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17 Data Visualization Techniques All Professionals Should Know

• 17 Sep 2019

There’s a growing demand for business analytics and data expertise in the workforce. But you don’t need to be a professional analyst to benefit from data-related skills.

Becoming skilled at common data visualization techniques can help you reap the rewards of data-driven decision-making , including increased confidence and potential cost savings. Learning how to effectively visualize data could be the first step toward using data analytics and data science to your advantage to add value to your organization.

Several data visualization techniques can help you become more effective in your role. Here are 17 essential data visualization techniques all professionals should know, as well as tips to help you effectively present your data.

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What Is Data Visualization?

Data visualization is the process of creating graphical representations of information. This process helps the presenter communicate data in a way that’s easy for the viewer to interpret and draw conclusions.

There are many different techniques and tools you can leverage to visualize data, so you want to know which ones to use and when. Here are some of the most important data visualization techniques all professionals should know.

Data Visualization Techniques

The type of data visualization technique you leverage will vary based on the type of data you’re working with, in addition to the story you’re telling with your data .

Here are some important data visualization techniques to know:

• Gantt Chart
• Box and Whisker Plot
• Waterfall Chart
• Scatter Plot
• Pictogram Chart
• Highlight Table
• Bullet Graph
• Choropleth Map
• Network Diagram
• Correlation Matrices

1. Pie Chart

Pie charts are one of the most common and basic data visualization techniques, used across a wide range of applications. Pie charts are ideal for illustrating proportions, or part-to-whole comparisons.

Because pie charts are relatively simple and easy to read, they’re best suited for audiences who might be unfamiliar with the information or are only interested in the key takeaways. For viewers who require a more thorough explanation of the data, pie charts fall short in their ability to display complex information.

2. Bar Chart

The classic bar chart , or bar graph, is another common and easy-to-use method of data visualization. In this type of visualization, one axis of the chart shows the categories being compared, and the other, a measured value. The length of the bar indicates how each group measures according to the value.

One drawback is that labeling and clarity can become problematic when there are too many categories included. Like pie charts, they can also be too simple for more complex data sets.

3. Histogram

Unlike bar charts, histograms illustrate the distribution of data over a continuous interval or defined period. These visualizations are helpful in identifying where values are concentrated, as well as where there are gaps or unusual values.

Histograms are especially useful for showing the frequency of a particular occurrence. For instance, if you’d like to show how many clicks your website received each day over the last week, you can use a histogram. From this visualization, you can quickly determine which days your website saw the greatest and fewest number of clicks.

4. Gantt Chart

Gantt charts are particularly common in project management, as they’re useful in illustrating a project timeline or progression of tasks. In this type of chart, tasks to be performed are listed on the vertical axis and time intervals on the horizontal axis. Horizontal bars in the body of the chart represent the duration of each activity.

Utilizing Gantt charts to display timelines can be incredibly helpful, and enable team members to keep track of every aspect of a project. Even if you’re not a project management professional, familiarizing yourself with Gantt charts can help you stay organized.

5. Heat Map

A heat map is a type of visualization used to show differences in data through variations in color. These charts use color to communicate values in a way that makes it easy for the viewer to quickly identify trends. Having a clear legend is necessary in order for a user to successfully read and interpret a heatmap.

There are many possible applications of heat maps. For example, if you want to analyze which time of day a retail store makes the most sales, you can use a heat map that shows the day of the week on the vertical axis and time of day on the horizontal axis. Then, by shading in the matrix with colors that correspond to the number of sales at each time of day, you can identify trends in the data that allow you to determine the exact times your store experiences the most sales.

6. A Box and Whisker Plot

A box and whisker plot , or box plot, provides a visual summary of data through its quartiles. First, a box is drawn from the first quartile to the third of the data set. A line within the box represents the median. “Whiskers,” or lines, are then drawn extending from the box to the minimum (lower extreme) and maximum (upper extreme). Outliers are represented by individual points that are in-line with the whiskers.

This type of chart is helpful in quickly identifying whether or not the data is symmetrical or skewed, as well as providing a visual summary of the data set that can be easily interpreted.

7. Waterfall Chart

A waterfall chart is a visual representation that illustrates how a value changes as it’s influenced by different factors, such as time. The main goal of this chart is to show the viewer how a value has grown or declined over a defined period. For example, waterfall charts are popular for showing spending or earnings over time.

8. Area Chart

An area chart , or area graph, is a variation on a basic line graph in which the area underneath the line is shaded to represent the total value of each data point. When several data series must be compared on the same graph, stacked area charts are used.

This method of data visualization is useful for showing changes in one or more quantities over time, as well as showing how each quantity combines to make up the whole. Stacked area charts are effective in showing part-to-whole comparisons.

9. Scatter Plot

Another technique commonly used to display data is a scatter plot . A scatter plot displays data for two variables as represented by points plotted against the horizontal and vertical axis. This type of data visualization is useful in illustrating the relationships that exist between variables and can be used to identify trends or correlations in data.

Scatter plots are most effective for fairly large data sets, since it’s often easier to identify trends when there are more data points present. Additionally, the closer the data points are grouped together, the stronger the correlation or trend tends to be.

10. Pictogram Chart

Pictogram charts , or pictograph charts, are particularly useful for presenting simple data in a more visual and engaging way. These charts use icons to visualize data, with each icon representing a different value or category. For example, data about time might be represented by icons of clocks or watches. Each icon can correspond to either a single unit or a set number of units (for example, each icon represents 100 units).

In addition to making the data more engaging, pictogram charts are helpful in situations where language or cultural differences might be a barrier to the audience’s understanding of the data.

11. Timeline

Timelines are the most effective way to visualize a sequence of events in chronological order. They’re typically linear, with key events outlined along the axis. Timelines are used to communicate time-related information and display historical data.

Timelines allow you to highlight the most important events that occurred, or need to occur in the future, and make it easy for the viewer to identify any patterns appearing within the selected time period. While timelines are often relatively simple linear visualizations, they can be made more visually appealing by adding images, colors, fonts, and decorative shapes.

12. Highlight Table

A highlight table is a more engaging alternative to traditional tables. By highlighting cells in the table with color, you can make it easier for viewers to quickly spot trends and patterns in the data. These visualizations are useful for comparing categorical data.

Depending on the data visualization tool you’re using, you may be able to add conditional formatting rules to the table that automatically color cells that meet specified conditions. For instance, when using a highlight table to visualize a company’s sales data, you may color cells red if the sales data is below the goal, or green if sales were above the goal. Unlike a heat map, the colors in a highlight table are discrete and represent a single meaning or value.

13. Bullet Graph

A bullet graph is a variation of a bar graph that can act as an alternative to dashboard gauges to represent performance data. The main use for a bullet graph is to inform the viewer of how a business is performing in comparison to benchmarks that are in place for key business metrics.

In a bullet graph, the darker horizontal bar in the middle of the chart represents the actual value, while the vertical line represents a comparative value, or target. If the horizontal bar passes the vertical line, the target for that metric has been surpassed. Additionally, the segmented colored sections behind the horizontal bar represent range scores, such as “poor,” “fair,” or “good.”

14. Choropleth Maps

A choropleth map uses color, shading, and other patterns to visualize numerical values across geographic regions. These visualizations use a progression of color (or shading) on a spectrum to distinguish high values from low.

Choropleth maps allow viewers to see how a variable changes from one region to the next. A potential downside to this type of visualization is that the exact numerical values aren’t easily accessible because the colors represent a range of values. Some data visualization tools, however, allow you to add interactivity to your map so the exact values are accessible.

15. Word Cloud

A word cloud , or tag cloud, is a visual representation of text data in which the size of the word is proportional to its frequency. The more often a specific word appears in a dataset, the larger it appears in the visualization. In addition to size, words often appear bolder or follow a specific color scheme depending on their frequency.

Word clouds are often used on websites and blogs to identify significant keywords and compare differences in textual data between two sources. They are also useful when analyzing qualitative datasets, such as the specific words consumers used to describe a product.

16. Network Diagram

Network diagrams are a type of data visualization that represent relationships between qualitative data points. These visualizations are composed of nodes and links, also called edges. Nodes are singular data points that are connected to other nodes through edges, which show the relationship between multiple nodes.

There are many use cases for network diagrams, including depicting social networks, highlighting the relationships between employees at an organization, or visualizing product sales across geographic regions.

17. Correlation Matrix

A correlation matrix is a table that shows correlation coefficients between variables. Each cell represents the relationship between two variables, and a color scale is used to communicate whether the variables are correlated and to what extent.

Correlation matrices are useful to summarize and find patterns in large data sets. In business, a correlation matrix might be used to analyze how different data points about a specific product might be related, such as price, advertising spend, launch date, etc.

Other Data Visualization Options

While the examples listed above are some of the most commonly used techniques, there are many other ways you can visualize data to become a more effective communicator. Some other data visualization options include:

• Bubble clouds
• Circle views
• Dendrograms
• Dot distribution maps
• Open-high-low-close charts
• Polar areas
• Radial trees
• Ring Charts
• Sankey diagram
• Span charts
• Streamgraphs
• Wedge stack graphs
• Violin plots

Tips For Creating Effective Visualizations

Creating effective data visualizations requires more than just knowing how to choose the best technique for your needs. There are several considerations you should take into account to maximize your effectiveness when it comes to presenting data.

Related : What to Keep in Mind When Creating Data Visualizations in Excel

One of the most important steps is to evaluate your audience. For example, if you’re presenting financial data to a team that works in an unrelated department, you’ll want to choose a fairly simple illustration. On the other hand, if you’re presenting financial data to a team of finance experts, it’s likely you can safely include more complex information.

Another helpful tip is to avoid unnecessary distractions. Although visual elements like animation can be a great way to add interest, they can also distract from the key points the illustration is trying to convey and hinder the viewer’s ability to quickly understand the information.

Finally, be mindful of the colors you utilize, as well as your overall design. While it’s important that your graphs or charts are visually appealing, there are more practical reasons you might choose one color palette over another. For instance, using low contrast colors can make it difficult for your audience to discern differences between data points. Using colors that are too bold, however, can make the illustration overwhelming or distracting for the viewer.

Related : Bad Data Visualization: 5 Examples of Misleading Data

Visuals to Interpret and Share Information

No matter your role or title within an organization, data visualization is a skill that’s important for all professionals. Being able to effectively present complex data through easy-to-understand visual representations is invaluable when it comes to communicating information with members both inside and outside your business.

There’s no shortage in how data visualization can be applied in the real world. Data is playing an increasingly important role in the marketplace today, and data literacy is the first step in understanding how analytics can be used in business.

Are you interested in improving your analytical skills? Learn more about Business Analytics , our eight-week online course that can help you use data to generate insights and tackle business decisions.

This post was updated on January 20, 2022. It was originally published on September 17, 2019.

About the Author

Mastering the Art of Presenting Data in PowerPoint

Presenting data in PowerPoint is easy. However, making it visually appealing and effective takes more time and effort. It’s not hard to bore your audience with the same old data presentation formats. So, there is one simple golden rule: Make it not boring.

When used correctly, data can add weight, authority, and punch to your message. It should support and highlight your ideas, making a concept come to life. But this begs the question: How to present data in PowerPoint?

After talking to our 200+ expert presentation designers, I compiled information about their best-kept secrets to presenting data in PowerPoint. 

Below, I’ll show our designers ' favorite ways to add data visualization for global customers and their expert tips for making your data shine. Read ahead and master the art of data visualization in PowerPoint!

Feel free to explore sections to find what's most useful!

How to present data in PowePoint: a step-by-step guide

Creative ways to present data in powerpoint.

• Tips for data visualization

Seeking to optimize your presentations? – 24Slides designers have got you covered!

How you present your data can make or break your presentation. It can make it stand out and stick with your audience, or make it fall flat from the go.

It’s not enough to just copy and paste your data into a presentation slide. Luckily, PowerPoint has many smart data visualization tools! You only need to put in your numbers, and PowerPoint will work it up for you.

Follow these steps, and I guarantee your presentations will level up!

1. Collect your data

First things first, and that is to have all your information ready. Especially for long business presentations, there can be a lot of information to consider when working on your slides. Having it all organized and ready to use will make the whole process much easier to go through.

Consider where your data comes from, whether from research, surveys, or databases. Make sure your data is accurate, up-to-date, and relevant to your presentation topic.

Your goal will be to create clear conclusions based on your data and highlight trends.

2. Know your audience

Knowing who your audience is and the one thing you want them to get from your data is vital. If you don’t have any idea where to start, you can begin with these key questions:

• What impact do you want your data to make on them?
• Is the subject of your presentation familiar to them?
• Are they fellow sales professionals?
• Are they interested in the relationships in the data you’re presenting?

By answering these, you'll be able to clearly understand the purpose of your data. As a storyteller, you want to capture your audience’s attention.

3. Choose a data visualization option

One key to data visualization in PowerPoint is being aware of your choices and picking the best one for your needs. This depends on the type of data you’re trying to showcase and your story.

When showcasing growth over time, you won’t use a spider chart but a line chart. If you show percentages, a circle graph will probably work better than a timeline. As you can see, knowing how to work with charts, graphs, and tables can level up your presentation.

Later, we’ll review some of the most common tools for data visualization in PowerPoint. This will include what these graphs and charts are best for and how to make the most of each. So read ahead for more information about how to present data in PowerPoint!

4. Be creative!

PowerPoint can assist with creating graphs and charts, but it's up to you to perfect them. Take into account that PowerPoint has many options. So, don't be afraid to think outside the box when presenting your data.

To enhance your presentation design, try out different color schemes, fonts, and layouts. Add images, icons, and visual elements to highlight your ideas.

If this sounds complicated to you, there's no need to worry. At the end of this article, you’ll find some easy tips for upgrading your data visualization design!

At this point, you might wonder: what is the best way to present data in PowerPoint? Well, let me tell you: it's all about charts. To accomplish a polished presentation, you must use charts instead of words. When visualizing quantitative data, a picture is worth a thousand words.

Based on +10 years of expertise, we've identified key chart types and creative ways to work with them. Let's delve into each one!

Line Charts

Line charts are a classic, which can make them boring. However, if done correctly, they can be striking and effective. But where does their popularity come from? Here's the answer: Line charts work great to show changes over time.

Another critical difference is that line charts are accumulative. For example, you can join them to a column chart to show different data at a glance. They allow data visualization effectively, making it easier to figure out.

To make the most of them, mastering how to work with line charts is essential. But there is good news: you will have a lot of freedom to customize them!

Download our Free Line Chart Template here .

Bar and column charts

Bar and column charts are another classic choice. Again, they are simple and great for comparing different categories. They organize them around two axes: one shows numbers, and the other shows what we want to compare.

But when should you use a bar chart or a column chart? A bar chart is better when comparing different categories and having long labels. A column chart, on the other hand, is better if you have a few categories and want to show changes over time.

You also have the waterfall option, which is perfect for highlighting the difference between gains and losses. It also adds a dynamic touch to your presentation!

Unsure how to implement these charts? Here's how to add a bar or a column chart in PowerPoint.

Download our Bar and Column Chart Template here .

Venn diagram

Venn diagrams are definitely something to consider when discussing data visualization—even if its focus is not quantitative data! Venn diagrams are best for showcasing similarities and differences between two (or more) categories or products. 

By using overlapping circles, you can quickly and easily see common features between separate ideas. The shared space of the circles shows what is the same between the groups. However, items in the outer parts of each circle show what isn’t a common trait.

They make complex relationships easy to understand. Now, you only need to know how to create a Venn diagram in PowerPoint —quite simple!

Download our Free Venn Diagram Template here .

Pie charts are a great way to show different percentages of a whole. They immediately identify the largest and smallest values. This means that they are great options for drawing attention to differences between one group and another.

However, many people misuse pie charts by overpacking them. As a rule, keep the chart to six or fewer sections. That way, the data is striking, not confusing. Then, make the pie chart your own with small, individual details and designs.

Once again, the powerful presentation of data is in simplicity.

Are you considering incorporating it into your presentation? Here’s how to easily add a pie chart in PowerPoint.

Download our Free Pie Chart Template here .

Bubble Charts

Bubble charts playfully present data in an incredibly visual way. But, what makes them so unique? It's easy: they show different values through varying circle sizes.

Squeezed together, the circles also show a holistic viewpoint. Bigger bubbles catch the eye, while small bubbles illustrate how the data breaks down into smaller values. ¿The result? A presentation of data in a visual form.

It can be one of the most graphic ways to represent the spending distribution. For example, you can instantly see your biggest costs or notice how important finances are getting lost in a sea of bubbles. This quick analysis can be incredibly handy.

Download our Free Bubble Chart Template here .

Maps are the go-to solution for presenting geographic information . They help put data in a real-world context. You usually take a blank map and use color for the important areas.

Blocks, circles, or shading represent value. Knowing where certain data is can be crucial. A consistent color scheme makes it easy to show how valuable each section is.

