily from circulating hemoglobin 75% from erythrocytes 25% from heme in liver enzymes. Why in Newborns?.
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Neonatal Jaundice. Ruben Bromiker Department of Neonatology Shaare Zedek Medical Center. Physiologic Jaundice. Healthy infants up to 12mg% in 3rd day; in premature, 5th day. No hemolysis or bleedings No underlying metabolic disease. Mechanism. Production: Volemia,
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Neonatal Jaundice. Visible form of bilirubinemia Adult sclera >2mg / dl Newborn skin >5 mg / dl Occurs in 60% of term and 80% of preterm neonates However, significant jaundice occurs in 6 % of term babies. Bilirubin metabolism. Hb → globin + haem 1g Hb = 34mg bilirubin.
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Neonatal jaundice (N.Hyperbilirubinemia). Bilirubin metabolism:. RBCs destructions Hb which catabolized in RES by hemeoxygenase enzyme. Biliverdin + Co Unconjucated bilirubin (indirect, lipid soluble) by bilverdin reductase enzyme. Bind to the albumin in the circulation
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Journal of Medical Case Reports volume 18 , Article number: 376 ( 2024 ) Cite this article
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Intussusception with intestinal malrotation is termed as Waugh’s syndrome. The incidence of Waugh’s syndrome is less than 1%. There are very few reported cases. Once presented, it is a pediatric surgical emergency.
We present here two cases of Waugh’s syndrome: an 11-month-old male patient of Punjabi descent and a 4-month-old female patient of Afghan descent who presented to us with abdominal pain and bleeding per rectum. Abdominal sonography revealed an intussusception with a target sign. They were explored and perioperatively had intestinal malrotation alongside intussusception, thus a diagnosis of Waugh’s syndrome was made. A right hemicolectomy and Ladd’s procedure was performed.
Waugh syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly but can present with vague abdominal symptoms. Once presented, it is a pediatric surgical emergency. The patient should be optimized followed by surgical exploration.
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Intussusception is a surgical emergency in which part of the gut telescopes into an adjacent part of the intestine [ 1 ]. It mostly occurs in the age range of 3 months to 3 years but can rarely occur in any age group. Patients usually present with a complaint of colicky abdominal pain with in-drawing of legs, red-currant jelly stool, and in some cases abdominal mass. Intussusception can be primary, where no lead point is observed, or secondary, due to a lead point. Waugh’s syndrome is the association of intussusception with intestinal malrotation [ 2 ]. Although intussusception is one of the most common causes of pediatric intestinal obstruction, there are very few reports on Waugh’s syndrome. It was first reported in 1911 by George E. Waugh and named after him by Brereton et al. in their study [ 7 ]. The incidence of Waugh’s syndrome is less than 1% in pediatric population [ 3 ]. Nonoperative management of intussusception may have masked many cases of Waugh’s syndrome, owing to which data on this anomaly are scarce; to date, very few cases have been reported in literature [ 4 ].
We report herein two cases of Waugh’s syndrome where the patient was diagnosed, operated upon, and managed at our facility. Both had uneventful postoperative course and were discharged home with instructions and remained on follow-up.
An 11-month-old male child of Punjabi descent presented to us with complaint of loose stool from last 5 days followed by excessive crying with in-drawing of legs and nongreenish vomiting from the last day with history of reflux since 3 months of life, for which he had multiple visits to local clinics and symptoms improved, and history of previous exploration for intussusception at 5 months of age. Perioperatively, previous exploration showed ileocecocolic intussusception with edematous terminal ileum; manual reduction of intussusception and appendectomy was performed (Fig. 1 ).
Waugh syndrome with intraluminal cyst
On examination, the patient’s vital signs were stable with soft abdomen and no distention, there was mild tenderness; on digital rectal examination, the patient passed watery stool with mucoid discharge.
X-ray of the abdomen was done and showed dilated gut loops, and ultrasound showed intussusception. The patient was explored following resuscitation, and basic laboratory investigations and perioperative ileocecocolic intussusception was found, which was reduced manually; on reduction, a cecal mass was observed with clear fluid in it, which might have acted as a lead point, hence a limited right hemicolectomy was performed with anastomosis and specimen was sent for histopathology. Perioperatively, duodenojujenal junction was also observed to be on right side, hence Ladd’s procedure was performed for intestinal malrotation. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged home on the sixth postoperative day with instructions and called for follow-up.