They also work great when paired with other forms of data visualization. For example, you can use pie charts to provide information about offices in different cities around the world or bar charts to compare revenue in different locations.

Download our Free World Map Template here .

If you want to display chronological data, you must use a timeline. It’s the most effective and space-efficient way to show time passage.

They make it easy for your audience to understand the sequence of events with clear and concise visuals.

You can use timelines to show your company’s history or significant events that impacted your business. Like maps, you can easily mix them with other types of data visuals. This characteristic allows you to create engaging presentations that tell a comprehensive story.

At this point, it's a matter of understanding how to add a timeline correctly in PowerPoint . Spoiler: it's incredibly easy.

Download our Free Timeline Chart Template here .

Flowcharts, like timelines, represent a succession of events. The main difference is that timelines have determined start and finish points and specific dates. Flowcharts, on the other hand, show the passing from one step to the next.

They are great for showing processes and info that need to be in a specific order. They can also help you communicate cause-and-effect information in a visually engaging way.

Their best feature is that (unlike timelines) they can also be circular, meaning this is a recurrent process. All you need now is to become familiar with creating a flowchart in PowerPoint .

Download our Free Flowchart Template here .

5 Tips for data visualization in PowerPoint

Knowing how to present data in PowerPoint presentations is not hard, but it takes time to master it. After all, practice makes perfect!

I've gathered insights from our 200+ expert designers , and here are the top five tips they suggest for enhancing your data presentations!

1. Keep it simple

Don’t overload your audience with information. Let the data speak for itself. If you write text below a chart, keep it minimalist and highlight the key figures. The important thing in a presentation is displaying data in a clear and digestible way.

Put all the heavy facts and figures in a report, but never on a PowerPoint slide.

You can even avoid charts altogether to keep it as simple as possible. And don't get me wrong. We've already covered that charts are the way to go for presenting data in PowerPoint, but there are a few exceptions.

This begs the question: when shouldn't you use charts in PowerPoint? The answer is quite short. If your data is simple or doesn't add much value to your presentation, you might want to skip using charts.

2. Be original

One of the best ways to make your data impactful is originality. Take time to think about how you could present information uniquely. Think of a whole new concept and play around with it. Even if it’s not yet perfect, people will appreciate the effort to be original.

Experiment with creative ways to present your data, adding storytelling techniques , unique design elements, or interactive features. This approach can make the data more appealing and captivating for your audience.

You can even mix up how to present data in PowerPoint. Instead of just one format, consider using two different types of data presentation on a single slide. For instance, try placing a bar chart on the left and a pie chart showcasing different data on the right.

3. Focus on your brand

Keeping your presentation on-brand can genuinely make you stand out from the crowd! Even if you just focus on your brand’s color scheme, it will make your presentation look more polished and professional. 

Have fun experimenting with data visualization tools to ensure they match your company’s products and services. What makes you different from others?

Add your brand's style into your visualization to ensure brand consistency and recognition. Use colors, fonts, and logos aligned with your company's image.

You can even make a presentation that more subtly reflects your brand. Think of what values you want to associate with your company and how you can display these in your presentation design.

4. Highlight key information

Not distracting your audience nicely brings us to our third point: Highlight key information. Being detailed and informative is important, but grabbing and keeping the audience's attention is crucial.

Presenting numbers in PowerPoint can be difficult, but it doesn’t must be. Make your audience listen to the bigger message of your words, not just the exact details. All the smaller particulars can be confirmed later.

Your listeners don’t want to know the facts and figures to the nearest decimal. They want the whole number, which is easy to spot and understand.

The meaning of the number is more important than its numerical value. Is it high or low? Positive or negative? Good or bad for business? These are the questions to which you want the answers to be clear.

Using colors is an excellent way to work with this. Colors are also a great visual tool to showcase contrast. For example, when you're working on a graph to display your revenue, you can showcase expenses in red and earnings in green. This kind of color-coding will make your data visualization clear from first sight!

5. Use Templates!

Presentation templates can be your best friend when you want to present data effectively in PowerPoint.

They offer pre-designed layouts and styles that can ensure consistency throughout your presentation. Templates allow you to adjust colors, fonts, and layouts to match your branding or personal preferences.

Microsoft Office has its own library of templates, but you can also find some pretty amazing ones online. Take some extra time to search and pick one that truly fits your needs and brand. 

¿The good news? Our Templates by 24Slides platform has hundreds of PowerPoint chart templates, all completely free for you to use . You can even download different templates and mix and match slides to make the perfect deck. All are entirely editable, so you can add your own data and forget about design.

If you liked the look of some examples in this article, you might be in luck! Most are part of these, and you can also find them on our Templates platform.

In this article, I've shown why knowing how to present data efficiently in PowerPoint is crucial. Data visualization tools are a must to ensure your message is clear and that it sticks with your audience.

However, achieving results that really stand out could be a huge challenge for beginners.  So, If you want to save time and effort on the learning curve of presenting data in PowerPoint, you can always trust professionals!

With 10+ years of experience and more than 200 designers worldwide, we are the world’s largest presentation design company across the globe.

24Slides' professional PowerPoint designers work with businesses worldwide, helping them transform their presentations from ‘okay’ to ‘spectacular.’ With each presentation, we're crafting a powerful tool to captivate audiences and convey messages effectively!

Looking to boost your PowerPoint game? Check out this content:

• PowerPoint 101: The Ultimate Guide for Beginners
• How to Create the Perfect B2B Sales Presentation
• The Ultimate Brand Identity Presentation Guide [FREE PPT Template]
• 7 Essential Storytelling Techniques for your Business Presentation
• The Cost of PowerPoint Presentations: Discover the hidden expenses you might overlook!

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Blog Graphic Design What is Data Visualization? (Definition, Examples, Best Practices)

What is Data Visualization? (Definition, Examples, Best Practices)

Written by: Midori Nediger Jun 05, 2020

Words don’t always paint the clearest picture. Raw data doesn’t always tell the most compelling story. 

The human mind is very receptive to visual information. That’s why data visualization is a powerful tool for communication.    

But if “data visualization” sounds tricky and technical don’t worry—it doesn’t have to be. 

This guide will explain the fundamentals of data visualization in a way that anyone can understand. Included are a ton of examples of different types of data visualizations and when to use them for your reports, presentations, marketing, and more.

Table of Contents

• What is data visualization?

What is data visualization used for?

Types of data visualizations.

• How to present data visually  (for businesses, marketers, nonprofits, and education)
• Data visualization examples

Data visualization is used everywhere. 

Businesses use data visualization for reporting, forecasting, and marketing. 

CREATE THIS REPORT TEMPLATE

Nonprofits use data visualizations to put stories and faces to numbers. 

Source:  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Scholars and scientists use data visualization to illustrate concepts and reinforce their arguments.

CREATE THIS MIND MAP TEMPLATE

Reporters use data visualization to show trends and contextualize stories. 

While data visualizations can make your work more professional, they can also be a lot of fun.

What is data visualization? A simple definition of data visualization:

Data visualization is the visual presentation of data or information. The goal of data visualization is to communicate data or information clearly and effectively to readers. Typically, data is visualized in the form of a chart , infographic , diagram or map. 

The field of data visualization combines both art and data science. While a data visualization can be creative and pleasing to look at, it should also be functional in its visual communication of the data. 

Data, especially a lot of data, can be difficult to wrap your head around. Data visualization can help both you and your audience interpret and understand data. 

Data visualizations often use elements of visual storytelling to communicate a message supported by the data. 

There are many situations where you would want to present data visually. 

Data visualization can be used for:

• Making data engaging and easily digestible
• Identifying trends and outliers within a set of data
• Telling a story found within the data
• Reinforcing an argument or opinion
• Highlighting the important parts of a set of data

Let’s look at some examples for each use case.

1. Make data digestible and easy to understand

Often, a large set of numbers can make us go cross-eyed. It can be difficult to find the significance behind rows of data. 

Data visualization allows us to frame the data differently by using illustrations, charts, descriptive text, and engaging design. Visualization also allows us to group and organize data based on categories and themes, which can make it easier to break down into understandable chunks. 

Related : How to Use Data Visualization in Your Infographics

For example, this infographic breaks down the concept of neuroplasticity in an approachable way:

Source: NICABM

The same goes for complex, specialized concepts. It can often be difficult to break down the information in a way that non-specialists will understand. But an infographic that organizes the information, with visuals, can demystify concepts for novice readers.

CREATE THIS INFOGRAPHIC TEMPLATE

NEW! Introducing: Marketing Statistics Report 2022

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2. Identify trends and outliers

If you were to sift through raw data manually, it could take ages to notice patterns, trends or outlying data. But by using data visualization tools like charts, you can sort through a lot of data quickly. 

Even better, charts enable you to pick up on trends a lot quicker than you would sifting through numbers.

For example, here’s a simple chart generated by Google Search Console that shows the change in Google searches for “toilet paper”. As you can see, in March 2020 there was a huge increase in searches for toilet paper:

Source: How to Use SEO Data to Fuel Your Content Marketing Strategy in 2020

This chart shows an outlier in the general trend for toilet paper-related Google searches. The reason for the outlier? The outbreak of COVID-19 in North America. With a simple data visualization, we’ve been able to highlight an outlier and hint at a story behind the data. 

Uploading your data into charts, to create these kinds of visuals is easy. While working on your design in the editor, select a chart from the left panel. Open the chart and find the green IMPORT button under the DATA tab. Then upload the CSV file and your chart automatically visualizes the information. 

3. Tell a story within the data

Numbers on their own don’t tend to evoke an emotional response. But data visualization can tell a story that gives significance to the data. 

Designers use techniques like color theory , illustrations, design style and visual cues to appeal to the emotions of readers, put faces to numbers, and introduce a narrative to the data. 

Related : How to Tell a Story With Data (A Guide for Beginners)

For example, here’s an infographic created by World Vision. In the infographics, numbers are visualized using illustrations of cups. While comparing numbers might impress readers, reinforcing those numbers with illustrations helps to make an even greater impact. 

Source: World Vision

Meanwhile, this infographic uses data to draw attention to an often overlooked issue:

Read More:  The Coronavirus Pandemic and the Refugee Crisis

4. Reinforce an argument or opinion

When it comes to convincing people your opinion is right, they often have to see it to believe it. An effective infographic or chart can make your argument more robust and reinforce your creativity. 

For example, you can use a comparison infographic to compare sides of an argument, different theories, product/service options, pros and cons, and more. Especially if you’re blending data types.

5. Highlight an important point in a set of data

Sometimes we use data visualizations to make it easier for readers to explore the data and come to their own conclusions. But often, we use data visualizations to tell a story, make a particular argument, or encourage readers to come to a specific conclusion. 

Designers use visual cues to direct the eye to different places on a page. Visual cues are shapes, symbols, and colors that point to a specific part of the data visualization, or that make a specific part stand out.

For example, in this data visualization, contrasting colors are used to emphasize the difference in the amount of waste sent to landfills versus recycled waste:

Here’s another example. This time, a red circle and an arrow are used to highlight points on the chart where the numbers show a drop: 

Highlighting specific data points helps your data visualization tell a compelling story.

6. Make books, blog posts, reports and videos more engaging

At Venngage, we use data visualization to make our blog posts more engaging for readers. When we write a blog post or share a post on social media, we like to summarize key points from our content using infographics. 

The added benefit of creating engaging visuals like infographics is that it has enabled our site to be featured in publications like The Wall Street Journal , Mashable , Business Insider , The Huffington Post and more. 

That’s because data visualizations are different from a lot of other types of content people consume on a daily basis. They make your brain work. They combine concrete facts and numbers with impactful visual elements. They make complex concepts easier to grasp. 

Here’s an example of an infographic we made that got a lot of media buzz:

Read the Blog Post: Every Betrayal Ever in Game of Thrones

We created this infographic because a bunch of people on our team are big Game of Thrones fans and we wanted to create a visual that would help other fans follow the show. Because we approached a topic that a lot of people cared about in an original way, the infographic got picked up by a bunch of media sites. 

Whether you’re a website looking to promote your content, a journalist looking for an original angle, or a creative building your portfolio, data visualizations can be an effective way to get people’s attention.

Data visualizations can come in many different forms. People are always coming up with new and creative ways to present data visually. 

Generally speaking, data visualizations usually fall under these main categories:

An infographic is a collection of imagery, charts, and minimal text that gives an easy-to-understand overview of a topic. 

While infographics can take many forms, they can typically be categorized by these infographic types:

• Statistical infographics
• Informational infographics
• Timeline infographics
• Process infographics
• Geographic infographics
• Comparison infographics
• Hierarchical infographics
• List infographics
• Resume infographics

Read More: What is an Infographic? Examples, Templates & Design Tips

Charts 

In the simplest terms, a chart is a graphical representation of data. Charts use visual symbols like line, bars, dots, slices, and icons to represent data points. 

Some of the most common types of charts are:

• Bar graphs /charts
• Line charts
• Bubble charts
• Stacked bar charts
• Word clouds
• Pictographs
• Area charts
• Scatter plot charts
• Multi-series charts

The question that inevitably follows is: what type of chart should I use to visualize my data? Does it matter?

Short answer: yes, it matters. Choosing a type of chart that doesn’t work with your data can end up misrepresenting and skewing your data. 

For example: if you’ve been in the data viz biz for a while, then you may have heard some of the controversy surrounding pie charts. A rookie mistake that people often make is using a pie chart when a bar chart would work better. 

Pie charts display portions of a whole. A pie chart works when you want to compare proportions that are substantially different. Like this:

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But when your proportions are similar, a pie chart can make it difficult to tell which slice is bigger than the other. That’s why, in most other cases, a bar chart is a safer bet.

Here is a cheat sheet to help you pick the right type of chart for your data:

Want to make better charts? Make engaging charts with Venngage’s Chart Maker .

Related : How to Choose the Best Types of Charts For Your Data

Similar to a chart, a diagram is a visual representation of information. Diagrams can be both two-dimensional and three-dimensional. 

Some of the most common types of diagrams are:

• Venn diagrams
• Tree diagrams
• SWOT analysis
• Fishbone diagrams
• Use case diagrams

Diagrams are used for mapping out processes, helping with decision making, identifying root causes, connecting ideas, and planning out projects.

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Want to make a diagram ? Create a Venn diagram and other visuals using our free Venn Diagram Maker .

A map is a visual representation of an area of land. Maps show physical features of land like regions, landscapes, cities, roads, and bodies of water. 

Source: National Geographic

A common type of map you have probably come across in your travels is a choropleth map . Choropleth maps use different shades and colors to indicate average quantities. 

For example, a population density map uses varying shades to show the difference in population numbers from region to region:

Create your own map for free with Venngage’s Map Maker .

How to present data visually (data visualization best practices)

While good data visualization will communicate data or information clearly and effectively, bad data visualization will do the opposite. Here are some practical tips for how businesses and organizations can use data visualization to communicate information more effectively. 

Not a designer? No problem. Venngage’s Graph Maker  will help you create better graphs in minutes.

1. Avoid distorting the data

This may be the most important point in this whole blog post. While data visualizations are an opportunity to show off your creative design chops, function should never be sacrificed for fashion. 

The chart styles, colors, shapes, and sizing you use all play a role in how the data is interpreted. If you want to present your data accurately and ethically, then you need to take care to ensure that your data visualization does not present the data falsely. 

There are a number of different ways data can be distorted in a chart. Some common ways data can be distorted are:

• Making the baselines something other than 0 to make numbers seem bigger or smaller than they are – this is called “truncating” a graph
• Compressing or expanding the scale of the Y-axis to make a line or bar seem bigger or smaller than it should be
• Cherry picking data so that only the data points you want to include are on a graph (i.e. only telling part of the story)
• Using the wrong type of chart, graph or diagram for your data
• Going against standard, expected data visualization conventions

Because people use data visualizations to reinforce their opinions, you should always read data visualizations with a critical eye. Often enough, writers may be using data visualization to skew the data in a way that supports their opinions, but that may not be entirely truthful.

Read More: 5 Ways Writers Use Graphs To Mislead You

Want to create an engaging line graph? Use Venngage’s Line Graph Maker to create your own in minutes.

2. Avoid cluttering up your design with “chartjunk”

When it comes to best practices for data visualization, we should turn to one of the grandfather’s of data visualization: Edward Tufte. He coined the term “ chartjunk ”, which refers to the use of unnecessary or confusing design elements that skews or obscures the data in a chart. 

Here’s an example of a data visualization that suffers from chartjunk:

Source: ExcelUser

In this example, the image of the coin is distracting for readers trying to interpret the data. Note how the fonts are tiny – almost unreadable. Mistakes like this are common when a designers tries to put style before function. 

Read More : The Worst Infographics of 2020 (With Lessons for 2021)

3. Tell a story with your data

Data visualizations like infographics give you the space to combine data and narrative structure in one page. Visuals like icons and bold fonts let you highlight important statistics and facts.

For example, you could customize this data visualization infographic template to show the benefit of using your product or service (and post it on social media):

USE THIS TEMPLATE

  This data visualization relies heavily on text and icons to tell the story of its data:

This type of infographic is perfect for those who aren’t as comfortable with charts and graphs. It’s also a great way to showcase original research, get social shares and build brand awareness.

4. Combine different types of data visualizations

While you may choose to keep your data visualization simple, combining multiple types of charts and diagrams can help tell a more rounded story.

Don’t be afraid to combine charts, pictograms and diagrams into one infographic. The result will be a data visualization infographic that is engaging and rich in visual data.

Design Tip: This data visualization infographic would be perfect for nonprofits to customize and include in an email newsletter to increase awareness (and donations).

Or take this data visualization that also combines multiple types of charts, pictograms, and images to engage readers. It could work well in a presentation or report on customer research, customer service scores, quarterly performance and much more:

Design Tip: This infographic could work well in a presentation or report on customer research, customer service scores, quarterly performance and much more.

Make your own bar graph in minutes with our free Bar Graph Maker .

5. Use icons to emphasize important points

Icons are perfect for attracting the eye when scanning a page. (Remember: use visual cues!)

If there are specific data points that you want readers to pay attention to, placing an icon beside it will make it more noticeable:

Design Tip: This infographic template would work well on social media to encourage shares and brand awareness.

You can also pair icons with headers to indicate the beginning of a new section.

Meanwhile, this infographic uses icons like bullet points to emphasize and illustrate important points. 

Design Tip: This infographic would make a great sales piece to promote your course or other service.  

6. Use bold fonts to make text information engaging

A challenge people often face when setting out to visualize information is knowing how much text to include. After all, the point of data visualization is that it presents information visually, rather than a page of text. 

Even if you have a lot of text information, you can still create present data visually. Use bold, interesting fonts to make your data exciting. Just make sure that, above all else, your text is still easy to read.

This data visualization uses different fonts for the headers and body text that are bold but clear. This helps integrate the text into the design and emphasizes particular points:

Design Tip: Nonprofits could use this data visualization infographic in a newsletter or on social media to build awareness, but any business could use it to explain the need for their product or service. 

As a general rule of thumb, stick to no more than three different font types in one infographic.

This infographic uses one font for headers, another font for body text, and a third font for accent text. 

Read More: How to Choose Fonts For Your Designs (With Examples)

Design Tip: Venngage has a library of fonts to choose from. If you can’t find the icon you’re looking for , you can always request they be added. Our online editor has a chat box with 24/7 customer support.

7. Use colors strategically in your design

In design, colors are as functional as they are fashionable. You can use colors to emphasize points, categorize information, show movement or progression, and more. 

For example, this chart uses color to categorize data:

Design Tip : This pie chart can actually be customized in many ways. Human resources could provide a monthly update of people hired by department, nonprofits could show a breakdown of how they spent donations and real estate agents could show the average price of homes sold by neighbourhood.

You can also use light colored text and icons on dark backgrounds to make them stand out. Consider the mood that you want to convey with your infographic and pick colors that will reflect that mood. You can also use contrasting colors from your brand color palette.

This infographic template uses a bold combination of pinks and purples to give the data impact:

Read More: How to Pick Colors to Captivate Readers and Communicate Effectively

8. Show how parts make up a whole

It can be difficult to break a big topic down into smaller parts. Data visualization can make it a lot easier for people to conceptualize how parts make up a whole.

Using one focus visual, diagram or chart can convey parts of a whole more effectively than a text list can. Look at how this infographic neatly visualizes how marketers use blogging as part of their strategy:

Design Tip: Human resources could use this graphic to show the results of a company survey. Or consultants could promote their services by showing their success rates.

Or look at how this infographic template uses one focus visual to illustrate the nutritional makeup of a banana:

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9. Focus on one amazing statistic

If you are preparing a presentation, it’s best not to try and cram too many visuals into one slide. Instead, focus on one awe-inspiring statistic and make that the focus of your slide.

Use one focus visual to give the statistic even more impact. Smaller visuals like this are ideal for sharing on social media, like in this example:

Design Tip: You can easily swap out the icon above (of Ontario, Canada) using Venngage’s drag-and-drop online editor and its in-editor library of icons. Click on the template above to get started.

This template also focuses on one key statistic and offers some supporting information in the bar on the side:

10. Optimize your data visualization for mobile

Complex, information-packed infographics are great for spicing up reports, blog posts, handouts, and more. But they’re not always the best for mobile viewing. 

To optimize your data visualization for mobile viewing, use one focus chart or icon and big, legible font. You can create a series of mobile-optimized infographics to share multiple data points in a super original and attention-grabbing way.

For example, this infographic uses concise text and one chart to cut to the core message behind the data:

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Some amazing data visualization examples

Here are some of the best data visualization examples I’ve come across in my years writing about data viz. 

Evolution of Marketing Infographic

Graphic Design Trends Infographic

Stop Shark Finning Nonprofit Infographic

Source: Ripetungi

Coronavirus Impact on Environment Data Visualization

What Disney Characters Tell Us About Color Theory

World’s Deadliest Animal Infographic

Source: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

The Secret Recipe For a Viral Creepypasta

Read More: Creepypasta Study: The Secret Recipe For a Viral Horror Story

The Hero’s Journey Infographic

Read More: What Your 6 Favorite Movies Have in Common

Emotional Self Care Guide Infographic

Source: Carley Schweet

Want to look at more amazing data visualization? Read More: 50+ Infographic Ideas, Examples & Templates for 2020 (For Marketers, Nonprofits, Schools, Healthcare Workers, and more)

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Visual Presentation

Main characteristics

• main purpose: communication
• The information to be communicated is clear/defined upfront
• goal is clear
• developer/designer knows what is important
• user not actively involved
• highly specialized
• little interaction
• user: inform

see also: Visual Exploration , Visual Analysis .

• [Keim et al., 2006] Keim, D.A.; Mansmann, F. and Schneidewind, J. and Ziegler, H., Challenges in Visual Data Analysis, Proceedings of Information Visualization (IV 2006), IEEE, p. 9-16, 2006.
• [Tominski, 2006] Christian Tominski, Event-Based Visualization for User-Centered Visual Analysis, PhD Thesis, Institute for Computer Science, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, forthcoming 2006.

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A Guide to Effective Data Presentation

Key objectives of data presentation, charts and graphs for great visuals, storytelling with data, visuals, and text, audiences and data presentation, the main idea in data presentation, storyboarding and data presentation, additional resources, data presentation.

Tools for effective data presentation

Financial analysts are required to present their findings in a neat, clear, and straightforward manner. They spend most of their time working with spreadsheets in MS Excel, building financial models , and crunching numbers. These models and calculations can be pretty extensive and complex and may only be understood by the analyst who created them. Effective data presentation skills are critical for being a world-class financial analyst .

It is the analyst’s job to effectively communicate the output to the target audience, such as the management team or a company’s external investors. This requires focusing on the main points, facts, insights, and recommendations that will prompt the necessary action from the audience.

One challenge is making intricate and elaborate work easy to comprehend through great visuals and dashboards. For example, tables, graphs, and charts are tools that an analyst can use to their advantage to give deeper meaning to a company’s financial information. These tools organize relevant numbers that are rather dull and give life and story to them.

Here are some key objectives to think about when presenting financial analysis:

• Visual communication
• Audience and context
• Charts, graphs, and images
• Focus on important points
• Design principles
• Storytelling
• Persuasiveness

For a breakdown of these objectives, check out Excel Dashboards & Data Visualization course to help you become a world-class financial analyst.

Charts and graphs make any financial analysis readable, easy to follow, and provide great data presentation. They are often included in the financial model’s output, which is essential for the key decision-makers in a company.

The decision-makers comprise executives and managers who usually won’t have enough time to synthesize and interpret data on their own to make sound business decisions. Therefore, it is the job of the analyst to enhance the decision-making process and help guide the executives and managers to create value for the company.

When an analyst uses charts, it is necessary to be aware of what good charts and bad charts look like and how to avoid the latter when telling a story with data.

Examples of Good Charts

As for great visuals, you can quickly see what’s going on with the data presentation, saving you time for deciphering their actual meaning. More importantly, great visuals facilitate business decision-making because their goal is to provide persuasive, clear, and unambiguous numeric communication.

For reference, take a look at the example below that shows a dashboard, which includes a gauge chart for growth rates, a bar chart for the number of orders, an area chart for company revenues, and a line chart for EBITDA margins.

To learn the step-by-step process of creating these essential tools in MS Excel, watch our video course titled “ Excel Dashboard & Data Visualization .”  Aside from what is given in the example below, our course will also teach how you can use other tables and charts to make your financial analysis stand out professionally.

Learn how to build the graph above in our Dashboards Course !

Example of Poorly Crafted Charts

A bad chart, as seen below, will give the reader a difficult time to find the main takeaway of a report or presentation, because it contains too many colors, labels, and legends, and thus, will often look too busy. It also doesn’t help much if a chart, such as a pie chart, is displayed in 3D, as it skews the size and perceived value of the underlying data. A bad chart will be hard to follow and understand.

Aside from understanding the meaning of the numbers, a financial analyst must learn to combine numbers and language to craft an effective story. Relying only on data for a presentation may leave your audience finding it difficult to read, interpret, and analyze your data. You must do the work for them, and a good story will be easier to follow. It will help you arrive at the main points faster, rather than just solely presenting your report or live presentation with numbers.

The data can be in the form of revenues, expenses, profits, and cash flow. Simply adding notes, comments, and opinions to each line item will add an extra layer of insight, angle, and a new perspective to the report.

Furthermore, by combining data, visuals, and text, your audience will get a clear understanding of the current situation,  past events, and possible conclusions and recommendations that can be made for the future.

The simple diagram below shows the different categories of your audience.

  This chart is taken from our course on how to present data .

Internal Audience

An internal audience can either be the executives of the company or any employee who works in that company. For executives, the purpose of communicating a data-filled presentation is to give an update about a certain business activity such as a project or an initiative.

Another important purpose is to facilitate decision-making on managing the company’s operations, growing its core business, acquiring new markets and customers, investing in R&D, and other considerations. Knowing the relevant data and information beforehand will guide the decision-makers in making the right choices that will best position the company toward more success.

External Audience

An external audience can either be the company’s existing clients, where there are projects in progress, or new clients that the company wants to build a relationship with and win new business from. The other external audience is the general public, such as the company’s external shareholders and prospective investors of the company.

When it comes to winning new business, the analyst’s presentation will be more promotional and sales-oriented, whereas a project update will contain more specific information for the client, usually with lots of industry jargon.

Audiences for Live and Emailed Presentation

A live presentation contains more visuals and storytelling to connect more with the audience. It must be more precise and should get to the point faster and avoid long-winded speech or text because of limited time.

In contrast, an emailed presentation is expected to be read, so it will include more text. Just like a document or a book, it will include more detailed information, because its context will not be explained with a voice-over as in a live presentation.

When it comes to details, acronyms, and jargon in the presentation, these things depend on whether your audience are experts or not.

Every great presentation requires a clear “main idea”. It is the core purpose of the presentation and should be addressed clearly. Its significance should be highlighted and should cause the targeted audience to take some action on the matter.

An example of a serious and profound idea is given below.

To communicate this big idea, we have to come up with appropriate and effective visual displays to show both the good and bad things surrounding the idea. It should put emphasis and attention on the most important part, which is the critical cash balance and capital investment situation for next year. This is an important component of data presentation.

The storyboarding below is how an analyst would build the presentation based on the big idea. Once the issue or the main idea has been introduced, it will be followed by a demonstration of the positive aspects of the company’s performance, as well as the negative aspects, which are more important and will likely require more attention.

Various ideas will then be suggested to solve the negative issues. However, before choosing the best option, a comparison of the different outcomes of the suggested ideas will be performed. Finally, a recommendation will be made that centers around the optimal choice to address the imminent problem highlighted in the big idea.

This storyboard is taken from our course on how to present data .

To get to the final point (recommendation), a great deal of analysis has been performed, which includes the charts and graphs discussed earlier, to make the whole presentation easy to follow, convincing, and compelling for your audience.

CFI offers the Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA)® certification program for those looking to take their careers to the next level. To keep learning and developing your knowledge base, please explore the additional relevant resources below:

• Investment Banking Pitch Books
• Excel Dashboards
• Financial Modeling Guide
• Startup Pitch Book
• See all business intelligence resources
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The Visual Communication Guy

Learn Visually. Communicate Powerfully.

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How to Design a PowerPoint: A Visual Guide to Making Slides with Impact

Home > Speaking > How to Design a PowerPoint

A quick Google Images search for “worst PowerPoint slides” proves two very clear realities: 1) anybody can create a PowerPoint; and 2) many don’t know how to do them well.

That’s understandable, though. Unless you’ve recently taken courses or training in design, data visualization, and public speaking, you likely haven’t had any more education on how to create an effective slide deck than a ten-year-old.

And you’re not alone.

Bad PowerPoints are everywhere: professor lectures, science conferences, human resources trainings, team meetings, sales review gatherings, thesis and dissertation defenses, product pitches, job interviews, you name it. Some of the brightest people in the world have created some of the most awful PowerPoints. For most, it’s just not a natural skill.

That’s unfortunate, too, because a well-designed slide deck can make a tremendous difference in the reception of the message you’re trying to convey.

To start designing excellent slide decks right away, follow my quick guide to designing better PowerPoints right after this paragraph. To get a whole workshop’s worth of information about how to design better slides, scroll below. 🙂

Click image to enlarge.

The question is, does designing a nice PowerPoint actually matter?

Well, if you’ve made it this far, you already know my opinion. But the short answer is, YES! Effective slide decks can make a HUGE difference in the outcome of your presentation. Why? Because slides—which should be used to supplement and enhance your well-prepared script (not be the presentation, as we often see in slides that are nothing more than bulleted lists)—significantly improve engagement during the presentation and recall after the presentation.

Basically, if you want people to both pay attention AND remember what you said, good slides can make all the difference. Plus, research has shown that people trust information more when it’s well-designed. In sum, good slides will cause your audience to:

• Pay attention more and stay more engaged;
• Remember the key messages from your presentation better;
• Trust you and your information more; and
• Believe you are super smart and awesome. (I mean, you already are, but good slides will seal the deal.)

Bad slides, on the other hand, are not only distracting, but they can actually damage a person’s ability to understand and follow your message.

At best, poorly designed slides will make you look less professional. At worst, they’ll encourage people to not listen to anything you have to say. Bad slides (which are caused by a whole range of things, including being too text-heavy, too busy, too inconsistent, or too color crazy, etc. [see my article on 40 Ways to Screw Up a PowerPoint Slide ]), overwhelmingly distract from your presentation.

If a slide has too much text, people try to read it and listen to you at the same time—which damages their ability to do either well. If your slides are too busy, your audience won’t be able to understand the information quick enough. If it’s ugly, well…people just tune out and ignore (and judge you, to boot).

Okay, so enough of the why . Let’s get to making better slides!

The 9 Steps to Designing a Better PowerPoint Slide

Step 1: empathize with your audience.

The term “empathy” in this context comes from a relatively new theory called “design thinking,” in which you can apply the mindset of a designer to a variety of contexts. So, whether you’re creating a toothbrush, a video game, an automobile, or…a PowerPoint, you need to be thinking a like a designer—which starts with empathy.

Empathizing with an audience is like applying the Golden Rule: present unto them as you would like to be presented to. Of course, the content of presentation itself comes first and foremost, but the design of your slides should support and enhance your content, so you’ll be thinking of your script and your slides at the same time. To begin, it’s best to start with a few concrete questions about your audience:

• Why are they there? Are they at your presentation because they want to be, or because they have to be? Is your presentation the only one of the day, or is it one of many (like at a conference)? Are they expecting to learn, be entertained, be inspired, be trained? In essence, you want to know their state of mind before coming so you can plan to accommodate that as best you can.
• Why would they care? Dig deep here. Does your audience actually care about the topic as much as you do? And…if you don’t care, why don’t you? If the topic isn’t meaningful and you can’t make it feel that way, then why even present? But…if they do care, know why they do. What will they hope for and expect out of it? What can you do to meet and exceed their expectations?
• What do they need to know? And what DON’T they? How much about your subject do they already know? Are they novices, experts, or a blend of both? Does it make more sense to break your topic into separate presentations on separate days, rather than giving it all at once? Is it focused and narrow enough to make an impact? Can you leave anything that is irrelevant out?
• What will keep them engaged? Consider your content and your big takeaways. Consider the personalities and knowledge base of the audience? What can you do to keep them engaged? Now…remember that “engaged” doesn’t mean “entertained” (though it can). If you’re a scientist presenting on bacterial infections in the liver, entertainment is obviously not appropriate. But…if you don’t engage them, they may not appreciate your research, no matter how valuable it is. What will they want to see, hear, and know and how can you display that to them in a way that will keep them interested?