A 4-month-old female child of Afghani descent presented with history of loose stool from the last 10 days, per-rectal bleed from last 6 days, and something coming out of anus (prolapsed intussusceptum) from last 3 days, and also vomiting from last 3 days, which initially contained milk but later turned greenish. As the patient presented from a rural area where proper medical facilities were not available and owing to nonaffordability, the patient presented very late. There was no previous significant medical or surgical history.
On examination, the patient was very sick-looking, dehydrated with tachycardia and hypotension, immediate resuscitation was started, and we were able to optimize the patient for surgery. Basic laboratory investigations were carried out, and blood was arranged; as history and clinical examination was enough, we did not send the patient for ultrasound or X-ray, and the patient was explored (Fig. 2 ). Perioperative findings were ileocecocolic intussusception extending up to distal third transverse colon with gangrenous distal 13 cm of ileum and cecum, ascending colon perforated up to transverse colon, hence right extended hemicolectomy and end-to-end anastomosis was done.
Waugh syndrome with transanal prolapsing intussusception
Duodenojujenal junction was also observed to be on right side, and Ladd’s procedure was also performed. Postoperatively, the patient remained admitted for 5 days. He was allowed oral intake after gut functions returned, followed by discharge with instructions. He remained on follow-up.
Waugh’s syndrome is the combination of intussusception with intestinal malrotation, first reported in 1911 by George E. Waugh regarding three patients who presented with such. Brereton later found that 40% of his patients presenting with intussusception had duodenojujenal flexure on right side (15 out of 37) and thus named the syndrome after Waugh, giving it the name of Waugh’s syndrome [ 5 ]. The pathophysiology behind it is nonfixed cecum and ascending colon in children with malrotation, which provides an easy target to act as intussusception.
The age range of intussusception with or without malrotation is mostly between between 3 months and 3 years, but it can present in any age group, as Waugh’s syndrome has been reported in neonatal-age and school-age children too. The patients reported herein are also in the same age group as most others reported, that is, 11 months and 4 months [ 6 ].
The treatment of choice in Waugh’s syndrome is manual reduction of intussusception plus straightening of gut and division of bands with widening of mesentery, but our reported cases presented with rare problems [ 7 ]. The first case, where the patient was 11 months old, was a male child who presented with recurrence of intussusception, thus not being an ideal candidate for nonsurgical management; we explored the patient and following manual reduction found cystic mass within cecum, which might previously have acted as a lead point, hence we carried out a limited hemicolectomy, removing a small part of the terminal ileum, cecum, and part of ascending colon, thus removing the lead point to limit further such episodes, and sent the specimen for histopathology. The other case also had an unusual presentation: a transanal prolapsing intussusception. He was also operated upon, with a laparotomy being performed. Peroperative findings showed ileocecocolic intussusception extending up to distal third of transverse colon with gangrenous distal 13 cm of ileum and cecum, and ascending colon perforated, thus a right hemicolectomy was performed [ 8 ].
Whenever a case of Waugh’s syndrome presents, it is deemed a surgical and diagnostic dilemma [ 9 ]. Owing to advancements in imaging technology and surgical knowledge, we have become wise regarding nonsurgical management for intussusception, but one should still bear Waugh’s syndrome in mind for patients presenting with intussusception, as many cases go unnoticed because of this, while radiologists should be informed about also looking for malrotation in patients with intussusception to prevent recurrence [ 10 ].
Waugh syndrome is a rare anomaly but can present with vague abdominal symptoms. Once presented, it is a pediatric surgical emergency. The patient should be optimized followed by surgical exploration.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request to corresponding author.
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Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad/Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
Mansoor Ahmed, Murad Habib, Rafee Raza Ahmad & Muhammad Amjad Chaudhary
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Concept of study: MA, MH. Acquisition of data: HM, RR. Writing and drafting: MA, MH. Supervision: MAC.
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Ahmed, M., Habib, M., Memon, H. et al. Presentations of Waugh’s syndrome:intra-luminal cecal cyst and trans-anal prolapsing intussusception: a case report. J Med Case Reports 18 , 376 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-024-04701-1
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Background Intussusception with intestinal malrotation is termed as Waugh's syndrome. The incidence of Waugh's syndrome is less than 1%. There are very few reported cases. Once presented, it is a pediatric surgical emergency. Case presentation We present here two cases of Waugh's syndrome: an 11-month-old male patient of Punjabi descent and a 4-month-old female patient of Afghan descent ...