Once you have clear idea about your audience’s needs and desires, you can begin to develop slides (along with the content of your script) that will give them exactly what they’re looking for rather than wasting their time (and yours).

Step 2: Define the Story

Think of your presentation as a story and you, the presenter, as an author in real time. As you deliver a presentation, you are creating the tone, setting, and plot for what happens. Your execution of the presentation will, if done right, create a climax/conflict and an important resolution. Consider how your slide development functions like the five components of a story, then write down how you plan to control (define) that story:

• The Setting. You create a mood and presence by the way you enter the room, interact with the audience, and display your title. While you may not have full control over who comes and what the room looks like, you do have relative control over the tone and ambiance and how they will react to your message. Consider the title of your presentation. Does it capture your message while also creating a buzz about your topic? Can you add a photo on the title slide that will intrigue your audience? What colors will you use? How do you plan to interact with the slides and how will you keep the audience involved?
• The Characters. You may not know all the people in the room, but you should know as much about them as possible (start with Step 1). Still, you have a way to shape their interest and engagement in this topic. Characters in this story are stakeholders. Your ultimate goal for giving should be one of three things: help them think about something in a new, meaningful way; learn something valuable they didn’t know before; and/or act as a result of what they learned. If you can’t get them to one of those three points, you’ve never really developed the characters.
• The Plot . A plot in storytelling is a series of events that build towards a conclusion. A plot needs to have direction, with clear and meaningful series of events. As you develop your script, you should be thinking about your rhetorical progression of ideas—your building towards a final outcome or conclusion. The development of slides can help you with this and they can help your audience stay on track. The key is, you need to make sure your audience is following the plot. If the plot starts to feel loose, disconnected, fragmented, or…all over the place, you’ll lose them faster than a 0-star rated movie.
• The Conflict. There must be some reason why everyone is there to see you presentation. It’s possible they don’t fully understand it themselves, but you, as the presenter, must make their purpose evidently clear. You must make them care. The more and more you pull them into your subject matter, the more you have effectively built a climax, which is the key to any successful story.
• The Resolution . The resolution is the takeaway—it’s what resolves the conflict. If you’ve built a strong climax, you now need to make sure your audience leaves with something valuable. If they leave thinking in a new, meaningful way; if they have learned something valuable that they can apply today; or if they are ready and knowledgeable about how to act, then the resolution is there and you, the author, have done your job.

Step 3: Brand Your Message

Jeff Bezos is famous for having said, “Brand is what others say about you when you’re not in the room.” You might think similarly about your presentation. How will your audience feel about your presentation afterwards, when you’re not around?

That can be an intimidating question to ask. And, it may seem a little odd to think about your message as a “brand.” But…applying brand theory to messaging makes a lot of sense. You want people to get on board with what you have to say. To do that, you have to establish what they value, what motivates them, and what you’ll have to do meet or exceed their expectations.

Brand experts use a lot of terms to describe and define brands. Let’s address a few, and apply them to slide design:

• Differentiation. How yours is different from the rest. What can you do to make your message stand out from a world of clutter and information? What makes yours unique? Is it your approach, the stories you tell, your language, your humor, your ideas, something else?
• Authenticity . How much you genuinely care. Audiences can tell if you’re passionate or not. They know if you care about both your topic and them learning it. If you fake it, the message gets diluted. Use your slides to help showcase how much you care.
• History . What people already know about you, your topic, or your experience. Do you need to establish credibility, or do you already have it? Do you have experience you can lean into? Does your audience already like/agree with this topic? Is it totally new and unfamiliar to them? How can you bring the history of your topic and yourself into the presentation? Will you audience need a primer on the history or does it matter?
• Simplicity. Making the most important things stick. Good brands almost always have simple logos, simple taglines, and simple brand positioning statements. Many also focus on limited products—they focus on what they do well. Your message can work the same way. Can you simplify your entire message into 2 – 5 key points? Can you reduce the amount of information that has to be taken in all at once? Can you help organize and chunk information to be clearer and simpler to follow? People generally have a hard time remembering complex information all at once—determine what the real purpose of your presentation is and what your audience can reasonably get out of it, then simplify to make sure that happens.
• Visual Identity . Your message, like a brand, can be enhanced if people resonate with the overall look and feel. Just like with buying a brand of shoes, people will be drawn to the design of your information. If it looks static, cliche, poorly design, or just plain ugly, you’ve created an undesirable visual identity and people will have a harder time buying into it. But if you can take your message and harmonize with strong design and imagery, people will be more likely to be attracted by, latch onto, and “buy in” to what you have to say. What should your visual identity look like, considering your topic?

Step 4: Select Your Fonts

The choice of your font may seem a small thing, but it can make the difference between a sleek, professional presentation and one that is static, boring, or, worse, painfully obnoxious.

If you’re not a professional designer, being font savvy may not come natural. Fortunately, there just a few rules you can follow to help you make your choices:

• Avoid the Defaults . In PowerPoint (as in MS Word), the default font is Calibri. Before 2010, the default was Times New Roman. Other programs use Arial or Myriad Pro as the default. What’s wrong with defaults? The fonts themselves are actually fine fonts—that’s why Microsoft went with them. BUT…because they’re the defaults, they are so widely used that they’ve become dull. If you just leave the defaults, your audience will subconsciously feel that you didn’t design your PowerPoint (because you probably didn’t). Just changing the font can bolster your PowerPoint’s professionalism quickly.
• Stick to Simple, Modern Fonts. Okay, so you don’t want to use the defaults, but what DO you use? Something simple. Don’t go crazy. Find something that is similar to the default, with just a little variation. Find something that is super easy to read and looks clean, simple, and sleek. Nothing distracting. Remember: you want people to focus on your story and message, not the lettering. Look at the graphic above for a list of some good, simple, modern fonts. Avoid, at all costs, the notoriously ugly or cliched fonts: Comic Sans; Chiller; Papyrus; Algerian; Curlz MT; and so forth.
• Make Sure Your Fonts Are on the Computer(s) You’re Presenting On. Remember: fonts are installed on individual computers, not attached to a program. A misunderstanding that many people have is that a font comes with PowerPoint (or any other program you’re working on). That’s NOT accurate. Fonts are installed on your computer. So…if you use a cool font that was on your desktop PC, but you are presenting your slides on a MacBook laptop, you’ll want to check that both computers have the font you’re using. Some fonts are pretty standard and you’ll find them on pretty much all computers: Palatino Linotype, Century Gothic, Segoe UI, Garamond. Others, however, are proprietary and may not be on other computers: Acumin Pro, Raleway, Helvetica. If you know you’ll be presenting on multiple different computers, find a standard font. One I’ve always liked to use is Century Gothic.
• Consider Using Two Fonts . The “two-font rule” suggests that designs will be more attractive if they use two fonts—one for headings and titles, the other for body text. You can get away with just one font if you make your headings stand out in some way—by size, weight, or color—but it’s often a nice aesthetic to use two. Just be sure that the two fonts are obviously different from each other (don’t use both Arial AND Century Gothic—they’re too similar, which will look like an accident) and that they harmonize well together. It’s often good to use a serif font (the type with little “feet” like in Palatino Linotype) paired with a sans serif font (the kind without “feet,” like Century Gothic).

Step 5: Narrow Your Colors

A hallmark of any good design is a simple, consistent color scheme. Keep your slide designs to fewer than four colors. Often, it’s good to use black, white, gray, and then one or two accent colors. Years ago, when I was new to design, I had someone tell me that a brochure I created looked like a clown exploded on the page. You DON’T want your slides to look like a clown exploded! To avoid that, find your color scheme in advance and stick to it.

Color can be tricky. If you work for a company that already has a pre-established style guide and color scheme, definitely use it! Not only is that important for your company’s brand, it makes your life a whole lot easier. If you do have to choose colors yourself, though, consider going to this website first: color.adobe.com . You can type things into the “explore” bar and you’ll be led to color schemes that look nice.

What you want to look for are colors that are a bit muted and won’t overwhelm the eyes of your viewers. Remember that you want to keep a high contrast so it doesn’t strain your audience members’ eyes. So…stick to black or really dark gray for text. Keep a white or very light background. Use the accent color for headings or important pieces of content. And…just make sure the colors match your topic or industry.

Step 6: Divide into Sections

Good presentations are well organized. Your slides should visually reflect your organization by using different slide “types” for different parts of your presentation or content.

All presentations should have at least three slide types: a title slide, a body slide, and a closing slide. Most presentations will have a fourth: a section slide. Section slides are used to transition your presentation from one major topic to the next. Many presentations can also benefit from callout slides, which are used to designate unique types of content that show up periodically—like for direct quotes or polling questions to audience members.

If you’ve ever taken a college course on public speaking, you probably remember your professor telling you to use “signposts.” A signpost is a metaphor for visual or oral cues that let your reader know where they’re at in the journey. Signposts keep your audience oriented. Sectioning your slides provides a visual signifier to your audience that you are shifting gears—plus, it just makes your slides feel cohesive, professional, and organized.

Take the time to design your slide types first. Then, fill in the content from your presentation script.

A quick note about body slides, though. These are going to be the most frequently used slides, the ones that you put the majority of your content on. Note that body slides don’t all have to look identical. They need to be consistent in design—repeating the same fonts, colors, photography style, highlights, etc.—but the layouts can change. Providing some visual variation is good for your audience.

Step 7: Visualize Every Slide

One of the biggest errors inexperienced presenters make is believing that audience members need to be able to read a lot of text to understand the message.

The reality is, when you put a lot of text on the screen—even if it’s in a bulleted list—you end up creating more difficulty for your audience. They’ll try to read while also trying to listen to you, creating a conflict of noise that will eventually cause them to only catch about half of what you wanted them to. Plus, a lot of text is boring and not efficient for the human brain.

Research has actually shown (and there is significant evidence to prove this) that making information visual is good for humans for four reasons: engagement, cognition, trust, and recall.

• Visual information is more engaging . Most all people will tell you that they are “visual learners.” The reality is that pretty much all humans are. We pay attention to visual information because our brains are designed to process visual information faster. When you provide visuals—photographs, charts, diagrams, icons, etc.—people will pay far more attention than if you just have text. In fact, if you just have text on a screen, people will likely zone out.
• Visual information is easier to understand. If designed well and related to the topic, people will understand visual information faster than they will from reading. Even as you read this article (assuming you’re still here!), the information that is really going to help you are the visual examples and explanations I’ve added for each section. That’s the stuff where you’ll say, “aha! now I know what Curtis is telling me to do.” All this text—it’s just ancillary stuff to provide more detail. But the photos/graphics are what you’ll really learn from.
• Visualized information builds trust. For better or for worse, humans are wired to trust information more when it has been visualized, especially when it looks professional. If you take a table of data and turn it into a data visualization that is professionally design, people will tend to trust it more. Something about taking the time to visualize information makes people assume you know what you’re talking about. Now, that said, you have to make sure your data visualizations are accurate. The real pitfall here is that people will tend to trust it more, even if it’s misleading. If they discover any flaws, your entire argument (and credibility) will go out the window.
• Visual information is easier to remember . Research studies have shown that visual information will be retained more than six times better if visuals are attached to it. If you actually want people to remember your presentation you must do two things: tell stories and use pictures. If you simply regurgitate information and make it very text-heavy, your audience will forget almost everything you said within three days. If you add pictures, though, they’ll have mental images to trigger memory, helping them retain your message much longer.

Find ways to visualize every chance you can, making sure that your visuals emphasize, clarify, or enhance the content you are talking about. Look at the examples above. Find ways to reduce text and enlarge graphics; turn bullets into images or icons; and use simple, easy to understand graphics that draw attention to the most important point.

Step 8: Play with Photos and Layouts

This is the one that takes the most practice, but it can be the most fun and rewarding. Recognize that your body slides can take multiple forms and that there are endless ways to organize, crop, and adjust visualizations, photos, headings, and designs. As long as you keep your color scheme, fonts, and highlighting techniques consistent, the slides will still feel uniform and professional, while giving variety to your slides.

Some things to think about as you play with the design of your slides:

• CONTRAST: Make sure you use high contrast in colors, especially for areas where you have text (black text on white backgrounds almost always work best). In addition, make sure that things that are different actually look significantly different. If two fonts are different sizes, make them obviously different sizes. If you’re using two colors, make them completely different colors. When two things look similar, there isn’t much contrast, which looks accidental and/or visually dull.
• REPETITION: Repetition is all about consistency in design. Repeat design elements throughout: fonts, colors, highlights, logos, shapes, styles, etc. Repeat the same visual feel for photos. Use the same types of icons and graphics. The more unified the design, the strong the appeal and the more professional you look.
• ALIGNMENT: Make sure everything on your slide is aligned with something else. Nothing should be “floating,” or placed arbitrarily. Align photos to titles, words to other words, rules/lines to other elements. Keep it all tightly aligned and crisp.
• PROXIMITY: Put things that are related close together and things that aren’t apart from each other. The brain will automatically assume that, if two things are next to each other (like a photo and a caption) that they are connected. Avoid confusing your audience by separating things that are different and connecting things that go together.
• Move Photos to the Bleeds . The term “bleed” is a graphic design principle that describes moving photos to the edge of page (where the ink “bleeds” off) in order to reduce visual noise. An old design principles developed by Josef Albers, 1+1=3, suggests that when you insert two objects, you automatically create a third—the space between. When you insert a photo, you end up creating a margin of white space around the edges. If that white space isn’t necessary, just make the image larger and push clear to the edge of the screen. This will remove the margin and the noise. Plus, it just makes slides look simpler and more professional and it really draws the eyes to the photo.

Step 9: Orient Your Audience

In addition to creating section slides (see Step 6 above), you can help your audience—and yourself—stay organized by giving visual cues and textual information in footers, slide counts, and headers or sidebars.

These orienting features of a slide deck can be especially valuable if you’re giving a long presentation, workshop, or training.

Start by creating a footer. These aren’t required and you don’t need them on every slide, but in most costs, presentations will benefit from some information in the footer. Some of the most common things to include in a footer:

• Company logo
• Company name
• Name of presenter
• Name of event or conference
• Title of presentation
• Copyright information

Beyond the footer, you can also include a slide count (in example above, look at the bottom right of the slide). While some argue that this can be distracting, most would say that a slide count will help audience members know how much more to expect, putting their “I’m being held hostage by this presenter!” fears away.

If your presentation is particularly long (like, say, 45 minutes or more) or you’re giving a workshop, you can really help your audience by giving them a sort of contents or guide, so that they know where they’re at in relation to everything else. You might, for example, create a small sidebar on the left that includes the section they’re in with the subsection. Or, as in the example at the top (see top left of example), you might just include which section you’re on and a summary title of that section.

There is no one or perfect way to orient your audience members. Just make sure it’s on the forefront of your mind as you work to build empathy into your slide design. The presentation is for them, after all, not you. Give them as much as you can to help them appreciate the message you’re delivering.

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How to Make a “Good” Presentation “Great”

• Guy Kawasaki

Remember: Less is more.

A strong presentation is so much more than information pasted onto a series of slides with fancy backgrounds. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others. Here are some unique elements that make a presentation stand out.

• Fonts: Sans Serif fonts such as Helvetica or Arial are preferred for their clean lines, which make them easy to digest at various sizes and distances. Limit the number of font styles to two: one for headings and another for body text, to avoid visual confusion or distractions.
• Colors: Colors can evoke emotions and highlight critical points, but their overuse can lead to a cluttered and confusing presentation. A limited palette of two to three main colors, complemented by a simple background, can help you draw attention to key elements without overwhelming the audience.
• Pictures: Pictures can communicate complex ideas quickly and memorably but choosing the right images is key. Images or pictures should be big (perhaps 20-25% of the page), bold, and have a clear purpose that complements the slide’s text.
• Layout: Don’t overcrowd your slides with too much information. When in doubt, adhere to the principle of simplicity, and aim for a clean and uncluttered layout with plenty of white space around text and images. Think phrases and bullets, not sentences.

As an intern or early career professional, chances are that you’ll be tasked with making or giving a presentation in the near future. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others.

• Guy Kawasaki is the chief evangelist at Canva and was the former chief evangelist at Apple. Guy is the author of 16 books including Think Remarkable : 9 Paths to Transform Your Life and Make a Difference.

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9 Data Presentation Tools for Business Success

• By Judhajit Sen
• May 29, 2024

A data presentation is a slide deck that shares quantitative information with an audience using visuals and effective presentation techniques . The goal is to make complex data easily understandable and actionable using data presentation examples like graphs and charts, tables, dashboards, and clear text explanations. 

Data presentations help highlight trends, patterns, and insights, allowing the audience to grasp complicated concepts or trends quickly. This makes it easier for them to make informed decisions or conduct deeper analysis.

Data visualization in presentations is used in every field, from academia to business and industry. Raw data is often too complex to understand directly, so data analysis breaks it down into charts and graphs. These tools help turn raw data into useful information.

Once the information is extracted, it’s presented graphically. A good presentation can significantly enhance understanding and response.

Think of data presentation as storytelling in business presentations with charts. A common mistake is assuming the audience understands the data as well as the presenter. Always consider your audience’s knowledge level and what information they need when you present your data.

To present the data effectively:

1. Provide context to help the audience understand the numbers.

2. Compare data groups using visual aids.

3. Step back and view the data from the audience’s perspective.

Data presentations are crucial in nearly every industry, helping professionals share their findings clearly after analyzing data.

Key Takeaways

• Simplifying Complex Data: Data presentations turn complex data into easy-to-understand visuals and narratives, helping audiences quickly grasp trends and insights for informed decision-making.
• Versatile Tools: Various tools like bar charts, dashboards, pie charts, histograms, scatter plots, pictograms, textual presentations, and tables each serve unique purposes, enhancing the clarity and impact of the data.
• Audience Consideration: Tailor your presentation to the audience’s knowledge level, providing context and using simple visuals to make the information accessible and actionable.
• Effective Data Storytelling: Combining clear context, organized visuals, and thoughtful presentation ensures that the data’s story is conveyed effectively, supporting better business decisions and success.

Following are 9 data presentation tools for business success.

Bar charts are a simple yet powerful method of presentation of the data using rectangular bars to show quantities or frequencies. They make it easy to spot patterns or trends at a glance. Bar charts can be vertical (column charts) or horizontal, depending on how you want to display your data.

In a bar graph, categories are displayed on one axis, usually the x-axis for vertical charts and the y-axis for horizontal ones. The bars’ lengths represent the values or frequencies of these categories, with the scale marked on the opposite axis.

These charts are ideal for comparing data across different categories or showing trends over time. Each bar’s height (or length in a horizontal chart) is directly proportional to the value it represents. This visual representation helps illustrate differences or changes in data.

Bar charts are versatile tools in business reports, academic presentations, and more. To make your bar charts effective:

• Ensure they are concise and have easy-to-read labels.
• Avoid clutter by not including too many categories, making the chart hard to read.
• Keep it simple to maintain clarity and impact, whether your bars go up or sideways.

Line Graphs

Line graphs show how data changes over time or with continuous variables. They connect points of data with straight lines, making it easy to see trends and fluctuations. These graphs are handy when comparing multiple datasets over the same timeline.

Using line graphs, you can track things like stock prices, sales projections, or experimental results. The x-axis represents time or another continuous variable, while the y-axis shows the data values. This setup allows you to understand the ups and downs in the data quickly.

To make your graphs effective, keep them simple. Avoid overcrowding with too many lines, highlight significant changes, use labels, and give your graph a clear, catchy title. This will help your audience grasp the information quickly and easily.

A data dashboard is a data analysis presentation example for analyzing information. It combines different graphs, charts, and tables in one layout to show the information needed to meet one or more objectives. Dashboards help quickly see Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) by displaying visuals you’ve already made in worksheets.

It’s best to keep the number of visuals on a dashboard to three or four. Adding too many can make it hard to see the main points. Dashboards are helpful for business analytics, like analyzing sales, revenue, and marketing metrics. In manufacturing, they help users understand the production scenario and track critical KPIs for each production line.

Dashboards represent vital points of data or metrics in an easy-to-understand way. They are often an  interactive presentation idea , allowing users to drill down into the data or view different aspects of it.

Pie charts are circular graphs divided into parts to show numerical proportions. Each portion represents a part of the whole, making it easy to see each component’s contribution to the total.

The size of each slice is determined by its value relative to the total. A pie chart with more significant points of data will have larger slices, and the whole chart will be more important. However, you can make all pies the same size if proportional representation isn’t necessary.

Pie charts are helpful in business to show percentage distributions, compare category sizes, or present simple data sets where visualizing ratios is essential. They work best with fewer variables. For more variables, it’s better to use a pie chart calculator that helps to create pie charts easily for various data sets with different color slices. 

Each “slice” represents a fraction of the total, and the size of each slice shows its share of the whole. Pie charts are excellent for showing how a whole is divided into parts, such as survey results or demographic data.

While pie charts are great for simple distributions, they can get confusing with too many categories or slight differences in proportions. To keep things clear, label each slice with percentages or values and use a legend if there are many categories. If more detail is needed, consider using a donut chart with a blank center for extra information and a less cluttered look.

A histogram is a graphical presentation of data  to help in understanding the distribution of numerical values. Unlike bar charts that show each response separately, histograms group numeric responses into bins and display the frequency of reactions within each bin. The x-axis denotes the range of values, while the y-axis shows the frequency of those values.

Histograms are useful for understanding your data’s distribution, identifying shared values, and spotting outliers. They highlight the story your data tells, whether it’s exam scores, sales figures, or any other numerical data.

Histograms are great for visualizing the distribution and frequency of a single variable. They divide the data into bins, and the height of each bar indicates how many points of data fall into that bin. This makes it easy to see trends like peaks, gaps, or skewness in your data.

To make your histogram effective, choose bin sizes that capture meaningful patterns. Clear axis labels and titles also help in explaining the data distribution.

Scatter Plot

Using individual data points, a scatter plot chart is a presentation of data in visual form to show the relationship between two variables. Each variable is plotted along the x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Each point on the scatter plot represents a single observation.

Scatter plots help visualize patterns, trends, and correlations between the two variables. They can also help identify outliers and understand the overall distribution of data points. The way the points are spread out or clustered together can indicate whether there is a positive, negative, or no clear relationship between the variables.

Scatter plots can be used in practical applications, such as in business, to show how variables like marketing cost and sales revenue are related. They help understand data correlations, which aids in decision-making.

To make scatter plots more effective, consider adding trendlines or regression analysis to highlight patterns. Labeling key data points or tooltips can provide additional information and make the chart easier to interpret.

A pictogram is the simplest form of data presentation and analysis, often used in schools and universities to help students grasp concepts more effectively through pictures.

This type of diagram uses images to represent data. For example, you could draw five books to show the number of books sold in the first week of release, with each image representing 1,000 books. If consumers bought 5,000 books, you would display five book images.

Using simple icons or images makes the information visually intuitive. Instead of relying on numbers or complex graphs, pictograms use straightforward symbols to depict data points. For example, a thumbs-up emoji can illustrate customer satisfaction levels, with each emoji representing a different level of satisfaction.

Pictograms are excellent for visual data presentation. Choose symbols that are easy to interpret and relevant to the data to ensure clarity. Consistent scaling and a legend explaining the symbols’ meanings are essential for an effective presentation.

Textual Presentation

Textual presentation uses words to describe the relationships between pieces of information. This method helps share details that can’t be shown in a graph or table. For example, researchers often present findings in a study textually to provide extra context or explanation. A textual presentation can make the information more transparent.

This type of presentation is common in research and for introducing new ideas. Unlike charts or graphs, it relies solely on paragraphs and words.

Textual presentation also involves using written content, such as annotations or explanatory text, to explain or complement data. While it doesn’t use visual presentation aids like charts, it is a widely used method for presenting qualitative data. Think of it as the narrative that guides your audience through the data.

Adequate textual data may make complex information more accessible. Breaking down complex details into bullet points or short paragraphs helps your audience understand the significance of numbers and visuals. Headings can guide the reader’s attention and tell a coherent story.

Tabular Presentation

Tabular presentation uses tables to share information by organizing data in rows and columns. This method is useful for comparing data and visualizing information. Researchers often use tables to analyze data in various classifications:

Qualitative classification: This includes qualities like nationality, age, social status, appearance, and personality traits, helping to compare sociological and psychological information.

Quantitative classification: This covers items you can count or number.

Spatial classification: This deals with data based on location, such as information about a city, state, or region.

Temporal classification: This involves time-based data measured in seconds, hours, days, or weeks.

Tables simplify data, making it easily consumable, allow for side-by-side comparisons, and save space in your presentation by condensing information.

Using rows and columns, tabular presentation focuses on clarity and precision. It’s about displaying numerical data in a structured grid, clearly showing individual data points. Tables are invaluable for showcasing detailed data, facilitating comparisons, and presenting exact numerical information. They are commonly used in reports, spreadsheets, and academic papers.

Organize tables neatly with clear headers and appropriate column widths to ensure readability. Highlight important data points or patterns using shading or font formatting. Tables are simple and effective, especially when the audience needs to know precise figures.

Elevate Business Decisions with Effective Data Presentations

Data presentations are essential for transforming complex data into understandable and actionable insights. Data presentations simplify the process of interpreting quantitative information by utilizing data presentation examples like charts, graphs, tables, infographics, dashboards, and clear narratives. This method of storytelling with visuals highlights trends, patterns, and insights, enabling audiences to make informed decisions quickly.

In business, data analysis presentations are invaluable. Different types of presentation tools like bar charts help compare categories and track changes over time, while dashboards consolidate various metrics into a comprehensive view. Pie charts and histograms offer clear views of distributions and proportions, aiding in grasping the bigger picture. Scatter plots reveal relationships between variables, and pictograms make data visually intuitive. Textual presentations and tables provide detailed context and precise figures, which are essential for thorough analysis and comparison.

Consider the audience’s knowledge level to tailor the best way to present data in PowerPoint. Clear context, simple visuals, and thoughtful organization ensure the data’s story is easily understood and impactful. Mastering these nine data presentation types can significantly enhance business success by making data-driven decisions more accessible and practical.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a data presentation?

A data presentation is a slide deck that uses visuals and narrative techniques to make complex data easy to understand and actionable. It includes charts, graphs, tables, infographics, dashboards, and clear text explanations.

2. Why are data presentations important in business?

Data presentations are crucial because they help highlight trends, patterns, and insights, making it easier for the audience to understand complicated concepts. This enables better decision-making and deeper analysis.

3. What types of data presentation tools are commonly used?

Common tools include bar charts, line graphs, dashboards, pie charts, histograms, scatter plots, pictograms, textual presentations, and tables. Each tool has a unique way of representing data to aid understanding.

4. How can I ensure my data presentation is effective?

To ensure effectiveness, provide context, compare data sets using visual aids, consider your audience’s knowledge level, and keep visuals simple. Organizing information thoughtfully and avoiding clutter enhances clarity and impact.

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The Guide to Thematic Analysis

• What is Thematic Analysis?
• Advantages of Thematic Analysis
• Disadvantages of Thematic Analysis
• Thematic Analysis Examples
• How to Do Thematic Analysis
• Thematic Coding
• Collaborative Thematic Analysis
• Thematic Analysis Software
• Thematic Analysis in Mixed Methods Approach
• Abductive Thematic Analysis
• Deductive Thematic Analysis
• Inductive Thematic Analysis
• Reflexive Thematic Analysis
• Thematic Analysis in Observations
• Thematic Analysis in Surveys
• Thematic Analysis for Interviews
• Thematic Analysis for Focus Groups
• Thematic Analysis for Case Studies
• Thematic Analysis of Secondary Data
• Thematic Analysis Literature Review
• Thematic Analysis vs. Phenomenology
• Thematic vs. Content Analysis
• Thematic Analysis vs. Grounded Theory
• Thematic Analysis vs. Narrative Analysis
• Thematic Analysis vs. Discourse Analysis
• Thematic Analysis vs. Framework Analysis
• Thematic Analysis in Social Work
• Thematic Analysis in Psychology
• Thematic Analysis in Educational Research
• Thematic Analysis in UX Research
• Introduction

How do you present a thematic analysis?

• Increasing Rigor in Thematic Analysis
• Peer Review in Thematic Analysis

How to Present Thematic Analysis Results

Presenting thematic analysis results effectively is a crucial step in communicating how you were able to identify patterns clearly and concisely. Thematic analysis, widely used among qualitative research methods , involves identifying, analyzing, and reviewing themes within qualitative data . When presented well, the findings from a thematic analysis can identify themes that emerge from the data, offering valuable insights into the research question . In this article, we will outline the steps and strategies for presenting the results of a thematic analysis in research papers . Our focus will be on clarity, organization, and the effective communication of your findings to your audience. By adhering to these guidelines, researchers can ensure that their thematic analysis results are understood and appreciated by readers, thereby enhancing the impact of their research.

Presenting a thematic analysis involves more than just listing the themes identified during your research. It is about constructing a coherent narrative that effectively communicates the essence of your data to the audience. This section of your paper should clearly articulate how each theme relates to your research question, providing depth and insight into your analysis. The upcoming subsections will guide you through organizing your themes, elaborating and supporting them with data, and employing visual aids for enhanced clarity.

Organizing your themes

Organizing your themes is a critical step in the effective presentation of your thematic analysis, ensuring that your findings are conveyed with clarity and impact. The organization process involves creating a structured framework where themes are categorized and related in a manner that reflects the narrative of your research.

To start, establish a hierarchy where main themes represent broad, overarching categories, with sub-themes from revised initial codes providing more detail and specificity nested within them. This hierarchy is not just about structure; it's about creating an intuitive map of your data that showcases the relationships between different aspects of your findings.

Next, consider the sequence in which you present your themes. This should not be arbitrary; it should tell the story of your data in a way that is logical and impactful, whether it aligns chronologically, by significance, or in relation to your research questions. A well-thought-out sequence helps in guiding your audience through your analysis smoothly, ensuring that they grasp the flow of your argumentation.

Consistency is key in the presentation of your themes. Ensure that the way you describe and refer to each theme remains uniform throughout your analysis, with clear and descriptive labels that capture the essence of the data they represent. This consistency aids comprehension, making it easier for your audience to follow and engage with your findings.

Finally, elucidate the interconnections between themes, illustrating how they interweave and contribute to the overarching narrative. Providing this context not only enriches your analysis but also underscores the relevance and significance of each theme, offering a deeper insight into your research question.

Through careful organization, you provide a clear and insightful framework that enhances the presentation of your thematic analysis, allowing your audience to fully grasp and appreciate the depth of your research findings.

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Describing and supporting your themes

In presenting your thematic analysis, it is crucial to describe and support your themes thoroughly to provide a robust and credible account of your findings. This involves a detailed explanation of each theme, supplemented by evidence from your data , which collectively anchors your analysis in the empirical world.

When describing your themes, aim for clarity and depth. Each theme should be articulated with precision, outlining its scope and dimensions. This description should go beyond mere labels, delving into the nuances and variations within each theme. It is essential to convey the richness and complexity of the data, presenting a vivid picture that captures the essence of the theme.

Supporting your themes with data is equally important. This involves selecting and presenting excerpts from the relevant data, as well as the individual codes and categories that exemplify and substantiate each theme. These data extracts should be chosen carefully to illustrate the theme's prevalence and significance within your dataset. They serve as concrete evidence that grounds your thematic interpretation, enabling readers to see the connection between your analytical insights and the raw data.

Furthermore, it is important to contextualize these themes within the broader landscape of your research. This includes discussing how each theme relates to your research questions and objectives, as well as situating them within existing literature and theoretical frameworks . From a methodological approach, describing every stage of the analysis process from initial coding of the data to validation of themes will provide the necessary research rigor for your study. Such contextualization not only reinforces the quality of your analysis but also demonstrates its relevance and contribution to the field.

By thoroughly describing and supporting your themes, you strengthen the credibility and persuasiveness of your thematic analysis. This approach not only enhances the transparency of your research process but also allows readers to engage deeply with your findings, appreciating the rigor and insight of your analysis.

Visualizing data for clarity

Data visualizations are a powerful tool in presenting thematic analysis results, offering a clear and impactful way to communicate complex information. Through effective visualization, you can enhance the comprehensibility and appeal of your findings, allowing readers to grasp the essence of your analysis at a glance.

Effective data visualization in thematic analysis typically involves the use of thematic maps or charts that illustrate the relationships and hierarchies among identified themes. For example, a thematic map can display how various sub-themes branch out from main themes, highlighting the interconnections and the relative importance of each theme. These visual elements should be designed with clarity and simplicity in mind, ensuring that they complement the text without overwhelming the reader.

In addition to thematic maps, other visual tools like bar charts, tables, or Sankey diagrams can be employed to depict the frequency or distribution of themes within the data set. Such quantitative visualizations can provide a straightforward representation of the prevalence of certain themes, lending empirical weight to qualitative insights.

When incorporating visual elements into your thematic analysis presentation, it is crucial to maintain consistency in style, color, and formatting. This consistency aids in reader comprehension and reinforces the cohesion of your overall analysis. Furthermore, each visual display should be clearly labeled and accompanied by a descriptive caption that elucidates its relevance and key takeaways.

Lastly, it is essential to ensure that your visualizations are accessible to all readers, including those with visual impairments. This can be achieved by choosing color schemes with sufficient contrast and providing text descriptions for visual content.

By integrating clear and meaningful visualizations into your thematic analysis presentation, you can illuminate the structure and significance of your themes, enhancing the overall clarity and impact of your findings.

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Buttoning up research: How to present and visualize qualitative data

15 Minute Read

There is no doubt that data visualization is an important part of the qualitative research process. Whether you're preparing a presentation or writing up a report, effective visualizations can help make your findings clear and understandable for your audience. 

In this blog post, we'll discuss some tips for creating effective visualizations of qualitative data. 

First, let's take a closer look at what exactly qualitative data is.

What is qualitative data?

Qualitative data is information gathered through observation, questionnaires, and interviews. It's often subjective, meaning that the researcher has to interpret it to draw meaningful conclusions from it. 

The difference between qualitative data and quantitative data

When researchers use the terms qualitative and quantitative, they're referring to two different types of data. Qualitative data is subjective and descriptive, while quantitative data is objective and numerical.

Qualitative data is often used in research involving psychology or sociology. This is usually where a researcher may be trying to identify patterns or concepts related to people's behavior or attitudes. It may also be used in research involving economics or finance, where the focus is on numerical values such as price points or profit margins. 

Before we delve into how best to present and visualize qualitative data, it's important that we highlight how to be gathering this data in the first place. ‍

How best to gather qualitative data

In order to create an effective visualization of qualitative data, ensure that the right kind of information has been gathered. 

Here are six ways to gather the most accurate qualitative data:

• Define your research question: What data is being set out to collect? A qualitative research question is a definite or clear statement about a condition to be improved, a project’s area of concern, a troubling question that exists, or a difficulty to be eliminated. It not only defines who the participants will be but guides the data collection methods needed to achieve the most detailed responses.
• ‍ Determine the best data collection method(s): The data collected should be appropriate to answer the research question. Some common qualitative data collection methods include interviews, focus groups, observations, or document analysis. Consider the strengths and weaknesses of each option before deciding which one is best suited to answer the research question.  ‍
• Develop a cohesive interview guide: Creating an interview guide allows researchers to ask more specific questions and encourages thoughtful responses from participants. It’s important to design questions in such a way that they are centered around the topic of discussion and elicit meaningful insight into the issue at hand. Avoid leading or biased questions that could influence participants’ answers, and be aware of cultural nuances that may affect their answers.
• ‍ Stay neutral – let participants share their stories: The goal is to obtain useful information, not to influence the participant’s answer. Allowing participants to express themselves freely will help to gather more honest and detailed responses. It’s important to maintain a neutral tone throughout interviews and avoid judgment or opinions while they are sharing their story. 
• ‍ Work with at least one additional team member when conducting qualitative research: Participants should always feel comfortable while providing feedback on a topic, so it can be helpful to have an extra team member present during the interview process – particularly if this person is familiar with the topic being discussed. This will ensure that the atmosphere of the interview remains respectful and encourages participants to speak openly and honestly.
• ‍ Analyze your findings: Once all of the data has been collected, it’s important to analyze it in order to draw meaningful conclusions. Use tools such as qualitative coding or content analysis to identify patterns or themes in the data, then compare them with prior research or other data sources. This will help to draw more accurate and useful insights from the results. 

By following these steps, you will be well-prepared to collect and analyze qualitative data for your research project. Next, let's focus on how best to present the qualitative data that you have gathered and analyzed.

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How to visually present qualitative data.

When it comes to how to present qualitative data visually, the goal is to make research findings clear and easy to understand. To do this, use visuals that are both attractive and informative. 

Presenting qualitative data visually helps to bring the user’s attention to specific items and draw them into a more in-depth analysis. Visuals provide an efficient way to communicate complex information, making it easier for the audience to comprehend. 

Additionally, visuals can help engage an audience by making a presentation more interesting and interactive.

Here are some tips for creating effective visuals from qualitative data:

• ‍ Choose the right type of visualization: Consider which type of visual would best convey the story that is being told through the research. For example, bar charts or line graphs might be appropriate for tracking changes over time, while pie charts or word clouds could help show patterns in categorical data. 
• ‍ Include contextual information: In addition to showing the actual numbers, it's helpful to include any relevant contextual information in order to provide context for the audience. This can include details such as the sample size, any anomalies that occurred during data collection, or other environmental factors.
• ‍ Make it easy to understand: Always keep visuals simple and avoid adding too much detail or complexity. This will help ensure that viewers can quickly grasp the main points without getting overwhelmed by all of the information. 
• ‍ Use color strategically: Color can be used to draw attention to certain elements in your visual and make it easier for viewers to find the most important parts of it. Just be sure not to use too many different colors, as this could create confusion instead of clarity. 
• ‍ Use charts or whiteboards: Using charts or whiteboards can help to explain the data in more detail and get viewers engaged in a discussion. This type of visual tool can also be used to create storyboards that illustrate the data over time, helping to bring your research to life. 

Visualizing qualitative data in Notably

Notably helps researchers visualize their data on a flexible canvas, charts, and evidence based insights. As an all-in-one research platform, Notably enables researchers to collect, analyze and present qualitative data effectively.

Notably provides an intuitive interface for analyzing data from a variety of sources, including interviews, surveys, desk research, and more. Its powerful analytics engine then helps you to quickly identify insights and trends in your data . Finally, the platform makes it easy to create beautiful visuals that will help to communicate research findings with confidence. 

Research Frameworks in Analysis

The canvas in Analysis is a multi-dimensional workspace to play with your data spatially to find likeness and tension. Here, you may use a grounded theory approach to drag and drop notes into themes or patterns that emerge in your research. Utilizing the canvas tools such as shapes, lines, and images, allows researchers to build out frameworks such as journey maps, empathy maps, 2x2's, etc. to help synthesize their data.

Going one step further, you may begin to apply various lenses to this data driven canvas. For example, recoloring by sentiment shows where pain points may distributed across your customer journey. Or, recoloring by participant may reveal if one of your participants may be creating a bias towards a particular theme.

Exploring Qualitative Data through a Quantitative Lens

Once you have begun your analysis, you may visualize your qualitative data in a quantitative way through charts. You may choose between a pie chart and or a stacked bar chart to visualize your data. From here, you can segment your data to break down the ‘bar’ in your bar chart and slices in your pie chart one step further.

To segment your data, you can choose between ‘Tag group’, ‘Tag’, ‘Theme’, and ‘Participant'. Each group shows up as its own bar in the bar chart or slice in the pie chart. For example, try grouping data as ‘Participant’ to see the volume of notes assigned to each person. Or, group by ‘Tag group’ to see which of your tag groups have the most notes.

Depending on how you’ve grouped or segmented your charts will affect the options available to color your chart. Charts use colors that are a mix of sentiment, tag, theme, and default colors. Consider color as a way of assigning another layer of meaning to your data. For example, choose a red color for tags or themes that are areas of friction or pain points. Use blue for tags that represent opportunities.

AI Powered Insights and Cover Images

One of the most powerful features in Analysis is the ability to generate insights with AI. Insights combine information, inspiration, and intuition to help bridge the gap between knowledge and wisdom. Even before you have any tags or themes, you may generate an AI Insight from your entire data set. You'll be able to choose one of our AI Insight templates that are inspired by trusted design thinking frameworks to stimulate generative, and divergent thinking. With just the click of a button, you'll get an insight that captures the essence and story of your research. You may experiment with a combination of tags, themes, and different templates or, create your own custom AI template. These insights are all evidence-based, and are centered on the needs of real people. You may package these insights up to present your research by embedding videos, quotes and using AI to generate unique cover image.

You can sign up to run an end to end research project for free and receive tips on how to make the most out of your data. Want to chat about how Notably can help your team do better, faster research? Book some time here for a 1:1 demo with your whole team.

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• Campus Library Info.
• ARC Homepage
• Library Resources
• Articles & Databases
• Books & Ebooks

Baker College Research Guides

• Research Guides
• General Education

COM 1020: Composition and Critical Thinking II

• Visual Analysis Essay
• COM 1020 Reminders: The Writing Process, Research, etc.
• Understanding Rhetoric and Rhetorical Analysis
• Visual Rhetoric
• What is an Annotated Bibliography?
• Understanding Oral Communications
• Narrated PowerPoint
• Presentations (Tips and Strategies)
• Letter Formatting
• Abstract Formatting
• Scholarly Articles
• Critical Reading
• Google Slides

Understanding Visual Analysis Essays

A written analysis allows writers to explore the discrete parts of some thing—in this case, several visual artifacts—to better understand the whole and how it communicates its message.

We should also consider how the image(s) appeal to ethos, pathos, and logos, and why. Consider, for example, how most advertisements rely on an appeal to pathos--or emotion--to persuade consumers to buy their project. Some ads will use humor to do so. Others will evoke patriotism to persuade consumers to purchase a product (suggesting buying a certain product will make them a good American).

This particular analysis will allow students to focus on visual materials relating to their career of interest to better understand how messages related to their field are composed and presented. This project will grant students the means to evaluate qualitative and quantitative arguments in the visual artifacts as well as interpret the claims made and supporting reasons. The project also will allow students to research discipline-specific and professional visual resources.

The audience for the analysis is an audience with comparable knowledge on the topic. Students should define and explain any terminology or jargon used that may be difficult for a general audience to understand.

Instructions:

Begin the essay by finding at least two examples of images relating to your intended future field of study (or a field that you are interested in learning more about). Use the Visual Analysis Planning Sheet to record your observations about the images. You will describe the images in great detail.

You will also need to research and find out who made the images, when, why and for what purpose. (This is called the rhetorical situation).

The essay should also explain what the purpose and intent of the images is and if there are any implicit messages (hidden messages) as well. An ad for Coca-Cola sells soda, but it also might imply something about family values. A public service announcement about hand-washing might also imply a sense of fear about pathogens and the spread of viruses from abroad. You should explore such obvious and hidden messages in your essay. 

After describing all the key components, you’ll consider whether or not the images succeed at their goal or purpose and what these images suggest about how the field communicates its messages. See the Visual Analysis Planning Sheet for more help: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HUa4_XZ84svJPJ2Ppe5TTIK20Yp7bd-h/edit

Suggested Organization of Visual Analysis Essay

I.   Introduction (1 paragraph) - should contain a hook (attention-grabber), set the context for the essay, and contain your thesis statement (described below).

a.       Thesis statement : State what two images are being analyzed and what your overall claim is about them. The thesis should make a claim about the images such as whether they are effective or ineffective at communicating their message.

II.  Explain the Rhetorical Situation of both images: (2 paragraphs)  Begin by discussing what is being advertised or displayed, who made it (company, artist, writer, etc.), who is the target audience, where and when the image was published and shared, and where the image was made (country). Provide these details for both images being discussed and analyzed.

III.   Description of both images  (4-8 paragraphs). Discuss each image in full detail, providing the following details about both:

a.   Describe what appears in the image. Be as detailed as possible.

b.   Discuss the primary color choice used and what mood these colors create.

c.       Explain the overall layout and organization of each image.

d.       Discuss the use of wording in the visual image. What font is used, what color, and size is the font.

e. Explain what the message in the visual actually says and what this message means/indicates/asks of viewers and readers.

F. Discuss any other relevant information (from the planning worksheet or anything you think is noteworthy.

IV.            Discussion and Evaluation (2-4 paragraphs) - Synthesizing your findings,and analyze what you think the smaller details accomplish.

• Discuss if the images appeal to ethos, pathos, or logos and provide evidence to back up your claim.
• Discuss what sociological, political, economic or cultural attitudes are indirectly reflected in the images. Back up your claims with evidence.  An advertisement may be about a pair of blue jeans but it might, indirectly, reflect such matters as sexism, alienation, stereotyped thinking, conformism, generational conflict, loneliness, elitism, and so on.
• Assert what claims are being made by the images. Consider the reasons which support that claim: reasons about the nature of the visual's product or service, reasons about those responsible for that product or service, and reasons which appeal to the audience's values, beliefs, or desires.

V.            Conclusion (1 paragraph) - should contain both a recap of your response, as well as a closing statement in regards to your overall response to the chosen essay. Include a conclusion that reviews the messages the images make and offer a conclusion that combines the results of your findings and why they matter.

Drafting/Research Strategies:

To write a visual analysis, you must look closely at a visual object—and translate your visual observations into written text. However, a visual analysis does not simply record your observations. It also makes a claim about the images. You will describe the images in detail and then offer an analysis of what the images communicate at the surface level. You will also highlight any implicit messages that the images communicate. (Use Visual Analysis Planning Sheet). Students should begin the project by taking detailed notes about the images. Review every component of each image. Be precise. Consider the composition, colors, textures, size, space, and other visual and material attributes of the images. Go beyond your first impressions. This should take some time—allow your eye to absorb the image. Making a sketch of the work can help you understand its visual logic.

Good to Know

Below are some helpful resources to aid in creating your Visual Analysis Essay.

• Visual Analysis essay sample
• Photos and Illustrations 
• Visual Elements: Play, Use, and Design
• << Previous: Visual Rhetoric
• Next: What is an Annotated Bibliography? >>
• Last Updated: Aug 3, 2024 6:24 PM
• URL: https://guides.baker.edu/com1020
• Search this Guide Search

Home Blog Presentation Ideas 150+ Free PowerPoint Slides to Make Great Visually Appealing Presentations

150+ Free PowerPoint Slides to Make Great Visually Appealing Presentations

As our content catalog has grown, we have started to publish free PowerPoint slides every new week. Our free slides have had a very good adoption and we could also notice the number of free downloads is increasing over time. Reusing our 100% editable PowerPoint diagrams and slides can help to save many hours of work per week while you can produce visually appealing presentations.

As if this were not enough, recently we have published a Mega Bundle containing more than 150+ PowerPoint slides (for FREE download) . Here is a compilation of some of our top free PowerPoint slide designs that you can use the next time you need to make a business presentation.

If you prefer to download individual free slides, you can check out our free PowerPoint templates section where we publish a new slide every week.

1. Free Circular Concept Diagram Design

Free circular diagram concept is a three-component diagram design with editable text and icons that were created with PowerPoint shapes. This circular diagram can be used to describe a simple circular process or cycle flow. Given that it was created with PowerPoint shapes. You can easily change the shape properties such as colors or resize without losing image quality.

2.  Free SWOT PowerPoint Slides

SWOT diagrams are always useful to carry out a SWOT analysis. This free SWOT slide can help you to make visually appealing marketing presentations that delight your audience. The SWOT Analysis template includes four text components to complete including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. You can download free SWOT templates for PowerPoint or editable versions of SWOT slides.

3.  Free Funnel Diagram Design for PowerPoint

Funnel diagrams are very useful on any business and sales presentation. Using funnel diagrams, you can easily explain the steps toward generating sales in your company. The visual funnel representation can include several steps from the customer acquisition to the conversion or final purchase.

4.  Free Business Model Canvas PowerPoint Slides

The Business Model Canvas is a strategic management and entrepreneurial tool developed by Alex Osterwalder. By using the Business Model Canvas slide you can easily describe, design, challenge, invent, and pivot your business model. You can visually describe a business model by completing the nine business model canvas blocks.

If you are an entrepreneur launching a new product or business, you can use this free slide as a Lean Canvas template by Ash Maurya or combine it with other advanced canvas and PowerPoint layouts like the Value Proposition Canvas template or even the Lean Canvas template .

5.  Free Creative Meter Slide Shapes

PowerPoint dashboards can be used to show key performance indicators within your organization, project or startup. You can monitor and review KPI’s to ensure profitability. Using visual indicators like the creative meter shape for PowerPoint you can easily show the level of a KPI in a dashboard presentation. Alternatively, you can use other nice meter charts like thermometers for PowerPoint or our speedometer shapes.

6.  Speedometer Dashboard

Speedometer metaphors are great visual aids that could help your audience to understand the performance numbers at a glance. Using the editable speedometer shapes for PowerPoint you can easily make business performance PowerPoint presentations and adjust the needle to any desired position very easy in PowerPoint. Use the shape group and ungroup features in PowerPoint to isolate the speedometer from the needle and then rotate the needle to the desired direction.

7.  Free Traffic Lights & Shapes for PowerPoint

Traffic light metaphors can be used in virtually any presentations related to decision-making, innovation, leadership presentations but also coaching or creativity presentations. This free traffic lights PowerPoint template includes traffic light shapes with the three possible colors (green, yellow and red). In decision-making presentations, a red color could be “stop”, while the yellow color could be associated with taking a decision with caution while the green color means “go ahead”.

8.  Simple Chevron Diagram Slides for PowerPoint

A chevron diagram illustrates the progression of sequential steps in a process, workflow or task helping to emphasize the desired direction (i.e.: from the left to the right). PowerPoint let you create Chevron diagrams very easy using SmartArt graphics but if you need to decorate your slides with visual appealing chevron diagrams for presentations you can download this free Chevron Diagram slide for Microsoft PowerPoint.

9.  Free Multi-level Organizational Chart Template

Org charts diagrams help to illustration the structure of an organization and the relationship of its parts and positions. This free organizational chart design for PowerPoint contains four levels and include avatars representing the job positions. Alternatively, you can download other org chart templates for presentations with 100% editable slides.

10. All-in-One 150+ Slide Designs Mega Bundle for PowerPoint

Finally, here is the mega bundle for free download. This collection of some of the best PowerPoint slides is a very powerful resource that you can use to make presentations by reusing catchy and visually appealing business slides for PowerPoint.

The collection of PowerPoint slides inside this bundle contains creative business layouts in widescreen 16:9 aspect ratio, data-driven diagrams and PPT presentation shapes with scalable vectorial graphics that can be easily edited in Microsoft PowerPoint, but also compatible with  Google Slides & Keynote. In order to download, just need to create your free account at SlideModel.com  or sign in if you already have an account.

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Business Model Canvas, Dashboard, Design, Ideas, Lean Canvas, Mega Bundle, Org Chart, Slides, Speedometer, SWOT Filed under Presentation Ideas

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3 Responses to “150+ Free PowerPoint Slides to Make Great Visually Appealing Presentations”

Very good compilation of designs. Thanks for sharing.

Thank you for sharing. I love your designs and templates.

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How to Present Inventory and Stock Metrics in PowerPoint

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• Data Charts for PowerPoint , Financial , Other

Need to present the status of your inventory or your stock management performance data? 

Get ideas on how you can create an eye-catching report highlighting stock levels, order fulfillment efficiency, or inventory control processes.

Typical inventory report will likely cover those areas:

• Stock levels and inventory aging analysis
• ABC inventory analysis
• Key inventory metrics such as Turnover Ratio, Days on Hand, Fill Rate etc. 
• Inventory management strategies e.g. with stock reduction initiatives

Let us show you examples of how such presentation slides can look like.

Get all the graphics presented here – click on the slide pictures to see and download the source illustration. Check the full Inventory Metrics Analysis and Stock Management Presentation (PowerPoint Template) 

Reminding what is an inventory analysis

Depending on your audience, if at your meeting you have people new to stock-related terms, you may want to explain quickly what inventory analysis is about on one slide. It can be done more attractively than just just writing plain text:

Inventory analysis involves examining the quantity and quality of inventory held by a business at a given point in time and assessing its adequacy, efficiency, and impact on operations. By conducting a thorough stock-level analysis, businesses can: optimize inventory management, optimize cashflow, minimize stockouts & excess inventory

You can illustrate it through a simple diagram, showing what stock-level analysis can help with. This way you are changing blocks of text into something easy to digest and understand. See on slide below how you can replace a list of items by simple list diagram made of shapes. 

Presenting Inventory Stockout Report

When you need to compare in your report Demand vs. Available Inventory or analyze a Stockout frequency you can use a dashboard layout based on grid. This kind of layout can help you to present in a readable and clean way, which is easy to understand for your audience. 

Have a look at our slide example presenting inventory stockout data. We used here frames that separate topics and give a structure. Adding a commentary field at the bottom gives a place for explaining charts and writing your insights, especially when you are going to export file to PDF and send it by email. 

Defining Performance metrics of Inventory management

If you need to explain inventory performance metrics to people who are not familiar with all those terms, use a slide to remind them of metrics formulas used often in context of stock management: 

• Turnover ratio – number of times inventory is sold and replaced
• DSI ratio – average number of days it takes to sell the entire inventory
• Fill rate – ratio of customer demands that is fulfilled from available inventory
• Stockout rate – orders that can not be fulfilled because of insufficient inventory
• Inventory accuracy – discrepancy between recorded inventory and actual physical inventory on hand
• Sell-through ratio – inventory units sold relative to inventory available for sale at certain periods of time

When presenting inventory analysis formulas you can show each metric in a form of a brief explanation and formula placed on a distinctive background (as most important here). Adding a visual metaphor in the form of an icon will help in faster understanding the topic.

Presenting inventory analysis formulas can look like this: 

Show ABC Analysis chart of inventory

You can use such a custom radar chart to show product categories allocated in several tiers, e.g. based on revenue and importance category. This way you can visually show the placement of categories depending on Demand and Value. Having such radar charts as PowerPoint vector graphics gives you flexibility to adapt – adding colors from lighter to darker puts an accent to the most important categories.

Notice the customized legend on the right side with a description of groups. You can add here more text description than in a regular legend. There is a separate color for each group to easier distinguish specific groups. Using icons also adds more visual impact to such presentation slide.  

Finish the presentation with stock reduction initiatives and an inventory management strategy 

At the end of your presentation show the next steps to take. You presented stock status and now it is a good time to define actions to be done and further strategy. 

To present such a plan in a structured way, put your actions inside a table, where you explain objectives, action plan, and desired results. Don’t forget to define a responsible person. 

Here’s an example of a PowerPoint slide presenting stock reduction actions: 

Notice how having a custom designed table headers makes table look much more interesting. We placed headers on color arrows pointing to specific columns. It adds focus and sets a starting point for readers. We also added icons to add a visual connection to header texts.  

If you want to show also strategy for future inventory management, you can visualize it with a table like this example:

Here we created a table to show Objectives, Strategies, and Tactics for operational efficiency. 

The first column is highlighted as it is the most important part, the next columns are in lighter shades to express the order of reading and show the flow. Each objective is supported by an icon, so it grabs attention even more.

What to Remember to present inventory in visually attractive way

If you want to present inventory and stock metrics in a way that will resonate with your audience, apply a few design advices that will help you to create a professionally looking presentation:

• Keep the layout simple and clean.
• Use a highlight color to emphasize key points and headlines.
• Work with grids to add structure to your slides, especially when creating a dashboard slide with multiple data charts. 
• Adjust and customize tables and data charts for clear structure and readability.
• Enrich your data with icons – properly chosen icons can nicely reflect the meaning of your content.
• Consider using a custom design legends in data charts when you want to explain what data categories are about. This will support a visual storytelling of your data.

I hope with those ideas you will be able to make an impactful presentation.

Resources for Inventory Presentations

The slide examples above are from one of our financial PowerPoint templates. The full presentation is available in the infoDiagram collection of PPT graphics:

If you present more of financial reporting topics, you can extend your data presentation with other financial PPT templates . Or try a free sample of financial charts .

Graphic Designer

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Fact Checking Trump’s Mar-a-Lago News Conference

The former president took questions from reporters for more than hour. We examined his claims, attacks and policy positions.

By The New York Times

• Share full article

Former President Donald J. Trump held an hourlong news conference with reporters on Thursday at his Mar-a-Lago club in Florida, during which he attacked Vice President Kamala Harris, his general election opponent, criticized the Biden administration’s policies and boasted of the crowd size at his rallies. We took a closer look at many of his claims.

Trump claims his Jan. 6 rally crowd rivaled the 1963 March on Washington. Estimates say otherwise.

“If you look at Martin Luther King, when he did his speech, his great speech. And you look at ours, same real estate, same everything, same number of people. If not, we had more.” — Former President Donald J. Trump

This lacks evidence.

Mr. Trump was talking about the crowds gathered for his speech on Jan. 6, 2021, and for the “I Have a Dream” speech the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered during the March on Washington in 1963. While it is difficult to gauge exact crowd sizes, estimates counter Mr. Trump’s claim that the numbers gathered were comparable. Dr. King’s speech drew an estimated 250,000 people . The House Select Committee responsible for investigating the events of Jan. 6 estimated that Mr. Trump’s speech drew 53,000 people.

“She wants to take away your guns.”

— Former President Donald J. Trump

Ms. Harris, in 2019, said she supports a gun buyback program for assault weapons, not all guns. Her campaign told The New York Times recently that she no longer supports a buyback program.

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Peter Baker

“They take the strategic national reserves. They’re virtually empty now. We have never had it this low.”

This is exaggerated..

President Biden has indeed tapped the Strategic Petroleum Reserve to try to mitigate gasoline price increases , drawing it down by about 40 percent from when he took office, and it is currently at the lowest level since the 1980s. But it still has 375 million barrels in it now , which is not “virtually empty” nor is it at the lowest level ever.

“The vast majority of the country does support me.”

Mr. Trump never won a majority of the popular vote in either of the elections he ran in and never had the approval of a majority of Americans in a single day of Gallup polling during his presidency. An average of polls by FiveThirtyEight.com shows that he is viewed favorably by just 43 percent of Americans today and has the same level of support in a matchup against Vice President Kamala Harris.

Alan Rappeport

“They’re going to destroy Social Security.”

President Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris have pledged not to make any cuts to America’s social safety net programs. Mr. Trump suggested this year that he was open to scaling back the programs when he said there was “a lot you can do in terms of entitlements in terms of cutting.” He later walked back those comments and pledged to protect the programs. But if changes to the programs are not made, the programs’ benefits will automatically be reduced eventually. Government reports released earlier this year projected that the Social Security and disability insurance programs, if combined, would not have enough money to pay all of their obligations in 2035. Medicare will be unable to pay all its hospital bills starting in 2036.

Coral Davenport

“Everybody is going to be forced to buy an electric car.”

While the Biden administration has enacted regulations designed to ensure that the majority of new passenger cars and light trucks sold in the United States are all-electric or hybrids by 2032, the rules do not require consumers to buy electric vehicles.

“Our tax cuts, which are the biggest in history.”

The $1.5 trillion tax cut, enacted in December 2017, ranks below at least half a dozen others by several metrics. The 1981 tax cut enacted under President Ronald Reagan is the largest as a percentage of the economy and by its reduction to federal revenue. The 2012 cut enacted under President Barack Obama amounted to the largest cut in inflation-adjusted dollars: $321 billion a year.

“They’re drilling now because they had to go back because gasoline was going up to seven, eight, nine dollars a barrel. The day after the election, if they won, you’re going to have fuel prices go through the roof.”

The price of gasoline reached a low of $1.98 per gallon in April 2020, when Mr. Trump was president, chiefly as a result of the drop in driving in the first months of the Covid pandemic. It rose to a peak of $5 per gallon in June 2022, but has since steadily dropped to $3.60 per gallon in July 2024. The United States has steadily increased its oil production over the last decade, becoming the world’s largest producer of oil in 2018, a status it still holds today .

“If you go back and check your records for 18 months, I had a talk with Abdul. Abdul was the leader of the Taliban still is, but had a strong talk with him. For 18 months. Not one American soldier was shot at or killed, but not even shot at 18 months.”

Mr. Trump spoke with a leader of the Taliban in March 2020. In the 18 months that followed, from April 2020 to October 2021, 13 soldiers died in hostile action in Afghanistan.

“Democrats are really the radical ones on this, because they’re allowed to do abortion on the eighth and ninth month, and even after birth.”

No state has passed a law allowing for the execution of a baby after it is born, which is infanticide. Moreover, abortions later in pregnancy are very rare: In 2021, less than 1 percent of abortions happened after 21 weeks’ gestation, according to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report based on data from state and other health agencies. More than 90 percent of abortions happened within 13 weeks of gestation.

• Open access
• Published: 07 August 2024

Impact of neonatal sepsis on neurocognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

• Wei Jie Ong   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8244-2977 1   na1 ,
• Jun Jie Benjamin Seng   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3039-3816 1 , 2 , 3   na1 ,
• Beijun Yap 1 ,
• George He 4 ,
• Nooriyah Aliasgar Moochhala 4 ,
• Chen Lin Ng 1 ,
• Rehena Ganguly   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9347-5571 5 ,
• Jan Hau Lee   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-4217 6 &
• Shu-Ling Chong   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-0019 7  

BMC Pediatrics volume  24 , Article number:  505 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Introduction

Sepsis is associated with neurocognitive impairment among preterm neonates but less is known about term neonates with sepsis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide an update of neurocognitive outcomes including cognitive delay, visual impairment, auditory impairment, and cerebral palsy, among neonates with sepsis.

We performed a systematic review of PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL and Web of Science for eligible studies published between January 2011 and March 2023. We included case–control, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies. Case reports and articles not in English language were excluded. Using the adjusted estimates, we performed random effects model meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of developing neurocognitive impairment among neonates with sepsis.

Of 7,909 studies, 24 studies ( n  = 121,645) were included. Majority of studies were conducted in the United States ( n  = 7, 29.2%), and all studies were performed among neonates. 17 (70.8%) studies provided follow-up till 30 months. Sepsis was associated with increased risk of cognitive delay [adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.14 (95% CI: 1.01—1.28)], visual impairment [aOR 2.57 (95%CI: 1.14- 5.82)], hearing impairment [aOR 1.70 (95% CI: 1.02–2.81)] and cerebral palsy [aOR 2.48 (95% CI: 1.03–5.99)].

Neonates surviving sepsis are at a higher risk of poorer neurodevelopment. Current evidence is limited by significant heterogeneity across studies, lack of data related to long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and term infants.

Peer Review reports

Sepsis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity among neonates [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Young infants especially neonates, defined by age < 28 days old, have a relatively immature immune system and are susceptible to sepsis [ 5 , 6 ]. Annually, there are an estimated 1.3 to 3.9 million cases of infantile sepsis worldwide and up to 700,000 deaths [ 7 ]. Low-income and middle-income countries bear a disproportionate burden of neonatal sepsis cases and deaths [ 7 , 8 ]. While advances in medical care over the past decade have reduced mortality, neonates who survive sepsis are at risk of developing neurocognitive complications, which affect the quality of life for these children and their caregivers [ 9 ].

Previous reviews evaluating neurocognitive outcomes in neonates with infections or sepsis have focused on specific types of pathogens (e.g., Group B streptococcus or nosocomial infections [ 10 ]), or are limited to specific populations such as very low birth weight or very preterm neonates [ 11 ], and there remains paucity of data regarding neurocognitive outcomes among term and post-term neonates. There remains a gap for an updated comprehensive review which is not limited by type of pathogen or gestation. In this systematic review, we aim to provide a comprehensive update to the current literature on the association between sepsis and the following adverse neurocognitive outcomes (1) mental and psychomotor delay (cognitive delay (CD)), (2) visual impairment, (3) auditory impairment and (4) cerebral palsy (CP) among neonates [ 11 ].

We performed a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines [ 12 ]. This study protocol was registered with Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/B54SE ).

Eligibility criteria

We identified studies which evaluated neurocognitive outcomes in neonates less than 90 days old (regardless of gestational age) with sepsis. While the neonatal period is traditionally defined to be either the first 28 days postnatally for term and post-term infants, or 27 days after the expected date of delivery for preterm infants [ 13 ], serious late onset infections in the young infant population can present beyond the neonatal period [ 14 ], hence we defined the upper age limit as 90 days old to obtain a more complete picture of the burden of young infantile sepsis [ 15 ]. Post-term neonates was defined as a neonate delivered at >  = 42 weeks of gestational age in this study [ 16 ]. We included studies that either follow international sepsis definitions such as Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines definitions [ 17 ], or if they fulfilled clinical, microbiological and/or biochemical criteria for sepsis as defined by study authors. The primary outcome of interest was impaired neurocognitive outcome defined by the following domains of neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) [ 11 ]: (1) CD, (2) visual impairment, (3) auditory impairment and (4) CP. We selected these domains because they were highlighted as key neurocognitive sequelae after intrauterine insults in a landmark review by Mwaniki et al. [ 18 ]. The authors’ definitions of these outcomes and their assessment tools were captured, including the use of common validated instruments (e.g., a common scale used for CD is the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) [ 19 ] while a common instrument used for CP was the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) [ 20 ]. Specifically for BSID, its two summative indices score – Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) were collected. The MDI assesses both the non-verbal cognitive and language skills, while PDI assess the combination of fine and gross motor skills. The cut-off points for mild, moderate and severe delay for MDI and PDI were < 85 or < 80, < 70 and < 55 respectively [ 21 ]. There were no restrictions on duration of follow-up or time of assessment of neurocognitive outcomes to allow capturing of both short- and long-term neurocognitive outcomes.

Case–control, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies published between January 2011 and March 2023 were included. Because the definition and management of sepsis has evolved over the years [ 22 ], we chose to include studies published from 2011 onwards. Case reports, animal studies, laboratory studies and publications that were not in English language were excluded. Hand-searching of previous systematic reviews were performed to ensure all relevant articles were included. To avoid small study effects, we also excluded studies with a sample size of less than 50 [ 23 ].

Information sources and search strategy

Four databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase and Web of Science) were used to identify eligible studies. The search strategy was developed in consultation with a research librarian. The first search was conducted on 4 December 2021 and an updated search was conducted on 3 April 2023. The detailed search strategy can be found in Supplementary Tables 1A and B.

Study selection process

Covidence systematic review software (Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia) [ 24 ] was utilized during this review. Five reviewers (WJO, BJY, NM, CLN and GH) independently conducted the database search and screened the title and abstracts for relevance. Following training on inclusion and exclusion eligibility, 4 reviewers (WJO, NM, CLN and GH) subsequently assessed the full text of shortlisted articles for eligibility. All full texts were independently assessed by at least 2 reviewers. Any conflict related to study eligibility were resolved in discussion with the senior author (S-LC). We recorded the reason(s) for exclusion of each non-eligible article.

Data collection process and data items

Four reviewers (WJO, NM, CLN and GH) independently carried out the data extraction using a standardized data collection form, and any conflict was resolved by discussion, or with input from the senior author (S-LC). A pilot search was performed for the first 200 citations to evaluate concordance among reviewers and showed good concordance among reviewers of 94%. For studies with missing data required for data collection or meta-analyses, we contacted the corresponding authors of articles to seek related information. If there was no reply from the authors, the data were labelled as missing.

Study risk of bias assessment

Three reviewers (BJY, GH and WJO) independently carried out the assessment of risk of bias using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for all observational studies [ 25 ]. Studies were graded based on three domains namely, selection, comparability and outcomes. Studies were assigned as low, moderate and high risk of bias if they were rated 0–2 points, 3–5 points and 6–9 points respectively. Any conflict was resolved by discussion or with input from the senior author (S-LC).

Statistical analysis

All outcomes (i.e. CD, visual impairment, auditory impairment and CP) were analysed as categorical data. Analyses were done for each NDI domain separately. To ensure comparability across scales, results from different studies were only pooled if the same measurement tools were used to assess the outcomes and hence sub-group analyses were based on different scales and/or different definitions of neurocognitive outcomes used by authors. Both unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and/or relative risk (RR) for each NDI domain were recorded. Where source data were present, we calculated the unadjusted OR if the authors did not report one, together with the 95% confidence interval (CI). For adjusted odds ratio, these were extracted from individual studies and variables used for adjustment were determined at the individual study level.

Meta-analysis was conducted for all outcomes that were reported by at least 2 independent studies or cohorts. Studies were included in the meta-analysis only if they reported outcomes for individual NDI domains within 30 months from sepsis occurrence. For each domain, all selected studies were pooled using DerSimonian-Laird random effects model due to expected heterogeneity. Studies were pooled based on adjusted and unadjusted analyses. Case–control and cohort studies were pooled separately. The pooled results were expressed as unadjusted odds ratio (OR) or adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). If there was more than 1 study that utilized the same population, we only analysed data from the most recent publication or from the larger sample size, to avoid double counting. Standard error (SE) from studies with multiple arms with same control group were adjusted using SE = √(K/2), where K refers to number of treatment arms including control [ 26 ]. Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated using the I^2 statistic, for which ≥ 50% is indicative of significant heterogeneity. With regards to publication bias, this was performed using Egger’s test and funnel plots only if the number of studies pooled were 10 or more for each outcome.

For neurocognitive related outcomes, subgroup analyses were performed based on the severity of the NDI domain outcomes and distinct, non-overlapping populations of septic infants (such as late onset vs early onset sepsis, culture positive sepsis vs clinically diagnosed sepsis, term and post term patients).

All analyses were done using ‘meta’ library from R software (version 4.2.2) [ 27 ]. The statistical significance threshold was a two tailed P- value < 0.05.

Certainty of evidence

The certainty of evidence for outcomes in this review was performed during the GRADE criteria [ 28 ] which is centred on the study design, risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and other considerations.

Study selection

From 7,909 studies identified, a total of 24 articles were included (Fig.  1 ) [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. A total of 101,657 and 19,988 preterm and term infants were included in this review.

PRISMA flowchart of the study selection process for search

Study characteristics

There were 2 case–control studies and 22 cohort studies, with a total of 121,645 infants (Table  1 ). Studies were conducted in 16 different countries (Fig.  2 ), with the most studies conducted in the United States of America (USA) (7 studies, n  = 92,358 patients) [ 30 , 33 , 37 , 41 , 42 , 47 , 52 ]. There were no studies that were conducted solely on term infants. 5 studies reported data specifically on ELBW infants (27,078 infants) and 6 studies on VLBW infants (3,322 infants). All studies were performed among neonates.

World map depicting distribution of studies that evaluate neurocognitive outcomes in infantile and neonatal sepsis

Risk of bias 

Overall, all 24 studies were classified as low risk (Supplementary Table 2). 5 papers scored high risk for outcome bias for having greater than 10% of initial population being lost to follow-up [ 29 , 32 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].

Outcome measures reported by domain

As the number of studies pooled for each outcome was less than 10, publication bias was not analysed in the meta-analyses.

Cognitive delay (CD)

Among 24 studies that assessed for CD, 16 studies reported either the incidence of CD among young infants with sepsis compared to those without, and/or the odds ratio (adjusted and/or unadjusted) comparing the two populations [ 29 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 ]. The scales used, authors’ definition of CD, incidence of CD among those with sepsis and those without are described in Table  2 . The most common tools used for assessment of CD were the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) ( n  = 13) and Denver Development Screening Test II ( n  = 2).

Infantile sepsis was associated with increased risk of overall CD delays [aOR 1.14 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.28)], overall PDI delay (aOR 1.73 (95%CI: 1.16, 2.58)) and moderate PDI delay [aOR 1.85 (95%CI: 1.01, 3.36)]. Conversely, infantile sepsis was not associated with increased risk for severe PDI delay nor overall MDI delay [aOR 1.30 (95%CI: 0.99, 1.71)] or its subgroups. There were no significant differences in outcomes between different subgroups of infections as well as culture-proven or clinically defined sepsis for either MDI or PDI (Table  8 , Fig.  3 A and B).

A Forest plot on adjusted odds ratios for neurocognitive outcomes related to MDI, PDI, visual impairment, hearing impairment and cerebral palsy. B Forest plot on unadjusted odds ratios for neurocognitive outcomes related to MDI, PDI, visual impairment, hearing impairment and cerebral palsy. Legend: MDI: Mental Developmental Index; PDI: Psychomotor Developmental Index. Foot note: Mild MDI or PDI: < 85 or < 80; Moderate MDI or PDI < 70; Severe MDI or PDI < 55

Visual impairment

Seven studies reported data on visual impairment (Table  3 ) [ 31 , 33 , 41 , 42 , 47 , 49 ]. The most common definition of visual impairment utilized was “visual acuity of < 20/200” ( n  = 4, 66.7%).

In the meta-analysis, infantile sepsis was associated with significantly increased risk of visual impairment [aOR 2.57 (95%CI: 1.14, 5.82)] but there were no statistically significant differences in visual impairment between subgroups of early or late onset sepsis, and blood culture negative conditions as compared to the non-septic population (Table  8 , Fig.  3 A and B).

Hearing impairment

Seven studies reported data on hearing impairment (Table  4 ) [ 31 , 33 , 41 , 42 , 47 , 49 ]. Two studies defined hearing impairment as permanent hearing loss affecting communication with or without amplification [ 42 , 47 ]. Other definitions included “sensorineural hearing loss requiring amplification” ( n  = 1), “bilateral hearing impairment with no functional hearing (with or without amplification)” ( n  = 1), “clinical hearing loss” ( n  = 1).

In the meta-analysis, sepsis was associated with increased risk of hearing impairment [aOR 1.70 (95% CI: 1.02–2.81)]. However, in the subgroup analyses, there were no differences in risk of hearing impairment between patients with late onset sepsis as compared to the non-septic population (Table  8 , Fig.  3 A and B).

Cerebral palsy

Nine studies [ 29 , 32 , 33 , 41 , 42 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ] reported data on CP (Table  5 ), of which 5 studies [ 41 , 42 , 45 , 49 , 50 ] used the GMFCS scale. In the meta-analysis, infantile sepsis was associated with significantly increased risk of CP [aOR 2.48 (95%CI: 1.03; 5.99)]. There was no difference in rates of CP among patients with proven or suspected sepsis, as compared with infants with no sepsis (Table  8 , Fig.  3 A and B).

Differences in neurocognitive outcomes between neonates with culture-proven or clinically diagnosed sepsis as well as early or late onset sepsis

Tables 6 and 7 showed data related to differences in neurocognitive outcomes between neonates with culture-proven or clinically diagnosed sepsis as well as early or late onset sepsis. Meta-analyses were not be performed due to significant heterogeneity in definitions of sepsis, time of assessment of outcomes.

Differences in neurocognitive outcomes between term and post-term neonates

There were no studies which evaluated neurocognitive outcomes between term and post-term neonates and infants.

We found that the certainty of evidence to be very low to low for the four main neurocognitive outcomes selected. (Supplementary File 3).

In this review involving more than 121,000 infants, we provide an update to the literature regarding young infant sepsis and neurocognitive impairment. Current collective evidence demonstrate that young infant sepsis was associated with increased risk of developing neurocognitive impairment in all domains of CD, visual impairment, auditory impairment and cerebral palsy.

Cognitive delay

In this review, higher rates of cognitive delay were noted among infants with sepsis [ 29 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 52 ]. We found that infants with sepsis reported lower PDI scores (Table  8 ), which measures mainly neuromotor development. On the other hand, young infant sepsis was not associated with lower MDI scores (Table  8 ), which assesses cognitive and language development. The pathophysiological mechanism of young infant sepsis and its preferential impact on PDI remains unclear. Postulated mechanisms include development of white matter lesions which may arise from the susceptibility of oligodendrocyte precursors to inflammatory processes such as hypoxia and ischemia [ 53 ]. Future studies should look into evaluating the causes of the above findings. A majority of included studies focused on early CD outcomes while no studies evaluated long-term outcomes into adulthood. CD is known to involve complex genetic and experiential interactions [ 54 ] and may evolve overtime with brain maturation. Delays in speech and language, intellectual delay and borderline intellectual functioning are shown to be associated with poorer academic or employment outcomes in adulthood [ 55 , 56 ], and early assessment of CD may not fully reveal the extent of delays. The only study with follow-up to the adolescent phase showed a progressive increase in NDI rate as the participants aged, which provides evidence of incremental long-term negative outcomes associated with infantile sepsis [ 44 ]. Moving forward, studies with longer follow-up may allow for further examination of the long-term effects of neonatal sepsis on CD.

There were different versions of the BSID instrument (BSID-II and BSID-III) [ 19 , 57 , 58 ]. BSID-II lacked subscales in PDI and MDI scores, leading to the development of BSID-III with the segregation of PDI into fine and gross motor scales and MDI into cognitive, receptive language, and expressive language scales [ 59 ]. Although we pooled results of both BSID-II and BSID-III in our study, we recognize that comparisons between BSID-II and BSID-III are technically challenging due to differences in standardised scores [ 59 , 60 ]. In addition, the BSID-IV was created in 2019 which has fewer items, However, none of our studies utilized this instrument. Future studies should consider this instrument, as well as standardising the timepoints for assessment of CD.

Young infant sepsis was associated with increased risk of developing visual impairment. This was similar to results noted by a previous systematic review published in 2014 [ 61 ] and 2019 [ 62 ] which showed that neonatal sepsis was associated with twofold risk of developing retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants. Specifically, meningitis was associated with a greater risk of visual impairment compared to just sepsis alone [ 47 ]. The mechanism of visual impairment has not been fully described although various theories have been suggested, including sepsis mediated vascular endothelial damage, increased body oxidative stress response as well as involvement of inflammatory cytokines and mediators [ 63 , 64 ].

Our meta-analysis showed an increased risk of hearing impairment for young infants with young infants with sepsis. This is consistent with a previous report that found an association between neonatal meningitis and sensorineural hearing loss [ 65 ]. One potential confounder which we were unable to account for may have been the use of ototoxic antimicrobial agents such as aminoglycosides. Additional confounders include very low birth weight, patient’s clinical states (e.g. hyperbilirubinemia requiring exchange transfusion) and use of mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane support. To allow for meaningful comparisons of results across different study populations, it is imperative that a standardised definition of hearing impairment post neonatal sepsis be established for future studies.

Our meta-analysis found an association between neonatal sepsis and an increased risk of developing CP. This is also consistent with previous systematic reviews which had found a significant association of sepsis and CP in VLBW and early preterm infants [ 11 ]. One study found that infants born at full term and who experienced neonatal infections were at a higher risk of developing a spastic triplegia or quadriplegia phenotype of CP [ 66 ]. The pathophysiology and mechanism of injury to white matter resulting in increased motor dysfunction remains unclear and more research is required in this area.

Limitations and recommendations for future research

The main limitation of this review lies in the heterogeneity in the definitions of sepsis, exposures and assessment of outcomes across studies. This is likely attributed to the varying definition of sepsis used in different countries as well as lack of gold standard definitions or instruments for assessment of each component of NDI. A recent review of RCTs [ 67 ] also reported similar limitations where 128 different varying definitions of neonatal sepsis were used in literature. Notably, there is a critical need for developing international standardized guidelines for defining neonatal sepsis as well as assessment of NDI such as hearing and visual impairment. Another important limitation relates to the inability to assess quality of neonatal care delivered as well as temporal changes in medical practices which could have affected neurocognitive outcomes for neonates with sepsis. Improving quality of neonatal care has been shown to significantly reduce mortality risk among neonates with sepsis, especially in resource-poor countries [ 68 ]. We performed a comprehensive search strategy (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and CENTRAL) coupled with hand searching of references within included systematic reviews, but did not evaluate grey literature. Future studies should include additional literature databases and grey literature. Another area of research gap lies in the paucity of data related to differences in neurocognitive outcomes between term and post-term neonates with sepsis and future research is required to bridge this area of research gap. Likewise, there are few studies which evaluated differences in neurocognitive outcomes between early or late onset sepsis and outcomes assessed were significantly heterogenous which limits meaningful meta-analyses. Similarly, there was significant heterogeneity in study outcomes, causative organisms and severity of disease.

We found a lack of long-term outcomes and recommend that future prospective cohorts include a longer follow-up duration as part of the study design. This is important given the implication of NDI on development into adulthood. Most data were reported for preterm infants with low birth weight, and there was a paucity of data for term infants in our literature review. Since prematurity itself is a significant cause of NDI [ 69 ], future studies should consider how gestational age and/or birth weight can be adequately adjusted for in the analysis.

Apart from the domains of NDI we chose to focus on in this review, there are other cognitive domains classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) [ 70 ] and/or recommended by the Common Data Elements (CDE) workgroup [ 71 ]. Future studies may wish to look into the implications of sepsis on other neuro-cognitive domains related to executive function, complex attention and societal cognition which are studied for other types of acquired brain injury [ 71 , 72 ].

Our systematic review and meta-analysis found that neonates surviving sepsis are at a higher risk of poorer neurodevelopment. However, the evidence is limited by significant heterogeneity and selection bias due to differing definitions used for NDI and for sepsis. There is also a lack of long-term follow-up data, as well as data specific for term and post-term infants. Future prospective studies should be conducted with long-term follow-up to assess the impact of neurodevelopmental impairment among all populations of neonates with sepsis.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed in the study are found in the tables and supplementary materials.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Ms. Wong Suei Nee, senior librarian from the National University of Singapore for helping us with the search strategy. We will also like to thank Dr Ming Ying Gan, Dr Shu Ting Tammie Seethor, Dr Jen Heng Pek, Dr Rachel Greenberg, Dr Christoph Hornik and Dr Bobby Tan, for their inputs in the initial design of this study.

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Wei Jie Ong and Jun Jie Benjamin Seng are co-first authors.

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Wei Jie Ong, Jun Jie Benjamin Seng, Beijun Yap & Chen Lin Ng

SingHealth Regional Health System PULSES Centre, Singapore Health Services, Outram Rd, Singapore, 169608, Singapore

Jun Jie Benjamin Seng

SingHealth Duke-NUS Family Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, Singapore

Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 10 Medical Dr, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore

George He & Nooriyah Aliasgar Moochhala

Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Rehena Ganguly

Children’s Intensive Care Unit, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, SingHealth Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, 100 Bukit Timah Rd, Singapore, 229899, Singapore

Jan Hau Lee

Department of Emergency Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, SingHealth Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Emergency Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, 100 Bukit Timah Rd, Singapore, 229899, Singapore

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SLC and JHL were the study’s principal investigators and were responsible for the conception and design of the study. WJO, JJBS, BY, GE, NAM and CLN were the co-investigators. WJO, JJBS, BY, GE, NAM and CLN were responsible for the screening and inclusion of articles and data extraction. All authors contributed to the data analyses and interpretation of data. WJO, JJBS, BY, GE, NAM and CLN prepared the initial draft of the manuscript. All authors revised the draft critically for important intellectual content and agreed to the final submission. All authors had access to all study data, revised the draft critically for important intellectual content and agreed to the final submission.

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Ong, W.J., Seng, J.J.B., Yap, B. et al. Impact of neonatal sepsis on neurocognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 24 , 505 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-024-04977-8

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